非謂語動詞講解

郝宏麗

動詞不定式、過去分詞v-ed及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語用，所以叫非謂語動詞。

一、動詞不定式：動詞不定式由“to+ 動詞原形”

1.動詞不定式的形式變化：動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。

They are said to be building another bridge across the river.

It is said that they are building another bridge across the river.

We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.

He pretended to be listening attentively.

He is said to have written a new book about workers.

It is said that he has written a new book about workers.

The enemy was reported to have surrendered.

It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.

She seemed to have heard about it already.

It seemed that she had already heard about it.

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

I am sorry I have given you so much trouble.

I am very pleased to have been of help.

He pretended not to have seen me.

They are said to have been collecting stamps in Ynnan.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

2. not to do Tell the children not to play on the street.

3. for /of sb to do It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.

It is very kind of you to help him every day.

4.動詞不定式的基本用法：動詞不定式可在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語。

如：To help each other is good. 作主語

Tell the children not to play on the street. 作賓補

My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 作表語

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. 作狀語

This will be our library to be built next year. 作定語

I felt ashamed to have done such a thing. 完成式

I want to go home. Its very late. 作賓語

二、——動詞-ing形式 （表主動進行）

1.-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing還有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，而不及物動詞的-ing則沒有被動語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在以及物動詞make 和不及物動詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：

He stood there，smiling.

The building being built is our library.

Having found the cause，they were able to find a way.

Having been there many times，he offered to be our guide.

2.-ing形式的基本用法。作主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語。

The person giving us a report is Mr. Smith. 作定語

Seeing is believing. 作主語 作表語

I enjoy listening to music in my spare time. 作賓語

He stood there，smiling. 作狀語

I heard my sister singing in her room. 作賓補

三、-ed 過去分詞

1.過去分詞的基本用法：過去分詞只有一種形式，也沒有主動語態(tài)，它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作（被動完成）。過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、狀語、賓語補足語等成分。

The stolen car was found by the police last week. 作表語

The glass is broken. 作表語

When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 賓語補足語

Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill，our town looks beautiful。作狀語

Given more time/ If given more time，we could have done it better。作狀語

This is the big ball bought yesterday. 作定語

=This is the big ball which was bought yesterday

四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一般情況下不定式、-ing和過去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語，但有時它們也能有自己的獨立的主語，這種獨立的主語，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和不定式、-ing或過去分詞構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

The bell ringing，we all stopped talking.

She read the letter，tears rolling down her cheeks.

It being Sunday，we went camping.

Weather permitting，we will go fishing.

With + n. + to do＼ doing ＼ done

1） With all the dishes to wash，you cannot go out. （在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式多用主動形式）

2） She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.

3） All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.

4） He lay in bed，with his eyes fixed on the ceiling.

（He fixed his eyes on the ceiling.）

邏輯主語：指非謂語動詞意義上的主語。例如：

1） My teacher asked me to read.

主 謂 賓 賓補

又可以說me 是 to read 的邏輯主語。

2）have sb. do sb. 是 to do 的邏輯主語。

Have sb. doing sb. 是 to doing 的邏輯主語。

Have sth done sth 是 done 的邏輯主語。