泰國(guó)曼谷“都市—森林”項(xiàng)目

（泰）南塔瓦 思瑞撒 （意大利）文森佐 馬蒂諾

泰國(guó)曼谷“都市—森林”項(xiàng)目

（泰）南塔瓦 思瑞撒 （意大利）文森佐 馬蒂諾

1 總平面Master Plan

“都市—森林”項(xiàng)目位于曼谷（Bangkok）東部邊緣的普瑞埃郊區(qū)（Prawet），距離素萬(wàn)那普國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)（Suvarnabhumi International Airport）約6km。這個(gè)生態(tài)再生項(xiàng)目作為一個(gè)戶外展覽空間，目的是培養(yǎng)人們的環(huán)境意識(shí)，并向游客展示當(dāng)?shù)氐纳稚鷳B(tài)知識(shí)。設(shè)計(jì)地塊原先是一塊廢棄地，該項(xiàng)目旨在將約2hm2（4.75英畝）寶貴的土地資源進(jìn)行回收利用，扭轉(zhuǎn)郊區(qū)的蔓延趨勢(shì)，改善城市熱島效應(yīng)，并利用當(dāng)?shù)氐牡偷責(zé)釒оl(xiāng)土樹種應(yīng)對(duì)洪澇區(qū)發(fā)展問(wèn)題。該設(shè)計(jì)的目的不局限于塑造一個(gè)人工的靜態(tài)花園，更希望展現(xiàn)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程。

該設(shè)計(jì)帶給游客的第一印象是進(jìn)入了一個(gè)美麗的花園，而后引導(dǎo)游客到達(dá)教育中心。教育中心建筑的設(shè)計(jì)靈感來(lái)源于大地藝術(shù)雕塑，該建筑作為花園內(nèi)外的過(guò)渡，與森林保持著適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。在這里，行人將暫別都市繁忙的生活，遠(yuǎn)離城市并走進(jìn)森林，跟隨游覽路徑一路進(jìn)行“探險(xiǎn)”，最終在游線的終端——觀賞塔頂上再一次與城市見(jiàn)面。

2 森林類型Forest typologies

2012年初，PTT造林研究所（PTT Reforestation Institute）委托風(fēng)景園林師們對(duì)森林更新空間進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。

自1994年起，PTT造林研究所在泰國(guó)進(jìn)行了大量森林更新項(xiàng)目，總面積達(dá)1 156 904hm2?！岸际小帧表?xiàng)目是其中第一個(gè)向公眾開(kāi)放的項(xiàng)目，它記錄了研究所所做的研究工作。

設(shè)計(jì)師們共同探索森林更新的新概念。這片森林不是一個(gè)典型的城市公園或花園，它的自然條件和動(dòng)物種類不受人為限制，它也不是偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)或自然保護(hù)區(qū)的森林再造工程，而是一個(gè)生態(tài)自由發(fā)展的中立城市空間。在這里，人類不是優(yōu)勢(shì)物種，而只是眾多物種中的一個(gè)。都市森林的設(shè)計(jì)需要大量的方法研究和對(duì)社會(huì)、城市快速變化過(guò)程的深刻理解。

在皇室和詩(shī)琳通公主（Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn）對(duì)森林管理工作進(jìn)行的努力下，這個(gè)生態(tài)森林將反映曼谷曾經(jīng)的景觀，并用于公共教育和休閑娛樂(lè)。最初種植的植物包括拉瑪三世和四世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（19世紀(jì)中期）常見(jiàn)的樹木，它們?cè)?jīng)是曼谷的優(yōu)勢(shì)樹種，那時(shí)候許多地區(qū)都以本地的優(yōu)勢(shì)種命名。

對(duì)廢棄場(chǎng)地的初步分析表明，土壤挖掘所形成的坑成為了非法傾倒垃圾的地方。設(shè)計(jì)師們?cè)谙惹暗耐寥劳诰蛑械玫絾l(fā)，將在森林更新項(xiàng)目中塑造新的地形。

該項(xiàng)目的這一階段需要進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的方法研究，同時(shí)需采用涉及不同利益相關(guān)者的多學(xué)科研究方法。項(xiàng)目從2013年5月開(kāi)始建設(shè)，引進(jìn)了約37 000 m3的土方并將其進(jìn)行分級(jí)，其中6 000 m3的混合土壤用于護(hù)坡建設(shè)，為新的都市森林提供適宜的種植土壤和地形。

通過(guò)與景觀設(shè)計(jì)師、森林生態(tài)學(xué)家和土方工程承包商的合作，對(duì)護(hù)坡的地形進(jìn)行抬高設(shè)計(jì)、工程計(jì)算以及施工，以保證孔隙度高、不板結(jié)的土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，為不同物種創(chuàng)造不同的小氣候和最佳的生態(tài)環(huán)境。

土壤被組織在不同的護(hù)堤中，以避免表層土壤蘊(yùn)含的養(yǎng)分被沖刷。使用肥沃的有機(jī)預(yù)配土壤混合物（3份表層土、1份未加工的稻殼、1份椰糠土、1份雞糞）作為適應(yīng)低地幼苗生長(zhǎng)的土壤介質(zhì)，其營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)足以保證植物前3年的生長(zhǎng)并維持至成熟期。

3 時(shí)間表Timeline

4 水文管理Hydrological management

根據(jù)演替速率和植物生長(zhǎng)適宜的水深，對(duì)植物布局進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分組設(shè)計(jì)。例如，生長(zhǎng)在淡鹽水中的植物沿河堤岸種植，如濱玉蕊（Barringtonia Asiatica）；可適應(yīng)間歇性被水淹沒(méi)的植物沿河邊種植；而護(hù)坡上則種滿各種落葉林植物和低地龍腦香科（Dipterocarp）植物。

場(chǎng)地中約75%的區(qū)域，種有超過(guò)279個(gè)獨(dú)特品種，約60 000株幼苗。設(shè)計(jì)者根據(jù)每個(gè)演替組產(chǎn)生的覆蓋類型，對(duì)這些樹木的種植位置進(jìn)行了仔細(xì)的選擇。對(duì)于最初種植的幼苗來(lái)說(shuō)，種植密度約為每平方米4個(gè)幼苗，或保證50cm的種植間距，以促進(jìn)自然選擇。在其余的種植區(qū)域，樹木疏植以控制視線，保證開(kāi)闊的視野，為展覽中心周邊提供開(kāi)放空間。設(shè)計(jì)還期望創(chuàng)造一個(gè)多層次的森林冠層，通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)植物覆蓋率、含水量和營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平來(lái)進(jìn)行控制。設(shè)計(jì)將場(chǎng)地維護(hù)成本最小化，而隨著森林逐漸趨于成熟，將采用預(yù)測(cè)性建?；蜓萏骖A(yù)測(cè)的方法開(kāi)展循環(huán)林業(yè)的實(shí)踐，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將在未來(lái)持續(xù)演替下去。

地形設(shè)計(jì)是塑造場(chǎng)地新型生態(tài)的重要部分，旨在通過(guò)豐富護(hù)坡上的植物層次變化來(lái)提升森林及其林冠層的美感。

樹冠成熟后，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師將在地面層開(kāi)辟一條小徑，為人們提供一個(gè)林下植被體驗(yàn)空間。而在演替的早期階段，游客的大部分時(shí)間將漫步于空中步道和觀景塔，目的是將人類對(duì)新生森林的干擾降到最低，同時(shí)為游客提供成熟樹冠的特寫畫面。

該項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)大的設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)是：實(shí)現(xiàn)自然獨(dú)立進(jìn)化的森林演替過(guò)程，同時(shí)讓游客有機(jī)會(huì)逃離“混凝土叢林”。

該項(xiàng)目是PTT造林研究所承諾的公共區(qū)域，并已獲得了LEED認(rèn)證，旨在激發(fā)公眾對(duì)林業(yè)管理和泰國(guó)環(huán)境管理重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。

設(shè)計(jì)專注于景觀的可持續(xù)性，這就意味著要謹(jǐn)慎地利用資源，關(guān)注水、土壤、物種以及物種間的相互作用。方法包括在演替初期使用幼苗植物，這一方面降低了實(shí)施成本，另一方面也促進(jìn)了植物群落的自然發(fā)展和森林頂極群落的產(chǎn)生。

該場(chǎng)地也成為新的動(dòng)物棲息地，動(dòng)物可以在這里安家，人們可以在這里游覽參觀。隨著森林不斷地生長(zhǎng)和變化，游客每次參觀都會(huì)迎來(lái)“新”的體驗(yàn)。該項(xiàng)目的意義不僅在于展現(xiàn)泰國(guó)現(xiàn)存的和過(guò)去的綠色森林，或是減少曼谷邊界的城市擴(kuò)張，而是去暢想這個(gè)城市的未來(lái)。

5 通向展覽場(chǎng)地和展覽中心建筑的路徑兩側(cè)種滿了鹵蕨（Acrostichum aureum）和坡壘屬植物（Hopea）Hopea+ Acrostichum aureum line the entryway into the Exhibition Site + Center

6 演替森林中的展覽中心The Exhibition Center in the wilderness of the successional forest

7 游客可從樹冠上方觀察樹葉及其紋理Visitors rising to observe tree foliage and its textures from above the canopy

游客沿著空中步道或進(jìn)入觀景塔內(nèi)進(jìn)行游覽，他們將見(jiàn)到一個(gè)非同以往的曼谷，體驗(yàn)到在地面上不能看到的樹冠景觀。與亞洲園林強(qiáng)調(diào)景觀美學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)方法不同，該項(xiàng)目采用了一種新的方式，這種方式從未在曼谷實(shí)施過(guò)，它將開(kāi)發(fā)一種新的景觀類型，例如未來(lái)的自然荒野。一個(gè)兼具教育、娛樂(lè)和體驗(yàn)功能的自然荒野，將激發(fā)市民的植樹熱情，并在自家后花園創(chuàng)造一片都市森林。

項(xiàng)目顧問(wèn)

森林生態(tài)顧問(wèn)：思林 卡瓦萊德博士

景觀設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)：安格納 波尼哈斯助理教授

施工技術(shù)顧問(wèn)：蘭登和佘（泰國(guó)）有限公司

施工管理管理顧問(wèn)：EDA顧問(wèn)有限公司

設(shè)計(jì)公司

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：曼谷景觀設(shè)計(jì)有限公司（LAB）

建筑設(shè)計(jì)與室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)：時(shí)空建筑師有限公司

小劇場(chǎng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)：LAB NLSS設(shè)計(jì)有限公司

能源與綠色建筑顧問(wèn)：建筑師49有限公司

委托權(quán)限：SCG綠色建筑部

展覽設(shè)計(jì)：Pico（泰國(guó)）公共有限公司

照明顧問(wèn)：49照明設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)有限公司

結(jié)構(gòu)工程：H.工程有限公司

機(jī)電工程：MITR技術(shù)顧問(wèn)有限公司

承包商

主承包商：麗塔有限公司

景觀承包商：科迪亞有限公司

瀑布景觀承包商：熱帶花園有限公司分公司

夯土分包商：拉迪有限公司

土方工程承包商：普斯塔納喬德 卡妮特有限公司

項(xiàng)目信息

項(xiàng)目名稱：都市—森林項(xiàng)目

項(xiàng)目位置：泰國(guó)曼谷

業(yè)主： PTT公眾有限公司

建設(shè)時(shí)間：2012—2015年

項(xiàng)目面積：19 200m2，2hm2（4.75英畝）

圖片來(lái)源：曼谷景觀設(shè)計(jì)有限公司，朗吉特 查龍沃特

翻譯：劉心夢(mèng)

校對(duì)：張希

8 空中步道為人們提供了不同的觀察點(diǎn)和路徑，將游客與水平地面分離，以減少對(duì)新生森林的干擾The elevated skywalk offers different observation points and a path that separates visitors from the ground level in order to minimize disturbance of the newly grown forest

9 幾何線型的空中步道穿梭于樹冠之間，與森林冠層和自然地形等元素形成強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比Strong geometry of the skywalk cutting across and contrasting amongst the forest canopy and natural terrain + elements

10 逐漸繁茂的樹冠對(duì)周圍發(fā)展起來(lái)的郊區(qū)進(jìn)行遮擋A growing canopy gradually beginning to screen out the surrounding suburban development

Located at the Eastern fringes of Bangkok in the suburban district of Prawet, approximately 6 kilometers from the Suvarnabhumi International Airport, lies the The Metro-Forest Project. An ecological regeneration project designed as an outdoor exhibition space to cultivate environmental awareness and educate visitors about local forest ecology. The project, on an abandoned site, aimed to reclaim 2-hectares (4.75 acres) of valuable land and reverse the trends of suburban sprawl, urban heat island, and fl ood-prone developments through the incorporation of historically local (native and adaptive) lowland tropical tree species. The design is intended to be more than a static garden sculpted by man but is more of a dynamic progression that is formed from ecosystem processes.

11 展覽中心覆土屋頂?shù)淖匀徊莸镹atural meadows atop the Rammed-Earth Exhibition Center

12 展覽中心的綠色屋頂The green roof of the exhibition center

13 多用途的戶外草坪劇場(chǎng)以及自然水體旁豐富的活動(dòng)An outdoor theater lawn for multi-purpose uses +events ad jacent to the ‘natural’ pond

The first impact of the visitors is similar to when you enter a beautiful garden, which takes visitors to the educational center, inspired by a land art sculpture. The positioning of the building has its proper distance from the emerging forest. It is like a filter between the outside and the inside.Pedestrians immediately turn into explorers, leaving the city behind for a moment, and then fi nding it again at the end of course, on top of the tower.The explorer abandons the hectic life of the metropolis and immerses into the forest.

In early 2012, the landscape architects were commissioned by the PTT Reforestation Institute to design a space for reforestation.

The PTT Reforestation Institute has operated since 1994 with numerous reforestation projects in Thailand, for a total of 1,156,904 hectares. The Metro-Forest Projectrepresents the fi rst space open to the public, which documents the work of the institute’s research study.

The designers involved have joined forces to explore a new idea of the forest. This forest is not a typical urban park or a garden, where nature is tamed and animal species are controlled, nor is it a reforestation project in a remote area or within a protected natural preserve. It is a neutral space of the city with its ecological freedom to develop where man is one amongst many species and not the dominant species too. The design of a metropolitan forest required a big effort of methodological research and deep awareness of the rapid social and urban changes.

14 游客開(kāi)始登上空中步道Visitors begin the climb up the skywalk

15 建成的小瀑布不僅活躍了空間還減輕了附近車輛及飛機(jī)的噪聲The constructed waterfall animates the space while helping to mask the sound of nearby cars and airplanes

In recognition to the forest stewardship efforts by the Royal Family and Her Royal Highness,Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn’s, an ecological forest that reflected Bangkok’s former landscape looked to be created for public education and enjoyment. Seedlings of trees once prominent during the Rama III & IV era (mid-19th century)were selected for initial planting as they had once established territorial populations around Bangkok during which time many districts were named after the dominant species of the area.

Initial analysis of the abandoned site indicated the dredging of soil as the excavation created pits for illegal refuse dumping. The prior excavation inspired the landscape architects to create a new terrain for forest regeneration.

This stage of the project required a detailed methodological research and a multidisciplinary approach which involved different stakeholders.Construction began in May 2013 where approximately 37,000 cu.m of earthwork was introduced and graded with 6,000 cu.m of soil mix to create the engineered berms that would provide a suitable planting medium and terrain for the new urban forest.

Through collaboration with the landscape architects, forest ecologists, and earthwork contractor, raised berms were designed, engineered and constructed to provide porosity and prevent compaction and in order to generate different micro-climates and promote the optimal ecological conditions for the different species.

16 溪流泛起漣漪，將人們的視線引向景觀塔The ripple zone of the stream opens up the view back towards the observation tower

17 展覽中心的夯土墻融入演替森林之中，溪流從視覺(jué)上連接森林與展覽中心The exhibition center’s rammed earth walls in the wilderness of the successional forest, the stream visually connects the forest to the exhibition center

18 空中步道為人們提供了不同的觀察點(diǎn)和路徑，將游客與水平地面分離，以減少對(duì)新生森林的干擾The elevated skywalk offers different observation points and a path that separates visitors from the ground level in order to minimize disturbance of the newly grown forest

19 幾何線型的空中步道穿梭于樹冠之間，與森林冠層形成強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比Strong geometry of the skywalk cutting across and contrasting amongst the forest canopy

The soil has been organized in different berms to avoid the washout of nutrients contained in the topsoil.A pre-mixture of highly fertile, organic soil (3-parts Topsoil, 1-part Raw Rice Husk, 1-part Coconut Coir Dust, 1-part Chicken Manure) was used as a soil medium suitable for the lowland species seedlings.The nutritionis sufficient for the first three years of life of the plant to reach maturity to fully sustain.

The layout of the species was carefully grouped according to successional rate and appropriate water to ground surface level growing conditions. For example, species that thrive in brackish water, such as Barringtonia Asiatica, were planted along the canal embankment. Species able to survive during intermittent fl ooding conditions were planted along the riparian edge. While atop the berms, a diverse mix of deciduous forest plants and lowland Dipterocarp forestcover the area.

Approximately 60,000 seedlings of more than 279 unique species were planted on approximately 75% of the overall site. Planting locations for the trees were also carefully selected based on the type of coverage each successional group would provide.For the initial planting of seedlings, a planting density of approximately 4 seedlings per square meter or a spacing of 50 centimeters was used to encourage natural selection.In the remaining planted areas, the tree plantings were sparser to help control sightlines, open up views, and provide open space area around the exhibition center. The planting design intent also looked to create a forest canopy of multiple layers that could be controlled through monitoring of plant coverage, moisture levels and nutrient levels. The maintenance of the site is minimal. However, as the forest matures, a practice of rotational forestry through predictivemodeling or forecasting of its succession will be implemented as the continuously on-going project evolves over generations to come.

The earthwork design, serves as the backbone of the site’s new ecology, but also aims to improve the aesthetics of the forest and its canopy by the plant variety changes along the cross-section of the elevated berms.

After the canopy has reached maturation, the landscape architects intend to carve out a trail at the ground level to provide an experience revealing the understory. However, in the early stages of succession, guests may spend a majority of their time atop the skywalk and observation tower,which were designed to minimize disturbance of the burgeoning forest and allow close-up views of the maturing canopy.

The big design challenge and reward was to address the processes and implementation of a forest that has natural and independent evolutionary processes while at the same time offers visitors the chance to escape from the concrete jungle.

The project, which earned LEED Platinum NC, is a public outreach commitment by the PTT Reforestation Institute to inspire public awareness of forestry management and the importance of environmental stewardship in Thailand.

Addressing sustainability in landscape design means careful use of resources such as water,soil, species and how species can interact under baseline conditions. The method involves the use of young plants, supported in the early years of growth. This method on the one hand reduces the costs of implementation while also promoting the spontaneous development and the attainment of the forest’s climax community.

20 地表水和雨水將對(duì)溪流進(jìn)行持續(xù)性補(bǔ)充The stream has become fully sustainable replenished by groundwater and rain

21 空中步道終點(diǎn)The terminus of the skywalk

22 從景觀塔上看人行天橋A view of the skywalk as seen from the top of the tower

23 游客們走在用回收的鐵路枕木搭接而成的臺(tái)階和橋上，沿著森林步道返回地面Visitors step across recycled railroad ties designed as steps and bridge to return along the Forest walk at ground level

The site has also become a new habitat for fauna to establish their home and visitors to observe.The forest is constantly growing and mutation so the visitors will always be welcomed by‘new’ experiences during each visit. The metaphoris not to just look at the existing and past green forests of Thailand, or the reduction of urban sprawl advancing along Bangkok’s boundary, but to instead imagine the future of the city.

Able to experience the different levels of the canopy at the ground-level, along the skywalk,and within the observation tower, visitors will see Bangkok like never before. Rather than take the typical approach of Asian gardens that emphasize the aesthetics of the landscape, a different approach is taken to create a unique practice that has never been implemented in Bangkok and establish a new trajectory of landscape typologies,such as a natural wilderness for the future.A natural wilderness that is educational, fun,experiential, and could perhaps inspire urbanites to plant saplings and grow a forest in their own backyard.

Consultant

Ecological Forest Consultant: Dr. Sirin Kaewlaierd

Landscape Design Consultant: Assistant Professor Dr. Angsana Boonyobhas

QuantitySurveyor: Langdon & Seah (Thailand) Ltd.

Construction Management: EDA Consultant Co., Ltd.

Design Firms

Landscape Design: Landscape Architects of Bangkok Ltd.

Architectural Design & Interior Design: Spacetime Architects Co., Ltd.

Interior Design of Mini-Theatre Area: Design LAB NLSS Co., Ltd.

Energy & Green Building Consultant: Architects 49 Limited

Commissioning Authority: SCG Green Building Department

Exhibition Design: Pico (Thailand) Public Company Limited

Lighting Consultant: 49 Lighting Design Consultants Limited

Structural Engineering: H. Engineer Co., Ltd

MEP Engineering: MITR Technical Consultant Co., Ltd.

Contractor

Main Contractor: Ritta Co., Ltd.

Softscape Contractor: CORDIA Company Limited

Waterfall Contractor: TROPICAL GARDEN Ltd., Part.

Rammed Earth Sub-contractor: La Terre Co., Ltd.

Earthwork Contractor: Psatanachod Kanyotha Co., Ltd.

Project Information

Project Name: The Metro-Forest Project

Location: Bangkok, Thailand

Owner: PTT Public Company Limited

Chronology: 2012-2015

Area: 19,200 m2, 2-hectares (4.75 acre)

Photo Credits: LAB, Rungkit Charoenwat

Translator: LIU Xin-meng

Proofreader: ZHANG Xi

The Metro-Forest Project, Bangkok, Thailand

(Thailand)Nantawan Sirisup, (Italy)Vincenzo De Martino

（編輯/陳雨茜）