王曉娟
摘要:固定句型的掌握,可以增加語言交流的流利性和連貫性,語言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和得體性。通過對初高中固定句型在教材安排,呈現(xiàn)形式的比較,以及兩者之間的聯(lián)系,還有在高考題中的考查形式的體現(xiàn),認(rèn)識到掌握固定句型的重要性。
關(guān)鍵詞:語言;固定句型;分類 聯(lián)系
語言是文化的載體,是人們?nèi)粘=涣鞯墓ぞ摺kS著英語國際化的趨勢,英語的使用越來越廣泛,而對于英語學(xué)習(xí)者而言掌握一定的固定句式尤其重要。它有利于增加語言的流利性和連貫性,提高語言的準(zhǔn)確性和得體性。而在教學(xué)實踐中,英語教師往往忽視固定句式的教學(xué),這嚴(yán)重影響了學(xué)生語言的表達(dá)和語言的交流,不利于學(xué)生語言綜合能力的提高。
我們知道,句子是語言系統(tǒng)的最大單位,句型是句法結(jié)構(gòu)的模式,是根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)意義和結(jié)構(gòu)特點從大量的句子中抽選出來的典型樣式,句型具有高度的概括性和代表性,以某一句式為基礎(chǔ),替換其中的某一或某些事物,就可以生出無窮的句子,同時人們又對各種語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了分析歸納,總結(jié)而成的固有規(guī)律,則可稱之為一種固定句式。(《高中英語句型教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀》孫利民)
固定句式在教學(xué)中起著一定的作用,它來源于教材,便于新知識的引入,便于教學(xué)目的的確立。在教學(xué)實踐中,我們通常這樣劃分固定句式:
1.結(jié)構(gòu)型:典型的固定的詞語排列順序,或者涉及某個詞的特殊用法,語義明確,容易掌握。
Eg: What a + adj. + n + S + v != How + adj. + a + n+ v?。ǘ嗝?..?。?/p>
The +比較級+主語+謂語, the +比較級+主語+謂語
A is to B what C is to D.
2. 語法型:各種從句,有相對穩(wěn)定的句法作用,具有一些語法變化,學(xué)生容易出錯。
Eg: Its (high) time that somebody did (should do)(should不能省略)。
Its required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
(上海卷 2005)
Great changes have taken place in that school.Its no longer what it was 20 years ago,when it was so poorly equipped. (安徽卷 2005)
3 .綜合型:包括兩種以上從句的復(fù)合句,結(jié)構(gòu)龐雜,學(xué)生難以分析。
Eg: Its no doubt that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life that ordinary people cant imagine.
He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain while customers of outher fast food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.(2013 山東卷)
It was not until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one being truly listened to is frequently theraputie (有療效后).
(2013 江西卷)
初中的固定句式形式比較簡單,容易理解,所使用的場景比較單一。初中英語教材的固定句式基本按系統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)順序編排,以短小的對話形式出現(xiàn),這種以“對話形式”出現(xiàn),在此特別強(qiáng)調(diào),因為語言是人類獨有的第二信號系統(tǒng),如果語言離開了情境,也就成為“無源之水,無本之木”。這個對話,給學(xué)生們提供了情境,給學(xué)生們提供了使用某種句式的環(huán)境和場景,使其能正確運用。同時對話內(nèi)容又是由易到難,有簡單到復(fù)雜,教學(xué)的方法也是先聽后說,整句教,整句學(xué),通過反復(fù)操練,達(dá)到熟練掌握,從而達(dá)到“自動化”,即脫口而出。
而高中的句式相對比較復(fù)雜,或者多個場景都可以使用,但意義不同。高中英語教材的固定句式基本在每模塊所選文章出現(xiàn),重點句式體現(xiàn)了本模塊所要講的語法內(nèi)容,以教材內(nèi)容為載體,通過固定句式的學(xué)習(xí),來理解新的或者更難的語言現(xiàn)象,并在Speaking and Function , Everyday English 部分進(jìn)行了操練和鞏固,這樣幫助學(xué)生掌握句式結(jié)構(gòu),養(yǎng)成語言習(xí)慣,提高了學(xué)生語言的綜合應(yīng)用能力。也可以說高中固定句式是在初中基礎(chǔ)上的進(jìn)一步延伸深化。以下是對初高中某些固定句式的延伸,也就是所掌握的程度進(jìn)行了簡單的概括。
內(nèi)容 初中固定句式 高中固定句式
There be 結(jié)構(gòu) There is a river near our school There be 結(jié)構(gòu)的變形
There lies/stands…
There used to be…
There seemed to…
It 做形式主語 Its easy to have a healthy lifestyle.
(八年級上.unitⅡ)
It +be+adj.+to+v
It is +adj.+that從句
It is+v.ed+that從句(believed/said/reported)
It is no use doing something .
It occurred to somebody that....
It 做形式賓語 I find it difficult
For me to learn English well. I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.
I appreciate it if you can help me .
I feel it my duty to help others.
It is time to do It is time for sb. to do something.
It is time for sb. +n./doing. It is time that we should do /did our homework .
It is /this is/was the first time that I have/had been to Beijing.
Until/ not… until The meeting was put off until ten oclock The village did not realize how the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.(原句)
Not until all the fish died in the river did the villager realize how the pollution was.(倒裝)
It was not until all the fish died in the river that the villager realized how the pollution was.(強(qiáng)調(diào))
So that 結(jié)構(gòu) The book was so interesting that he forgot his meal. So +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
So many /few+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
So much/little+不可數(shù)名詞
So fast did he speak that I could not follow him.(倒裝)
基于以上分析,我們的教學(xué)中就要有意識地進(jìn)行初高中固定句式的過渡性教學(xué),由淺入深、由易到難地反復(fù)操練,才能使學(xué)生在定作中運用自如。而目前學(xué)生在書面表達(dá)的錯誤如:“漢語式英語”,“固定搭配錯誤”,“語言不得體”,“表達(dá)單一,形式不豐富”等,一定程度上歸咎于掌握不到位,不能靈活運用。固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)簡單明了,涵蓋了基本語法點,提供了基本框架,能夠讓我們很好的模仿。掌握一定的固定句式,不僅有利于學(xué)生語言得體表達(dá),還有助于學(xué)生理解較為復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象,提高綜合運用語言的能力和解決問題的能力。我們看看在高考題中對固定句式的考查:
2012全國大綱卷:
This restaurant was not half as good as that other restaurant we went to.(倍數(shù)表示法)
四川卷:
This is not my story, nor is it the whole story. My story plays out differently.(倒裝)
北京卷:
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.(賓語從句)
2013 江西卷
There are a small number of people involved ,possibly as few as twenty. (as....as)
陜西卷
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(it takes sb. some time to do something )
湖南卷
Not once did it occur to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(it occurred to sb. that....)
《高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出“在教學(xué)活動中要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語言技能的發(fā)展和提高語言實際運用能力”,在一個缺少語言環(huán)境的情況下學(xué)習(xí)英語,我們只有掌握了一定的固定句式,才能將學(xué)到的英語知識簡單的梳理,榮辱到基本結(jié)構(gòu)中,這樣不僅掌握了句式,結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的意義,還養(yǎng)成了英語思維的習(xí)慣。不難看出,固定句式在教學(xué)上的重要性已然勿庸質(zhì)疑。因此無論在教授語言知識,還是培養(yǎng)語言能力的教學(xué)活動中,我們都應(yīng)該對固定句式予以足夠的重視。