中華醫(yī)學(xué)會急診醫(yī)學(xué)分會 中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯委員會膿毒癥并發(fā)彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血診治急診專家共識專家組
執(zhí)筆人:王力軍 柴艷芬
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與指南
膿毒癥并發(fā)彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血診治急診專家共識
中華醫(yī)學(xué)會急診醫(yī)學(xué)分會 中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯委員會膿毒癥并發(fā)彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血診治急診專家共識專家組
執(zhí)筆人:王力軍 柴艷芬
彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)不是獨立的疾病,而是一種獲得性凝血功能紊亂綜合征,以全身凝血系統(tǒng)的止、凝血機制失衡與過度激活、纖溶系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重紊亂,以及多個器官內(nèi)微血栓形成等為特征,可發(fā)生廣泛出血和多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure,MOF)而導(dǎo)致死亡[1]。
DIC在一些疾病中既是原因又是結(jié)果。DIC病因包括感染、惡性腫瘤、病理產(chǎn)科、外科手術(shù)和創(chuàng)傷、中毒和免疫損傷等,其中感染是最常見的原因[2]。機體對感染的反應(yīng)失調(diào)而導(dǎo)致危及生命的器官功能障礙,即為膿毒癥[3]。近年來膿毒癥發(fā)病率不斷上升,且花費巨大,已成為主要公共健康問題[3]。30%~50%的膿毒癥患者會發(fā)生DIC,約占DIC患者總數(shù)的50%[4-5]。膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的病死率達(dá)28%~43%[6-8]。國內(nèi)外血液學(xué)學(xué)會曾制定多個DIC診療指南[1],本共識著重論述膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的診治。
共識專家組在參考相關(guān)指南與共識及近年發(fā)表的相關(guān)研究基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)其學(xué)術(shù)和臨床經(jīng)驗起草這一共識,并提交共識專家討論,以期制定適合急診膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC診治的指導(dǎo)性文件,旨在幫助臨床醫(yī)師,尤其是急診醫(yī)師對這類患者做到早期識別、早期診斷、早期治療,從而降低病死率。
膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的發(fā)病機制包括促凝物質(zhì)上調(diào)〔例如組織因子(tissue factor,TF)〕、抗凝物質(zhì)下調(diào)〔例如抗凝血酶(antithrombin,AT)、血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)、組織因子途徑抑制物(tissue factor pathway inhibitor,TFPI)和蛋白C(protein C,PC)〕,以及纖維蛋白溶解機制受損等,其中以促凝物質(zhì)上調(diào)導(dǎo)致高凝狀態(tài)最為重要[5,7,9];除此之外,還與膿毒癥本身的特征有關(guān),如病原微生物侵入機體,內(nèi)、外毒素的作用并由此激發(fā)了炎癥介質(zhì)的級聯(lián)反應(yīng)擴(kuò)散,這些炎癥介質(zhì)作用于毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮,使血管內(nèi)皮生理性抗凝血物質(zhì)減少或功能下降,血管內(nèi)血細(xì)胞促凝血機制加強,纖溶系統(tǒng)受損,加劇了凝血過程[10]。微血管痙攣、缺血缺氧致使毛細(xì)血管通透性增加,血管中有形物質(zhì)滲出,使得液體外漏,血流淤滯形成微血栓DIC。
由此可見,DIC作為一個綜合征,特別是膿毒癥,既是疾病啟動的原因,又是疾病病理生理作用轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果。膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的發(fā)病機制見圖1[11]。
圖1 膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC發(fā)病機制[11]
國際上多采用積分系統(tǒng)對DIC進(jìn)行診斷和分期分型,以指導(dǎo)治療和判斷預(yù)后[12]。常用的有國際血栓與止血協(xié)會(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,ISTH)、日本衛(wèi)生福利部(Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare,JMHW)以及日本急診醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(Japanese Association of Acute Medicine,JAAM)積分系統(tǒng),其中ISTH DIC積分具有較高的敏感性和特異性,被廣泛應(yīng)用[5,12],分為顯性和非顯性DIC積分(表1)。此外,DIC又分為顯性和非顯性DIC期:前者指患者已處于失代償期,即臨床典型DIC;后者指出現(xiàn)某些DIC的臨床表現(xiàn)及實驗室檢查異常,但未達(dá)到診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代償狀態(tài)的DIC,即DIC前期(preDIC)[13-14]。
表1 ISTH DIC積分系統(tǒng)
膿毒癥時(既往血小板及凝血功能疾病除外,如嚴(yán)重肝病、血栓性血小板減少性紫癜等),若積分≥5分為顯性DIC;積分<5分為非顯性DIC(表1)。
血栓彈力圖(thromboelastogram,TEG)可監(jiān)測膿毒癥患者凝血功能變化,識別高凝與低凝狀態(tài)[9,15],但因樣本量小,其對膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的診斷價值需進(jìn)一步試驗證實[16]。
膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的治療包括病因治療、抗凝治療、替代治療及中藥治療等[1,17]。
4.1 病因治療
推薦膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者病因(抗感染)治療。
1.數(shù)據(jù)庫:利用2016年以前的國家專利局中國專利文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫和七國兩組織數(shù)據(jù)庫及歐洲專利局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫有關(guān)關(guān)鍵詞檢索,獲取潛水醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)的國內(nèi)專利申請文獻(xiàn),運用智慧牙專利分析軟件對這些專利進(jìn)行分析。
病因(抗感染)治療是治療DIC的基石[12]??咕幬锸侵委熌摱景Y并發(fā)DIC的首要措施。此外,需對感染部位盡快引流[18-19]。隨機對照臨床試驗(randomized controlled trial,RCT)顯示治療膿毒癥后,DIC情況也隨之改善[20-21]。
此外,及時液體復(fù)蘇、擴(kuò)充血容量、減少血液濃縮,小劑量激素治療改善毛細(xì)血管通透性,減少液體滲出,以及減少炎癥因子釋放等,亦是治療膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的重要內(nèi)容[21-23]。
4.2 抗凝治療
不推薦膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者常規(guī)使用肝素抗凝治療。
抗凝治療可降低膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者的病死率[24-25]。然而Meta分析顯示,肝素治療膿毒癥及膿毒癥DIC患者的總體療效尚未確定,有降低病死率的趨勢,但也有可能增加嚴(yán)重出血的風(fēng)險[26]。因此,本專家共識建議在無RCT證據(jù)之前,不推薦膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者使用肝素抗凝治療。
4.3 替代治療
因血小板或凝血因子減少而導(dǎo)致出血或極高的出血風(fēng)險時(顯性DIC),推薦進(jìn)行替代治療。
是否需要替代治療取決于是否因某種血液成分減少而導(dǎo)致的出血或極高的出血風(fēng)險[12,22,27]?;颊呷绯霈F(xiàn)以下情況時,可考慮使用血液制品替代治療。
4.3.2 在沒有出血或侵入性操作計劃時,不建議使用新鮮冰凍血漿糾正凝血功能異常。伴有凝血酶原時間(prothrombin time,PT)或活化部分凝血活酶時間(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)延長>1.5倍,或纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB)<1.5 g/L,靜脈輸注新鮮冰凍血漿15~30 mL/kg可能有益。因液體負(fù)荷過多導(dǎo)致DIC患者出血時,可使用濃縮凝血因子,如濃縮凝血酶原復(fù)合物。DIC患者血漿FIB至少應(yīng)維持在1.0~1.5 g/L。
4.4 中藥治療
推薦膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者使用中藥治療。
抗感染治療的同時,更需關(guān)注膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者凝血及炎癥失衡[7]。目前尚無任何一種具有抗炎、抗菌與改善凝血功能的西藥應(yīng)用于臨床。Meta分析顯示,中藥單體及復(fù)方制劑具有活血化瘀、抑制血小板聚集、改善微循環(huán)及抗炎等作用,可改善膿毒癥患者的預(yù)后[17]。
目前研究較多的血必凈注射液由紅花、赤芍、川芎、當(dāng)歸、丹參等養(yǎng)血涼血藥物組成,具有抗細(xì)菌毒素、調(diào)節(jié)免疫和炎癥介質(zhì)、保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及改善微循環(huán)等作用[28-29]。臨床研究及Meta分析提示,血必凈注射液可顯著糾正膿毒癥和嚴(yán)重膿毒癥患者凝血功能紊亂,恢復(fù)器官功能,改善血流動力學(xué)狀態(tài)及病情嚴(yán)重程度,降低病死率[30-36]。研究顯示,血必凈注射液100 mL、每日2次、連續(xù)7 d,可降低膿毒癥患者DIC發(fā)生率和膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者28 d病死率[37-38],對于治療嚴(yán)重膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者安全有效。
膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的診治流程見圖2。
圖2 膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC患者診療流程
AT、TM對膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC的療效仍需更大規(guī)模RCT證實[5,19,39-42]。PC雖不能降低早期膿毒癥及膿毒性休克患者病死率,但有改善膿毒癥DIC患者預(yù)后的趨勢[41,43-44]。治療膿毒癥DIC合理的抗凝劑是直接拮抗TF活性[27],TFPI是理想的抗凝藥物[45],但仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實。此外,雙重短效FⅡ和FⅩa抑制劑具有改善凝血和炎癥反應(yīng)、保護(hù)器官功能的作用,亦是未來膿毒癥并發(fā)DIC治療的新選擇[46]。
專家組成員(按姓氏漢語拼音為序):曹鈺(四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院),柴艷芬(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院),陳鳳英(內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院),陳曉輝(廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院),陳玉國(山東大學(xué)齊魯醫(yī)院),鄧穎(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院),韓繼媛(華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院),黃亮(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),李春盛(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院),李銀平(中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué)雜志社),林兆奮(海軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長征醫(yī)院),劉志(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院),呂傳柱(海南醫(yī)學(xué)院),潘曙明(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院),彭鵬(新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),秦歷杰(河南省人民醫(yī)院),壽松濤(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院),田英平(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院),王力軍(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院),許鐵(徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院),楊仁池(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院血液病醫(yī)院),尹文(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院),曾紅科(廣東省人民醫(yī)院),張國強(中日友好醫(yī)院),張勁松(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),趙斌(北京積水潭醫(yī)院),鄭亞安(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院)
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Chinese emergency medicine expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of sepsis complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Chinese Society of Emergency Medicine, Editorial Board of Chinese Critical Care Medicine, Expert Group of Chinese Emergency Medicine Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Sepsis Complicated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Wang Lijun, Chai Yanfen.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
2017-06-13)
300052 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)學(xué)科
柴艷芬,Email:chaiyanfen2012@126.com;李春盛,Email:lcscyyy2@163.com;壽松濤,Email:stshou66@sina.com;陳玉國,Email:chen919085@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-7151.2017.03.001
Corresponding author: Chai Yanfen, Email: chaiyanfen2012@126.com; Li Chunsheng, Email: lcscyyy2@163.com;Shou Songtao, Email: stshou66@sina.com; Chen Yuguo, Email: chen919085@126.com
轉(zhuǎn)載自《中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志2017,29(7):577-580.