劉瑩瑩,張雪寧,侯文靜
(1.天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院,天津 300211;2.天津市中心婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院,天津 300100)
MDCT對腎透明細(xì)胞癌Fuhrman分級診斷價值的研究
劉瑩瑩1,張雪寧1,侯文靜2
(1.天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院,天津 300211;2.天津市中心婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院,天津 300100)
目的:探討腎透明細(xì)胞癌(ccRCC)MDCT影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)與Fuhrman分級之間的關(guān)系。方法:回顧性分析113例經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)的ccRCC的MDCT影像資料。兩名放射科醫(yī)生雙盲記錄患者的影像學(xué)特征,包括腫瘤大小、囊性或?qū)嵭?、鈣化、不均勻性、壞死比、生長方式等,并與Fuhrman分級結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果:14/15例囊性ccRCC為低級別(FuhrmanⅠ~Ⅱ級);在相對較多的實(shí)性ccRCC中,20/27例浸潤型ccRCC為高級別(FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級)。單因素分析顯示腫瘤越大(臨界值為4 cm),F(xiàn)uhrman分級越高 (χ2=11.441,P<0.001);高級別以實(shí)性為主ccRCC中鈣化和壞死比≥0.6較低級別實(shí)性ccRCC多見 (χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030)。多因素分析提示腫瘤大小、浸潤性生長、壞死比≥0.6是實(shí)性為主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031)。結(jié)論:MDCT 對預(yù)測 ccRCC Fuhrman 分級有較大的應(yīng)用價值。囊性ccRCC傾向于低級別。以實(shí)性為主ccRCC中,腫瘤越大、浸潤性生長、壞死比(≥0.6)越高,均預(yù)示較高的Fuhrman分級。
腎腫瘤;體層攝影術(shù),螺旋計(jì)算機(jī)
腎透明細(xì)胞癌 (Clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)是腎細(xì)胞癌最常見的亞型,約占其80%~90%。Fuhrman分級是預(yù)測ccRCC生物侵犯和轉(zhuǎn)移能力的最有效參數(shù)[1-3]。研究顯示Fuhrman分級系統(tǒng)中高級別腫瘤與低級別腫瘤的生存率有顯著差異[4]。通過影像學(xué)評估ccRCC Fuhrman分級有助于制定臨床治療方案。例如,低級別腎細(xì)胞癌可選擇微創(chuàng)手術(shù)(腎臟部分切除術(shù)和射頻消融術(shù))或密切觀察、隨訪;對于高級別不能手術(shù)治療的腫瘤可選擇非手術(shù)治療,如靶向治療等。
先前有報道應(yīng)用MR特定序列進(jìn)行ccRCC Fuhrman分級的相關(guān)研究,但是其報道的病例數(shù)相對較少[5-6]。目前,MDCT已廣泛應(yīng)用于腎細(xì)胞癌的術(shù)前診斷,更適合評估大樣本病例。
收集我院2015年1月—2016年1月ccRCC患者 113例(男 71例,女 42例),年齡 17~82歲(平均52.1歲),大多數(shù)患者為體檢偶發(fā)(75例),其余患者臨床表現(xiàn)為肉眼血尿(24例),腰痛(11例),腹部包塊(3例),經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)FuhrmanⅠ級 8例、Ⅱ級60例、Ⅲ級30例、Ⅳ級15例 (對于腫瘤Fuhrman分級有交叉時,將其歸為更高級)。所有病例均為單側(cè)單發(fā)、非遺傳性腫瘤,且排除其他腎臟疾病。
使用GE Light-Speed 64排螺旋CT掃描儀進(jìn)行腎臟三期增強(qiáng)掃描。掃描參數(shù):管電壓120 kV,采用自動管電流調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù),層厚0.5 cm,層間距0.5 cm,重建圖像層厚0.625 mm,層間距0.625 mm,螺距0.984∶1。增強(qiáng)掃描以高壓注射器經(jīng)肘前靜脈團(tuán)注非離子型對比劑碘佛醇 80~100mL,劑量 1.4~1.6mL/kg,注射速度3.0~4.0 mL/s。通過肘前靜脈留置針注入非離子型造影劑后 20~30 s、60~70 s、180~300 s 行皮質(zhì)期、實(shí)質(zhì)期及排泄期掃描。
所有病例CT影像資料由兩名放射科醫(yī)生 (均具有10年以上泌尿系統(tǒng)影像診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn))在不知Fuhrman分級的情況下,于AW4.4工作站上對腫塊進(jìn)行獨(dú)立評估,評估內(nèi)容包括腫瘤大?。醋畲髲剑⒛[瘤邊緣、鈣化(有/無)、強(qiáng)化形式(均勻/不均勻)、壞死比、生長方式。腫瘤大小及壞死比,均由2名放射科醫(yī)生分別于2天測量2次,取其平均數(shù)。其他評估內(nèi)容的判斷若不一致,則由2名醫(yī)生協(xié)商達(dá)成共識。
腫瘤分為囊性和以實(shí)性為主ccRCC兩類。囊性ccRCC定義為腫瘤內(nèi)含有75%以上無強(qiáng)化液性成分,單房或多房,有完整外壁或內(nèi)部有分隔[7-8]。當(dāng)周圍為不規(guī)則實(shí)性成分時,則認(rèn)為是ccRCC伴有中央壞死,而非囊性ccRCC。囊性ccRCC根據(jù)Bosniak分類系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分類[9]。將實(shí)性為主的ccRCC根據(jù)腫瘤邊緣分為3種類型:①包膜型(腫瘤邊界清楚、規(guī)則,呈膨脹性生長);②分葉型(腫瘤邊界欠清,呈分葉狀);③浸潤型(腫瘤與正常腎實(shí)質(zhì)分界不清)[10]。
將實(shí)性為主 ccRCC中的壞死比分為<0.2、0.2~<0.4、0.4~<0.6、≥0.6。壞死比=無強(qiáng)化區(qū)最大橫徑/該截面上腫瘤最大橫徑。
應(yīng)用Kappa檢驗(yàn)評判2名放射科醫(yī)生對影像資料評估結(jié)果的一致性,Kappa值為>0.80~10提示兩者一致性非常好;>0.60~0.8提示一致性好;>0.4~0.6提示一致性一般;≤0.4提示兩者一致性差。通過單因素分析判斷Fuhrman分級的主要影響因素,并進(jìn)行多因素分析尋找影響FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級的重要變量。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.01為具有顯著性差異。所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)計(jì)算應(yīng)用SPSS 19.0完成。
兩名放射科醫(yī)生評分Kappa=0.75,表明兩者評分一致性較好。
113例ccRCC中,15例為囊性ccRCC、98例為以實(shí)性為主ccRCC(其中包膜型58例、分葉型13例、浸潤型 27例)。15例囊性 ccRCC中,9例Bosniak Ⅲ型(圖1)、 6例Bosniak Ⅳ型(圖2)。
圖1 女,37歲。囊性ccRCC(FuhrmanⅡ級)。圖1a,1b:增強(qiáng)掃描CT皮質(zhì)期顯示右腎下極復(fù)雜性囊性病變,邊界清晰,無明顯強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),其內(nèi)可見多發(fā)厚薄不均分隔,分隔有強(qiáng)化效應(yīng);圖1c,1d:排泄期示囊性部分無強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),分隔可見強(qiáng)化效應(yīng)。此囊性ccRCC歸為BosniakⅢ型。Figure 1. A 37-year-old female with Fuhrman grade Ⅱ cystic ccRCC.Figure 1a,1b:Contrast-enhanced CT image in corticomedullary phase demonstrates a multilocular cystic mass in the inferior pole of the right kidney,the lesion shows clear boundary,no obvious enhancement effect.The thickness of the septa in the mass is uneven,and has enhancement effect.Figure 1c,1d:The excretory phase shows the cystic part of the mass has no enhancement effect,and the septa can be enhanced.The cystic ccRCC is categorized as BosniakⅢ.
圖2 女,46歲。左腎囊性ccRCC(FuhrmanⅢ級)。圖2a,2b:增強(qiáng)掃描軸位示左腎上極復(fù)雜性囊性病變,囊性部分無明顯強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),實(shí)性部分呈明顯強(qiáng)化;圖2c,2d:冠狀位示實(shí)性部分位于囊壁邊緣,病變內(nèi)可見分隔。此囊性ccRCC歸為BosniakⅣ型。Figure 2. A 46-year-old female with Fuhrman grade Ⅲ cystic ccRCC.Figure 2a,2b:Contrast-enhanced axialimage demonstrates a complex cystic mass in the superior pole of the left kidney,cystic part has no obvious enhancement effect,and solid part shows obvious enhancement.Figure 2c,2d:The coronal plane shows that the solid part is located on the edge of the capsule wall and septa can be seen in the lesion.The cystic ccRCC is categorized as BosniakⅣ.
表1 腫瘤形態(tài)與Fuhrman分級的分布情況(例)
腫瘤形態(tài)與Fuhrman分級之間的分布特征見表1。15例囊性 ccRCC中,14例為低級別(FuhrmanⅠ~Ⅱ級)。以實(shí)性為主ccRCC中,58例包膜型ccRCC中42例為低級別;13例分葉型ccRCC中僅5例為低級別;20/27例浸潤型ccRCC為高級別(FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級)(圖3)。腫瘤形態(tài)與不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級之間有顯著相關(guān)性 (χ2=39.008,P<0.001),其中包膜型 ccRCC(圖4)和分葉型(圖5)在Fuhrman 分級中有顯著差異(χ2=8.308,P=0.040),分葉型ccRCC病理分級明顯高于包膜型ccRCC。分葉型ccRCC和浸潤型ccRCC在Fuhrman分級無顯著差異(χ2=1.005,P=0.605)。
表2 MDCT征象與Fuhrman分級的分布特征(例)
表3 MDCT判斷以實(shí)性為主ccRCC不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級的單因素分析(例)
圖3 男,58歲。右腎ccRCC,浸潤型(FuhrmanⅣ級)。圖3a,3b:增強(qiáng)掃描皮質(zhì)期示右腎中上極不規(guī)則軟組織團(tuán)塊影,邊界不清,浸潤性生長。病變呈不均勻強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),腎竇區(qū)受壓且分界不清,腎周脂肪間隙可見點(diǎn)狀及線樣高密度影,病變側(cè)腎臟強(qiáng)化程度較對側(cè)減低;圖3c,3d:實(shí)質(zhì)期腫瘤內(nèi)可見無強(qiáng)化低密度區(qū)。Figure 3. A 58-year-old male with Fuhrman gradeⅣccRCC showing infiltrative growth.Figure 3a,3b:The corticomedullary phase enhanced scan shows a large irregular mass in the upper pole of the right kidney.The border between the tumor and normal kidney is ill-defined,representing infiltrative tumor growth,the mass shows heterogeneous enhancement effect,renal sinus is pushed and the boundary is not clear,perirenal fat shows punctate and linear high density,enhancement degree of right kidney is decreased.Figure 3c,3d:There was no enhancement in the low density area in nephrographic phase.
其他影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)與Fuhrman分級的分布特征見表2。實(shí)性為主ccRCC的影像征象和Fuhrman分級之間的單因素分析見表3。單因素分析顯示腫瘤越大 (臨界值為 4 cm),F(xiàn)uhrman分級越高 (χ2=11.441,P<0.001); 高級別 ccRCC 較低級別 ccRCC中鈣化和壞死比≥0.6較多見 (χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030);ccRCC 中腫瘤密度均勻與不均勻無顯著差異(χ2=6.894,P=0.075)。
MDCT判斷實(shí)性為主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級的多因素分析見表4。多因素分析顯示腫瘤大?。ā? cm)、浸潤性生長和壞死比≥0.6是FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級的實(shí)性為主ccRCC的獨(dú)立危險因素(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031)。有無鈣化(OR:0.469,P=0.272)、病變呈分葉型(OR:1.775,P=0.468)不是影響 Fuhrman Ⅲ~Ⅳ級的相關(guān)獨(dú)立危險因素。
表4 MDCT判斷以實(shí)性為主ccRCC FuhrmanⅢ~Ⅳ級的多因素分析
圖4 女,53歲。右腎ccRCC,包膜型(FuhrmanⅢ級)。圖4a,4b:增強(qiáng)掃描皮質(zhì)期示右腎中部以實(shí)性為主的腫塊影,呈明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),其內(nèi)可見無強(qiáng)化低密度區(qū);圖4c,4d:實(shí)質(zhì)期示腫塊與正常腎實(shí)質(zhì)分界清晰。Figure 4. A 53-year-old female with Fuhrman gradeⅢ ccRCC showing well-circumscribed tumor margin.Figure 4a,4b:Contrast-enhanced CT image in corticomedullary phase demonstrates a predominantly solid and heterogeneously enhancing mass in the mid portion of the right kidney,which shows no enhancement of the low density area.Figure 4c,4d:The tumor in nephrographic phase shows a well-circumscribed clear margin to the normal renal parenchyma.
圖5 女,53歲。右腎ccRCC,分葉型(FuhrmanⅡ級)。圖5a,5b:增強(qiáng)掃描皮質(zhì)期示右腎下極不規(guī)則軟組織團(tuán)塊影,呈明顯不均勻強(qiáng)化效應(yīng),其內(nèi)可見無強(qiáng)化低密度區(qū);圖5c,5d:實(shí)質(zhì)期示腫塊與正常腎實(shí)質(zhì)分界清晰,呈分葉狀。Figure 5. A 53-year-old female with Fuhrman gradeⅡccRCC showing lobulated tumor margin.Figure 5a,5b:The corticomedullary phase enhanced scan shows a lobulated mass of heterogeneous enhancement in the inferior pole of the right kidney with no enhancement of the low density area.Figure 5c,5d:The nephrographic phase shows lobulated tumor contour and well-defined tumor margin to the normal renal parenchyma.
ccRCC是腎細(xì)胞癌最常見的亞型,其生物學(xué)侵犯更明顯,預(yù)后差[11-12]。Fuhrman分級是腎細(xì)胞癌應(yīng)用最廣泛的組織學(xué)分級系統(tǒng)[13],是預(yù)測ccRCC和乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌(PRCC)生物侵犯和轉(zhuǎn)移能力的最有效參數(shù)[1-3],但是對腎嫌色細(xì)胞癌(CRCC)的預(yù)后意義不大。然而PRCC生物學(xué)行為上不如ccRCC活躍,所以本研究不納入PRCC和CRCC的病例作為研究對象。
據(jù)報道,活組織檢查判斷腫瘤病理學(xué)類型的準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)92%,而判斷Fuhrman分級的準(zhǔn)確性僅69.8%[14]。組織學(xué)評估Fuhrman分級的準(zhǔn)確性低成為一個主要的問題,這部分病例的腫瘤侵襲性需要更精確的評估。此外,有研究[15-16]評估了針吸活檢的充分性和準(zhǔn)確性,其僅針對小腎腫瘤,不適用于較大腫瘤,對其不能提供病理分型和分級的完整信息,且活檢是一種創(chuàng)傷性檢查,因此,術(shù)前無創(chuàng)性預(yù)測ccRCC的病理Fuhrman分級是很有必要的,對臨床治療方案的制定及預(yù)后評估有重要意義。
CT是最常用于術(shù)前評估RCC的檢查方法,術(shù)前評估ccRCC的Fuhrman分級有較高的臨床意義:第一,ccRCC的首選治療方法仍是手術(shù)治療,隨著外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展,手術(shù)方式發(fā)展更趨于局限性切除,可減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及后遺癥的發(fā)生率。據(jù)報道[17-18],部分腎臟切除術(shù)和根治性腎切除術(shù)的預(yù)后無顯著差異,臨床療效及腫瘤病理學(xué)結(jié)果是一致的。第二,在一些特殊情況下,尤其是在患者病情嚴(yán)重、身體條件差時,手術(shù)治療并非是最佳的選擇,而積極監(jiān)測[19]、冷凍療法[20]和射頻消融[21]被證實(shí)是這類病人比較有效的治療方法。因此,醫(yī)生必須平衡利弊,選擇個體化治療方案。最佳的臨床方案制定應(yīng)結(jié)合病人病情、治療有效性和腫瘤特點(diǎn)。
本研究中,93.3%的囊性ccRCC為低級別,僅1例囊性ccRCC為FuhrmanⅢ級。本研究結(jié)果與先前研究結(jié)果[7-8]一致,均證實(shí)囊性ccRCC比實(shí)性為主的ccRCC的Fuhrman分級低且預(yù)后好,事實(shí)證明囊性ccRCC中的惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞少于實(shí)性為主的ccRCC。本研究的結(jié)果提示囊性ccRCC可以考慮應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)手術(shù)如保留腎單位手術(shù)或短期復(fù)查、隨訪的個體化治療方式,使患者達(dá)到較好的預(yù)后。
本研究由于FuhrmanⅣ級的ccRCC病例數(shù)較少,部分CT征象中的陽性例數(shù)較少,因此將Ⅰ~Ⅱ級和Ⅲ~Ⅳ級分別定義為低級別和高級別進(jìn)行單因素分析,并對高級別ccRCC進(jìn)行多因素分析。
本研究顯示腫瘤直徑是預(yù)測高級別實(shí)性為主ccRCC的一個獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。腫瘤直徑越大,F(xiàn)uhrman分級越高,腫瘤潛在的侵襲性越高,與先前學(xué)者研究結(jié)果一致[22-23]。而Thompson等[24]研究表明腫瘤直徑臨界值7 cm為積極監(jiān)測的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。Remzi等[25]報道直徑3 cm是腫瘤侵襲性明顯增加的臨界值。這種腫瘤直徑臨界值的差異可能由于其樣本量和分組方法不同造成的。
浸潤型ccRCC Fuhrman分級越高,可能越反映了腫瘤的生物侵襲性越高。例如,腎細(xì)胞癌(Ⅱ型乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌[26]和集合管癌[27])的組織學(xué)侵犯在影像上通常表現(xiàn)為浸潤性生長,腫瘤與周圍組織分界不清。同樣,在ccRCC中,組織病理學(xué)上浸潤性生長常常提示預(yù)后不佳[3]。我們建議影像上表現(xiàn)為浸潤性生長的ccRCC患者術(shù)前應(yīng)合理選擇治療方案,對術(shù)后患者應(yīng)密切進(jìn)行監(jiān)測和隨訪。
本研究顯示壞死比≥0.6亦是預(yù)測高級別實(shí)性為主ccRCC的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。有研究顯示組織學(xué)壞死與腫瘤的侵襲性有關(guān),包括高的腫瘤分級、分期以及腫瘤大小[28]。Xiong等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)組織學(xué)壞死是生存的一個獨(dú)立預(yù)測指標(biāo),并將壞死列入了SSIGN評分中。本研究認(rèn)為高級別以實(shí)性為主ccRCC由于腫瘤侵襲性強(qiáng),生長過快,其血液供應(yīng)不足,最終導(dǎo)致大面積壞死,而CT上壞死區(qū)通常表現(xiàn)為無明顯強(qiáng)化效應(yīng)。此外,Zhang等[30]研究顯示CT增強(qiáng)掃描中ccRCC強(qiáng)化程度在不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級中有顯著差異(P<0.001),高級別ccRCC在皮質(zhì)期的強(qiáng)化程度明顯減低。因?yàn)楸狙芯啃〗M的CT評估方法有所不同,評估腫瘤強(qiáng)化的能力可能有一定局限性,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
先前報道,腫瘤越大,F(xiàn)uhrman分級越高、病理分期越高、越容易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[22,31]。然而,應(yīng)認(rèn)識到ccRCC FuhrmanⅡ級和Ⅲ級之間的一些CT表現(xiàn)是相同的,例如強(qiáng)化不均勻、鈣化等。ccRCC具有顯著強(qiáng)化不均勻的特點(diǎn),與其病理學(xué)特征有關(guān),其易發(fā)生透明樣變、纖維或凝固性壞死,在Fuhrman分級中無顯著差異。
本研究為單一機(jī)構(gòu)的回顧性研究,以后將在本研究的基礎(chǔ)上對ccRCC的Fuhrman分級與MDCT影像學(xué)特征的關(guān)系進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,為更準(zhǔn)確地判斷病理和分級提供更好的理論依據(jù)。
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MDCT evaluation of the Fuhrman grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
LIU Ying-ying1,ZHANG Xue-ning1,HOU Wen-jing2
(1.The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China;2.Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics,Tianjin 300100,China)
Objective:To investigate the relationship between MDCT findings and Fuhrman grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC).Materials andMethods:A retrospective analysis of MDCT manifestations of 113 patients with pathologically confirmed ccRCC,including 8 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅠ,60 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅡ,30 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅢ and 15 cases of Fuhrman gradeⅣ.The tumor characteristics,including tumor size,cystic versus solid,calcification,heterogeneity of lesions,percentage of non-enhancing necrotic ratio and growth pattern were noted independently by two radiologists,and statistical analysis was performed.Results:Fourteen of fifteen(93.3%)cystic ccRCC were low grade(Fuhrman gradesⅠ~Ⅱ).In predominantly solid ccRCC,twenty of twenty-seven(74%)infiltrative ccRCC were high grade(Fuhrman gradesⅢ~Ⅳ).Univariate analysis showed that larger tumor size(critical value 4 cm)had higher grade(χ2=11.441,P<0.001);calcification and necrotic ratio ≥0.6 were significantly more common in high grade ccRCC than in low grade ccRCC(χ2=29.007,P<0.001;χ2=18.454,P=0.030).Multivariate analysis showed tumor size,infiltrative growth and necrotic ratio≥0.6 were Fuhrman gradesⅢ~Ⅳ of three independent predictors(OR:0.122,P=0.002;OR:13.234,P=0.002;OR:12.891,P=0.031).Conclusion:Multidetector CT shows great application value in distinguishing Fuhrman grading system of ccRCC.Cystic ccRCC tends to have low grade.Infiltrative growth,larger tumor size and necrotic ratio≥0.6 may increase the likelihood of high grade predominantly solid ccRCC.
Kidney neoplasms;Tomography,spiral computed
R737.11;R814.42
A
1008-1062(2017)07-0507-06
2016-11-10;
2016-12-24
劉瑩瑩(1985-),女,天津人,滿族,住院醫(yī)師。E-mail:liuyingying9019@163.com
張雪寧,天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院放射科,300211。E-mail:luckyxn@126.com