推理判斷題

徐穎

閱讀中的推理判斷題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，對原文中沒有提及的情況進(jìn)行推理，即從已知的信息中推理出未知信息，從而得出文章隱含的深層意義，所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中的某一句話、某幾句話或全文。故而推理題的答案是根據(jù)所給信息的同義改編或綜合理解。推理判斷題的題干中通常有標(biāo)志性的詞語如infer，suggest，imply，conclude，indicate，refer to等。

從近幾年來新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ的閱讀題型統(tǒng)計(jì)可以看出推理判斷題在高考閱讀中所占比例的跳躍式增加（2016占比20%，2017年則為53%），說明高考對同學(xué)們推理判斷能力的要求在逐年提高。這就要求同學(xué)們在面對一篇閱讀理解時(shí)要在理解事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，把握其深層含義和言外之意，包括作者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、意圖等。不僅要理解文章中某句、某段的含義，還要理清全文的邏輯關(guān)系，并對其進(jìn)行判斷和推理。從這方面講，高考閱讀理解的難度增加了。

[真題解讀]

例1 （2017·全國卷Ⅰ） I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（貓頭鷹） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.

I examined the chick（雛鳥） and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest， I might have been able to put it back， but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.

Now all that was needed were the parents， but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults； they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.

A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！ The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.

24. What is unavoidable in the authors rescue work according to paragraph 1？

A. Efforts made in vain.

B. Getting injured in his work.

C. Feeling uncertain about his future.

D. Creatures forced out of their homes.

解析 A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中 Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful可知，救助受傷動物是令人心碎的，因?yàn)閯游飩兡芊翊婊钍遣淮_定的，所以付出的努力有可能白費(fèi)（when it doesnt works）。B（在工作中受傷）文中未提，C（作者對自己未來的不確定）文中未提及，文中講的是不確定救助的動物能否存活，D（動物被迫離開家園）文章未提，所以選A。endprint

25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？

A. To rescue a woman.

B. To take care of a woman.

C. To look at a baby owl.

D. To cure a young owl.

解析 C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中She had found a young owl（貓頭鷹） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.有人給作者打求助電話，她發(fā)現(xiàn)有只小貓頭鷹掉地上了，作者趕去看看情況。這位女士打電話求助的目的不是自己，所以A和B不對。文中并未提到小貓頭鷹受傷的情況，D屬于錯誤推理。

27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. Its unexpected. B. Its beautiful.

C. Its humorous. D. Its discouraging.

解析 B。推理判斷題。就事件結(jié)果分析作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。通讀全文，作者為小貓頭鷹做了窩，幫它找回了父母，作者的救助成功了，說明結(jié)局美好。第一段最后一句話更強(qiáng)化了結(jié)局美好這個(gè)結(jié)論。干擾選項(xiàng)中unexpected，humorous和discoursing都不符合文章基調(diào)。

例2 （2017·全國卷Ⅰ） A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture， its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately， you must carry the necessary equipment with you， since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5×5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still， use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.

Next， cover the hole with the plastic sheet， securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone（圓錐體） with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over， and no more than three inches above， the cup.

The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates （蒸發(fā)） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full， you can suck the refreshment out through the tube， and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？endprint

A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.

C. Its complex. D. Its portable.

解析 D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸餾器的東西可以放在一個(gè)小包里，系在腰間，說明設(shè)備輕便。delicate“脆弱的，精致的”，expensive“昂貴的”，complex“復(fù)雜的”，詞義均不符合。

33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to？

A. The tube. B. The still.

C. The hole. D. The cup.

解析 B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.可知最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，提高接水器的工作效率。the tube是接水器的一部分，the cup不存在工作效率的問題，要一一排除。

35. When a solar still works， drops of water come into the cup from ________.

A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole

C. the open air D. beneath the sheet

解析 D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二句Ground water evaporates （蒸發(fā)） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup.可知地下水蒸發(fā)，在覆蓋膜上匯聚形成小水滴，水滴落入杯子，故水滴凝聚在覆蓋膜下方。管子、洞外和空氣都是干擾選項(xiàng)。

[解題策略]

2017年高考真題中推理判斷題出現(xiàn)頻率高且部分篇幅中出題相當(dāng)集中，擯棄了常規(guī)的寫作意圖、寫作目的、文章出處、目標(biāo)讀者、補(bǔ)充猜測等等設(shè)題方式，基本上所有題目在文中都能找到相應(yīng)信息?？疾榛A(chǔ)、全面，沒有偏、怪、難題，對考試詞匯和綜合能力的要求較高。那么如何做推理判斷題，如何備考推理判斷題呢，筆者有以下思考。

1. 基本解題步驟

首先通過題干找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)，即推理的依據(jù)，然后細(xì)讀理解其字面意義，最后結(jié)合語境，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。對于觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類的題目，要全面理解文章的內(nèi)容及感情基調(diào)，注意能夠表達(dá)作者思想傾向和感情色彩的形容詞、副詞等，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。

2. 選項(xiàng)甄別

推理判斷題不僅要推理，還要選擇判斷出正確選項(xiàng)，排除掉干擾選項(xiàng)。這是考查的重點(diǎn)，也是解推理判斷題的關(guān)鍵。

此類題中正確選項(xiàng)設(shè)置一般有這幾個(gè)特征：

（1）符合原文主旨，含義豐富，概括性強(qiáng)。

（2）措辭不絕對化，相對留有余地。通常有修飾詞如often，usually，sometimes，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。

（3）來源于原文又高于原文，注意“不是原文”。

（4）推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由，但如果選項(xiàng)中有文中原句則不選。

（5）推理過程和結(jié)論符合作者意愿，而不是讀者的判斷或常識判斷。

（6）推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時(shí)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法，因此脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是錯誤的。

干擾選項(xiàng)設(shè)置一般有如下幾個(gè)特征：

（1）只重復(fù)原文的細(xì)節(jié)，以偏概全。

（2）包含過于絕對化的詞語。

（3）在文中無相應(yīng)信息支持，或和原文毫無關(guān)系。

（4）文中直接說明的內(nèi)容。

（5）直接陳述文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推理出來的選項(xiàng)。

綜上，同學(xué)們要對設(shè)題選項(xiàng)有個(gè)基本的了解，結(jié)合題目認(rèn)真解讀作者陳述的觀點(diǎn)和描述的事實(shí)，進(jìn)行正確合乎邏輯地推論和甄別，做到“有理有據(jù)有思路”，去偽存真，從而得出符合原文信息或提示的最佳答案。endprint