刊首語

楊俊宴

城市讓生活更美好。

在當(dāng)下中國轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的時(shí)代背景中，人們對城市物質(zhì)空間環(huán)境的需求正逐步由“量”向“質(zhì)”轉(zhuǎn)變，而城市設(shè)計(jì)以提升物質(zhì)空間環(huán)境為根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)，可預(yù)見未來城市設(shè)計(jì)將扮演愈發(fā)重要的角色。伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技的迅速發(fā)展，城市空間的內(nèi)涵與形態(tài)也正在發(fā)生日新月異的變化，相比于傳統(tǒng)城市設(shè)計(jì)更多關(guān)注城市形態(tài)美學(xué)的“外在顯性”屬性，當(dāng)代城市設(shè)計(jì)對于安全、生態(tài)、健康等“內(nèi)在隱性”的屬性保持著高度關(guān)注。尤其在中國，對于城市環(huán)境安全、人居空間友好、生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向的重視，在城市設(shè)計(jì)中提升到了前所未有的新高度。

追根溯源，自18世紀(jì)中葉工業(yè)革命以來，伴隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展，城市問題日益嚴(yán)峻，嚴(yán)重影響到人們的生活與身心健康，環(huán)境問題逐漸成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)50年代開始出現(xiàn)的震驚世界的環(huán)境公害問題，讓人們重新反思和定義生態(tài)環(huán)境在城市發(fā)展中的角色，也推動(dòng)了西方生態(tài)城市理論的發(fā)展。生態(tài)學(xué)與城市設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科的相互滲透與交叉，將生態(tài)學(xué)理論引入城市設(shè)計(jì)理論與實(shí)踐之中，是生態(tài)城市設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。如何從生態(tài)視角去重新審視城市空間形態(tài)的發(fā)展、場所環(huán)境的建設(shè)，如何用生態(tài)技術(shù)方法去維持城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造理想的人居環(huán)境，是生態(tài)城市設(shè)計(jì)須重點(diǎn)考慮的內(nèi)容。面對城市環(huán)境建設(shè)中的諸多問題，眾多學(xué)者們開始關(guān)注城市生態(tài)、健康等方面的研究，從霍華德(Ebenezer Howard)的田園城市到奧姆斯特德(Frederic Law Olmsted)的“波士頓項(xiàng)鏈”規(guī)劃，從麥克哈格(Ian Lennox McHarg)的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合自然、“千層餅”分析法到理查德·福曼(Richard T.T.Forman)的土地嵌合(land mosaics)理論，從低影響開發(fā)(LID)、水敏性城市設(shè)計(jì)(WSUD)到景觀都市主義，相關(guān)學(xué)者在理論建構(gòu)與實(shí)踐應(yīng)用等方面均做了大量的探索研究，有效提升了城市空間品質(zhì)。

近年來，基于中國快速城鎮(zhèn)化的實(shí)踐土壤，本土城市設(shè)計(jì)中關(guān)于生態(tài)、健康、安全、綠色等關(guān)鍵詞的論述與探索層出不窮，展現(xiàn)出多尺度與多類型的導(dǎo)向趨勢——從空間區(qū)位上看，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐主要集中于城市外圍的郊野地區(qū)，也常出現(xiàn)在高密度的城市建成環(huán)境中；從項(xiàng)目類型上看，實(shí)踐探索既出現(xiàn)在公園、濱水空間等類型的城市設(shè)計(jì)中，同時(shí)也常出現(xiàn)在城市中心區(qū)、都市社區(qū)、開發(fā)區(qū)等類型中。在相關(guān)的城市設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中，孕育著正逐步形成的健康城市形態(tài)的城市設(shè)計(jì)理論框架，以及生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向的城市設(shè)計(jì)方法。這種特有的前沿理論與本土實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)探索，都需要我們對其進(jìn)行深入探討。

同時(shí)，在信息化與數(shù)字化技術(shù)加速滲透的背景下，中國城市空間布局與形態(tài)正孕育著新的變化，僅通過傳統(tǒng)的城市設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)方法謀劃城市的生態(tài)健康發(fā)展變得越來越力不從心。城市設(shè)計(jì)將在生態(tài)與數(shù)字技術(shù)的聯(lián)合推動(dòng)下，謀求新技術(shù)方法的應(yīng)用，以滿足城市巨系統(tǒng)所產(chǎn)生的新需求，數(shù)字化背景下的生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向城市設(shè)計(jì)成為未來發(fā)展的新趨勢之一。以數(shù)字技術(shù)為依托，為生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向的城市設(shè)計(jì)提供了全新的思路、堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，同時(shí)也為其理論建構(gòu)與技術(shù)方法運(yùn)用提出了新的要求。一方面，數(shù)字技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與普及必將影響到傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)城市設(shè)計(jì)的理論架構(gòu)、技術(shù)方法與研究體系等諸多方面內(nèi)容，如何完善理論框架適應(yīng)新數(shù)字時(shí)代要求？如何對大數(shù)據(jù)資源進(jìn)行采集、分析、應(yīng)用？另一方面，傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)城市設(shè)計(jì)在接受數(shù)字化技術(shù)全面介入的過程中，數(shù)據(jù)和信息能夠?yàn)槌鞘性O(shè)計(jì)提供怎樣的全新視角與技術(shù)支撐？這些問題都需要我們在新的發(fā)展背景下，通過理論研究與實(shí)踐探索來積極回應(yīng)。

非常感謝《中國園林》雜志能夠提供這樣的機(jī)會(huì)組織本期“生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向的城市設(shè)計(jì)”主題，本主題的目的是為城市設(shè)計(jì)與生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向相結(jié)合的可能性探討提供平臺(tái)，為建構(gòu)更加以人為本的城市設(shè)計(jì)視角，營造更加宜居的城市人居環(huán)境提供參考，對生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向城市設(shè)計(jì)的理論建構(gòu)、技術(shù)方法、實(shí)踐應(yīng)用，以及發(fā)展的國際前沿與中國智慧進(jìn)行較為全面的梳理，也為推動(dòng)生態(tài)健康導(dǎo)向城市設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展盡綿薄之力。

City makes our life more beautiful.

In the current era of China's transformation and development, people's demand for urban material space environment is gradually changing from "quantity" to "quality", while urban design is based on the improvement of material space environment.It is foreseeable that future urban design will play an increasingly important role.Along with the rapid development of economy and science and technology, the connotation and form of urban space are undergoing rapid changes.Compared with traditional urban design which pays more attention to the "external explicit"attributes of urban form aesthetics, contemporary urban design shows more concerns on the"intrinsic" attributes including safety, ecology and health.Especially in China, the emphasis on urban environmental security, human-friendly space and ecological health orientation has been brought to an unprecedented new high level in urban design.

Tracing back to the source, since the industrial revolution in the middle of the 18thcentury,along with the rapid development of city, urban problems have become increasingly severe,seriously affecting people's lives and physical and mental health, and environmental issues have gradually become the focus of attention.The world-shocking environmental pollution problem began to appear in the 1950s, which made people rethink and define the role of ecological environment in urban development, and also promoted the development of Western ecological city theory.The mutual penetration and intersection of ecology and urban design disciplines, and the introduction of ecological theory into urban design theory and practice, are an important basis for the creation and development of eco-city design.How to re-examine the development of urban spatial form and the construction of place environment from an ecological perspective, and how to use ecological technology to maintain the sustainable development of city and create an ideal living environment is the key consideration of eco-city design.In the face of many problems in the construction of urban environment, many scholars began to pay attention to the study of urban ecology and health.From the rural city of Ebenezer Howard to the "Boston Necklace" Plan of Frederic Law Olmsted, from the designcombined with natureand the "thousand-layer cake"analysisof Ian Lennox McHarg to Richard TT Forman's land mosaics theory, and from low-impact development (LID), water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) to landscape urbanism, scholars have done a lot of research and research in theoretical construction and practical application, effectively improving the quality of urban space.

In recent years, based on the practice soil of China’s rapid urbanization, the discussion and exploration of keywords such as ecology, health, safety and green in the design of local cities have emerged endlessly, showing multi-scale and multi-type trends - from the perspective of space location, the design practices are mainly concentrated in the rural areas outside city, and also often in high-density urban built environments; from the perspective of project types, practical explorationsare not only found in urban design such as parks and waterfront spaces, but also often in urban central areas, urban communities, development zones and other types.In the relevant urban design practices, the urban design theory framework of healthy city form is gradually forming,as well as the urban design method of ecological health orientation.This unique exploration of cutting-edge theory combined with local practice requires us to conduct in-depth discussions.

At the same time, under the background of the accelerated penetration of information technology and digital technology, the spatial layout and shape of China's cities are gestating new changes.It is becoming more and more difficult to plan the ecological and healthy development of cities only through traditional urban design techniques.Urban design will promote the application of new technology methods under the joint promotion of ecological and digital technologies to meet the new demands generated by urban giant systems.Ecological health-oriented urban design in the digital context has become one of the new trends in the future.Relying on digital technology,it provides a new idea and a solid foundation for ecological health-oriented urban design.At the same time, it also puts forward new requirements for its theoretical construction and application of technical methods.On the one hand, the application and popularization of digital technology will inevitably affect the theoretical framework, technical methods and research systems of traditional eco-city design.How to improve the theoretical framework to meet the requirements of the new digital era? How to collect, analyze and apply big data resources? On the other hand, in the process of accepting the full intervention of digital technology in traditional eco-city design, what new perspectives and technical support can data and information provide for urban design? These problems require us to respond positively through theoretical research and practical exploration in the context of new development.

I am very grateful toChinese Landscape Architecturejournal for providing such an opportunity to organize this ecological health oriented urban design issue.The purpose of this issue is to provide a platform for exploring the possibilities of combining urban design and ecological health orientation and establishing a more human-oriented urban design perspective,and provide reference for creating a more livable urban human settlement environment.The theoretical construction, technical methods, and practical applications of ecological health-oriented urban design, and the international frontier and Chinese wisdom of development, are more comprehensively analyzed, trying to contribute to the eco-health-oriented urban design.