as與同類詞的比較與歸納

山西 唐興平

隨著語境和搭配的變化，as隨時可以體現(xiàn)出比較復雜且多樣化的用法，因此也經常出現(xiàn)在高考試題里。筆者現(xiàn)將在多年教學實踐中積累的有關于as的用法歸納如下，以饗讀者。

一、as作從屬連詞，引導時間、原因、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句

1.引導時間狀語從句，意為“正當……的時候”

As the teacher is explaining the text, the students are taking notes. 當老師解釋課文時，學生們在記筆記。

此時應該注意as與when, while之間的區(qū)別。when,while和as三者均為從屬連詞，引導時間狀語從句，三者區(qū)別如下：

when意為“當……的時候，在……的時候”，在從句中可指較短的時間點，也可指較長的時間段。如：

（1）When I came in, she was cooking dinner.（時間點）

（2）When she was cooking dinner, I came in.（時間段）

while意為“當……的時候，在某一段時間里”，強調主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作延續(xù)的過程當中，即從句動作為延續(xù)性的。如上面句（2）可用while代替when，但句（1）不可以。再如：

Please keep quite while others are studying.

as意為“當……的時候”，更強調主句和從句動作的同時發(fā)生，當從句動作為延續(xù)性動詞時，可與when和while通用，但從句動作為短暫性動詞時，僅可以和when互換。如：

“No, I won’t, I’ll be fine,”said Zhou Kai, as he opened the door.（外研版，Book Ⅱ，P2）

The sun was shining brightly as we sailed downstream through a hilly region.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P42）

..., as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.（2015年湖北卷）

As you go through this book, you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.（2015年湖南卷）

2.引導原因狀語從句，意為“由于，因為，既然”

As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.

要注意區(qū)分as與引導原因狀語從句的because, since和for。

四者都表示原因，引導原因狀語從句，because語氣最強，since次之，as又次之，for語氣最弱。

because著重說明聽話人或讀者所不知道的原因或理由，從句可在主句前或后，在對話中用它來回答由why引導的疑問句。如：

I did it because they asked me to do it.

注意：在名詞reason后，用that引導從句，而不用because。如：

The reason for my absence was that I was ill.

since表示人們已知的客觀事實或原因被用來作推斷的理由。如：

It must have rained, since the ground is wet.（推斷的理由）

as引導原因狀語從句時是向人們提供人們已知的原因、理由，從句只是起到了附帶說明的作用，其著重點在于主句。如：

Cities are exciting, interesting places to live, and I have always enjoyed living in them， as there is so much to do and see. （外研版，Book I，P37）

for表示因果概念時，是并列連詞，引導的從句語氣最弱，提供的原因可有可無，且從句只能位于句尾。如：

He couldn’t have seen me, for I was not there.

3.as引導讓步狀語從句，相當于though，意為“盡管，雖然”

as引導讓步狀語從句時要采用倒裝語序，其語氣要比though引導的讓步狀語從句更強，主要有以下幾種形式：

（1）原句為：主語+系動詞+表語?？筛臑椋罕碚Z+as+主語+系動詞。如：

①Though we are students, we all have our own cellphones.→Students as we are, we all have our own cell-phones.

②Though she is a little girl, she dares to go out alone at night. →Little girl as she is, she dares to go out alone at night.

注意：當表語為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)且?guī)Ч谠~a或an時，將其倒裝后，省去冠詞，只保留單數(shù)名詞，如句②。

（2）原句為：主語+be+過去分詞。可改為：過去分詞+as+主語+be。如：

Though our classroom was cleaned this morning, it is not clean now. →Cleaned as our classroom was this morning, it is not clean now.

（3）原句為：主語+謂語+副詞（狀語）?？筛臑椋焊痹~（狀語）+as+主語+謂語。如：

Though I failed again in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.→Again as I failed in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.

（4）原句為：主語+情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+動詞?？筛臑椋簞釉~+as+主語+情態(tài)動詞/助動詞。如：

Though you may try, you still cant’ make him change his mind. →Try as you may, you still cant’ make him change his mind.

（5）原句為：主語+謂語（沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞的謂語）?？筛臑椋簞釉~+as+主語+助動詞。（說明：如果原句謂語部分中沒有任何情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，將實意動詞提前后，要根據實意動詞的時態(tài)和主語的人稱，在主語后分別借用do, does或did之類的助動詞）。如：

Though he escaped, Il’l try my best to find him. →Escape as he did, I’ll try my best to find him.

注意：這類從句需要注意以下幾種特殊情況：

①這類從句在整個句子中位置靈活，可位于主句前、主句中或主句后。如：I know much, young as I am.

②這類從句和主句的謂語動詞時態(tài)要根據實際情況而定，不必要求一致。

③as引導的原因狀語從句也有類似將形容詞、名詞、動詞等提前置于從句之首的情況，此時要注意區(qū)分兩種狀語從句。如：

Teacher as he is, he can explain it very clearly. (原因狀語從句)

4.as引導比較狀語從句

（1）as...as...，意為“和……一樣的……”。常省去與主句相同的部分，第二個as后可接人稱代詞的主格或賓格。

I like him as much as she (likes him).

I like him as much as (I like) her.

The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.（外研版，Book Ⅲ，P9）

The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever. （2015年福建卷）

（2）not as...as...，not so...as...，意為“不如……那樣……，和……不一樣”。

Beautiful Zhang Ziyi plays the part of Yu Jiaolong, a young woman who is not as good as she seems.（外研版，BookⅡ，P53）

Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.（2016年全國卷Ⅲ）

（3）...as...;...just as...; as..., so...; just as..., so...;意為“正如……那樣”。

(Just) as two is to four, so one is to two.

注意：上述句型與what引導的一種從句在意義上相似，但結構不同。如：

Air is to us what water is to fish.

這種句型中what起連接代詞的作用，what從句在主句中起表語的作用，而且what在從句中也起表語的作用。這一句型的語義功能有兩個特點：

①對兩件不同的事情進行對比，語義重點在主句，側重所未知的內容，從句是說明已知的內容。通過已知和未知的對比，便可獲得新知。如：

Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.

②為了說明某一事物而進行比喻，方式是用熟知的來比喻不熟知的，用近的來比喻遠的，用具體的來比喻抽象的，所以讀者在理解的過程中，必須先弄清楚句子的哪個部分是作者在語義上加以強調的未知內容。如：

Manure is to crops what food is to man.

上述例句側重主句，即通過讀者所熟悉的從句來說明主句中未知的內容。

二、as作從屬連詞，可引導表語從句、插入語或分詞短語

1.引導表語從句，意為“像……一樣，如……那樣”

It is just as he has described. 正如他剛才描寫的那樣。

2.引出插入語，意為“正如……那樣，如同……那樣”，用逗號或破折號隔開，置于句首、句中或句尾

Because of this, I make sure that I have a good diet, and as I’ve said, this isn’t a problem because my mother feeds us so well.（外研版，BookⅡ，P3）

As Muhammad Ali puts it,“Champions aren’t made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.”（2016年江蘇卷）

3.引出分詞或分詞短語作狀語，意為“正如”

It went on smoothly as intended.（2015年湖南卷）

More efforts, as reported, will be made in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.（2016年江蘇卷）

As shown here, Lainey can become excited about reading when presented with literature on topics that interest her, and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process.（2016年四川卷）

三、作關系代詞，引導定語從句或同位語從句，as可以指人、指物或指動作及狀態(tài)

1.作關系代詞引導限制性定語從句，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，往往和s u c h, t h e s a me 等詞搭配使用。主要構成下列結構：

such...as...意為“像……這樣的，像……之類的”，the same...as...意為“和……同樣的”。

It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015年湖南卷）

（1）as在限制性定語從句中作主語。

We should read such books as have been recommended to us by Tom.

（2）as在限制性定語從句中作賓語。

You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.

（3）as在限制性定語從句中作表語。

She is not such a clever girl as she looks.

注意：此時要注意區(qū)分兩組句型。

A: such...as...與such...that...

B: the same...as...與the same...that...

它們的具體意義如下：

①such...as...引導定語從句，as在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。如：

This is such an interesting story as I have ever read.

②such...that...引導結果狀語從句，that在從句中不充當任何成分。如：

It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.

③the same...as..., as引導定語從句，表示它所指代的內容與主句內容“相似”，即指同一類的人或物。如：

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

④the same...that..., that引導定語從句，為關系代詞，表示它所指代的內容與主句內容是“同一”的，即指相同的人或物。如：

This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.

2.as作關系代詞，用來代替一個句子或一件事，引導非限制性定語從句，從句位于主句前、后均可。as在從句中作主語、賓語、表語，意為“如，像，據”，多用于書面文章中

（1）在非限制性定語從句中作主語。如：

Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的）Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.（2016年全國卷Ⅲ）

（2）as在非限制性定語從句中作賓語。如：

As we all can see, great changes have taken place in China.

（3）as有時可引起一個不完整的從句，對于as作為關系代詞還是連詞的問題，在語法界仍有爭論。如：

Universities started using the Internet at the same time as the army.（外研版，BookⅠ，P53）

But the spirit of Venice carnival is not quite the same as the great American carnivals. （外研版，Book Ⅴ，P33）

四、作介詞，與名詞、代詞等構成介詞短語

1.表示“作為，如同”等意義，說明某人的職業(yè)、職務或某物的用途、作用等。說明主語的情況，作主語補足語

A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.（2015年福建卷）

2.as與一些動詞搭配，意為“把……當作……，把……認為……”，引出主語補足語或賓語補足語

如：（1）take...as...;（2）consider...as...;（3）describe...as...;（4）look on/upon...as...;（5）see...as...;（6）view...as...;（7）accept...as...;（8）regard...as.../regard as;（9）say...as...;（10）think...as...

In China we say 40,000 as 4 wan.（外研版，BookⅠ，P42）

New Zealand he describes as“wonderful”.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P49）

People saw Carnival as a last chance to have fun at the end of the winter season.（外研版，BookⅤ，P32）

You dont’ want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.（2016年全國卷 Ⅲ）

Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;...（2016年全國卷Ⅰ）

Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.（2015年福建卷）

五、常見含有as的相似短語

1.as far as 與so far as

二者在當代英語中已經完全通用，盡管仍有人認為so far as在語義上比as far as強一些，但在使用中并無區(qū)別，其主要用法是：

（1）意為“直到（或遠到）……”時，運用于“距離”方面。如：

The boys ran fast as far as the small village.

（2）意為“直到……程度、范圍”時，表示“比喻性質的距離、程度”。如：

He went as far as to disregard the labor discipline.

（3）意為“就……來說”。如：

As far as construction is concerned, the computer is similar to the human brain.

2.as long as 與so long as

二者可以指時間，意為“長達……之久”；也有“只要”之意，表示條件。但美國人用這兩個短語表示“由于，因為，既然”，相當于since, because。so long as語氣較強，as long as用得較多，但在含義上并無區(qū)別，主要用法是：

（1）意為“長達……之久”。如：

Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!

（2）意為“只要”，引導條件狀語從句。如：

Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide,but theyl’l exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.（2017年北京卷）

（3）意為“既然，由于，因為”。如：

So long as the weather is changeable these days, wed’ better get in wheat in time.