貢 桔,夏 寧,陳志瑾,鄭云峰,孫錦躍,王忠敏
(1.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院盧灣分院放射科,上海 200020;2.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院介入放射科,上海 200025)
·臨床研究·
膽道內(nèi)照射支架應(yīng)用于肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸的初步臨床研究
貢 桔,夏 寧1,陳志瑾1,鄭云峰1,孫錦躍1,王忠敏2*
(1.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院盧灣分院放射科,上海 200020;2.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院介入放射科,上海 200025)
目的評(píng)估攜帶125I粒子的膽道內(nèi)照射支架治療肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸的有效性及安全性。方法選取43例因肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸患者,采用經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝分別穿刺左右側(cè)膽道分支,于肝門部狹窄處植入125I粒子膽道內(nèi)照射支架,術(shù)后留置引流管3~5天,經(jīng)造影確認(rèn)支架通暢后予以拔管,封閉穿刺道。記錄患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后的肝功能變化,并觀察術(shù)后患者生存時(shí)間。結(jié)果Bismuth Ⅰ型5例,植入支架5個(gè);Ⅱ型18例,植入支架36個(gè);Ⅲ型4例,植入支架8個(gè);Ⅳ型16例,植入支架25個(gè),患者術(shù)前血清總膽紅素和直接膽紅素分別為(145.54±65.35)μmol/L和 (124.73±35.04)μmol/L,術(shù)后分別為(65.91±29.43)μmol/L和(35.50±15.12)μmol/L;與術(shù)前相比,術(shù)后總膽紅素、直接膽紅素、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、堿性磷酸酶、C-反應(yīng)蛋白、γ-谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)肽酶均顯著降低(P均<0.05),乳酸脫氫酶手術(shù)前后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=1.050)?;颊咧形簧嫫跒?3個(gè)月(3.0~22.5個(gè)月),未出現(xiàn)相關(guān)膽道穿孔、胰腺炎、嚴(yán)重膽道感染以及膽道出血等并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論125I粒子膽道內(nèi)照射支架不僅可引流膽汁,減輕黃疸癥狀,還可近距離內(nèi)照射膽道腫瘤,起到治療作用,可延長患者生存時(shí)間,有效治療肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸。
膽管癌;黃疸,梗阻性;膽道腔內(nèi)放射治療;碘-125粒子
圖1 患者男,46歲,肝門部膽管腺癌 A.膽道造影示左右側(cè)膽管擴(kuò)張,肝門部膽管未顯影,膽總管遠(yuǎn)端及腸道顯影; B.經(jīng)雙側(cè)膽道植入已填裝125I粒子的膽道支架; C.膽道支架植入后未完全擴(kuò)張; D.球囊導(dǎo)管擴(kuò)張右側(cè)膽道粒子支架; E.球囊導(dǎo)管擴(kuò)張左側(cè)膽道粒子支架; F.術(shù)后膽道造影見支架通暢,遠(yuǎn)端腸道顯影
肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸患者于確診時(shí)多為晚期而喪失手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì),且常合并嚴(yán)重膽管炎,病情兇險(xiǎn)。膽道支架植入可恢復(fù)膽汁引流、創(chuàng)傷小,已成為治療惡性梗阻性黃疸的重要方法。但現(xiàn)有支架僅具有支撐引流作用,對(duì)腫瘤無治療作用,影響遠(yuǎn)期療效。本研究初步探討攜帶125I粒子的膽道內(nèi)照射支架治療肝門部膽管癌致惡性梗阻性黃疸的療效及安全性。
1.1一般資料 收集2013年1月—2016年12月間我院收治的高位膽道惡性梗阻性黃疸患者43例,男25例,女18例,年齡39~83歲,平均(65.0±11.0)歲。所有患者均為肝門部膽管癌,其中12例經(jīng)肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶活檢證實(shí),22例經(jīng)膽道毛刷取得細(xì)胞學(xué)證實(shí),9例經(jīng)影像學(xué)和臨床綜合診斷。所有患者均經(jīng)CT、MR或超聲確認(rèn)存在肝內(nèi)膽管擴(kuò)張,術(shù)前總膽紅素(145.54±65.35)μmol/L,直接膽紅素(124.73±35.04)μmol/L。根據(jù)Bismuth分型,Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型18例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅳ型16例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):惡病質(zhì)、嚴(yán)重凝血功能障礙、心功能不全和肝硬化Child-Pugh C級(jí)患者。
1.2材料 支架:膽道粒子囊支架(南京微創(chuàng)醫(yī)學(xué)科技股份有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):S170303201),由記憶金屬編織成型,支架外側(cè)附有粒子固定囊,規(guī)格8 mm×60 mm,內(nèi)部植入膽道支架(巴德公司,美國),規(guī)格8 mm×60 mm。放射粒子:BT-125-I型密封籽源(上海欣科公司),粒子呈圓柱形,長(4.5±0.5)mm,外徑(0.8±0.5)mm。放射活度 0.6 mCi,半衰期60.1天,能量為31.4 keV的X線和35.5 keV的γ射線。
1.3方法 ①根據(jù)CT或MR評(píng)估腫瘤大小、膽道梗阻情況,術(shù)前1周行經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道穿刺引流術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage, PTCD),充分引流膽汁至黃疸癥狀部分緩解、膽汁質(zhì)地清亮;②膽道造影示左右肝管互不相通(圖1A),經(jīng)兩側(cè)PTCD管分別置入導(dǎo)絲、6F置換鞘管,并置入單彎造影導(dǎo)管配合導(dǎo)絲通過梗阻部位到達(dá)下段膽管(圖1B);③測量梗阻段膽管長度和直徑,按照計(jì)算機(jī)三維治療計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)(three-dimensional treatment planning system, 3D TPS)的計(jì)算結(jié)果,將125I粒子預(yù)裝于膽道粒子囊支架上,排布125I粒子(橫截面上粒子間距7 mm,粒子層間距10 mm),采用支架推送系統(tǒng)將膽道粒子囊支架植入梗阻部位;④采用相同方法于放射性粒子支架內(nèi)植入膽道支架,確認(rèn)支架兩端標(biāo)記均超過狹窄端后釋放支架(圖1C);⑤通過雙側(cè)6F置換鞘分別依次置入球囊導(dǎo)管擴(kuò)張膽道支架(圖1D、1E),以達(dá)到更好的順應(yīng)性,再次經(jīng)膽道造影確認(rèn)支架通暢情況(圖1F);⑥予以生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗膽道,防止膽道擴(kuò)張形成血凝塊及壞死物堵塞導(dǎo)管。術(shù)后常規(guī)留置右側(cè)膽道引流管3天,膽道造影確認(rèn)雙側(cè)膽道通暢后拔出引流管,封堵穿刺竇道。
1.4觀察指標(biāo) 根據(jù)Bismuth分型記錄植入支架數(shù)量,比較介入術(shù)前、后生化指標(biāo),觀察并記錄患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、生存時(shí)間及膽道內(nèi)照射支架通暢情況。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,術(shù)前與術(shù)后生化指標(biāo)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),不同分型膽管癌的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),采用Kaplan-Meier曲線分析患者生存時(shí)間,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1支架植入情況 43例患者均成功植入125I粒子支架。43例患者中,同期行肝門部雙側(cè)放射性粒子支架植入39例(90.69%)、膽總管內(nèi)植入放射性粒子支架4例(9.30%)。Bismuth Ⅰ型5例,植入支架5個(gè);Ⅱ型18例,植入支架36個(gè);Ⅲ型4例,植入支架8個(gè);Ⅳ型16例,植入支架25個(gè)。39例患者于術(shù)后3天拔除膽道引流管;4例患者因黃疸消退緩慢予以留置膽道引流管,術(shù)后2周膽道造影確認(rèn)支架通暢后拔除引流管。術(shù)后2周,患者血清總膽紅素(TB)、直接膽紅素(DB)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、堿性磷酸酶(ALP)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、γ-谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(GGT)較術(shù)前顯著降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05),乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)與術(shù)前比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=1.050,表1)。
2.2并發(fā)癥 輕度上腹部脹痛24例,其中肝門部膽道梗阻未累及膽管下段15例,累及膽管下段9例,口服止痛藥后緩解;發(fā)熱15例,其中肝門部膽道梗阻未累及膽管下段6例,累及到膽管下段9例,體溫37.8~39.0℃,抗感染治療2天后體溫正常。不同分型膽管癌的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.880,P=0.17)。無腸道及膽道穿孔、嚴(yán)重膽道出血和周圍臟器損傷等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,所有患者圍手術(shù)期未出現(xiàn)與125I粒子放射治療相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥。
2.3生存時(shí)間 對(duì)患者隨訪期4~36個(gè)月,中位隨訪期28個(gè)月。隨訪期內(nèi)5、10、15個(gè)月支架通暢率分別為97.63%(42/43)、62.79%(27/43)及32.55%(14/43),患者生存時(shí)間3.0~22.5個(gè)月,中位生存時(shí)間13個(gè)月(圖2)。
圖2 惡性梗阻性黃疸患者植入125I粒子支架后生存曲線圖
肝門部膽管癌術(shù)前診斷困難,根治性切除率僅為15%~30%[1-2],且術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量低,病死率高[3]。對(duì)于無法手術(shù)的肝門部膽管癌合并梗阻性黃疸者,常選擇姑息治療——支架植入術(shù),但50%以上患者在支架植入術(shù)后再次發(fā)生膽道梗阻[4],主要原因?yàn)橹Ъ艿拈]塞和狹窄,多由腫瘤生長穿過支架網(wǎng)眼或超過支架邊緣引起。普通膽道支架僅可引流膽汁,無治療作用,因此于放置支架的同時(shí)還可控制腫瘤生長,是延長患者生存時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵。常規(guī)膽管癌外照射治療很難達(dá)到有效治療劑量,F(xiàn)letcher等[5]采用192Ir治療膽道惡性梗阻性黃疸,并提出了腔內(nèi)近距離放射治療(intraluminal brachytherapy, ILBT)的方法。有研究[6-7]采用38 Gy192Ir行外照射或腔內(nèi)照射原發(fā)性膽管癌切除術(shù)后患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者平均生存時(shí)間從8個(gè)月提高至24個(gè)月,但88%出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。最初筆者嘗試將封裝好125I粒子條捆綁至8.5F膽道外引流管,以達(dá)到內(nèi)照射治療和膽汁引流作用,取得一定療效;但制備過程繁瑣,且膽道引流管更換不便,125I粒子覆蓋范圍無法準(zhǔn)確控制。陳斌等[8-9]通過制備可攜帶125I粒子的膽道引流管,通過植入梗阻膽道內(nèi)起到照射和引流作用,但存在同樣問題。因此,筆者提出將放射性粒子與傳統(tǒng)支架結(jié)合,制備膽道內(nèi)照射支架,該支架在擴(kuò)張膽道的同時(shí)可進(jìn)行靶向性的局部內(nèi)照射治療,可抑制腫瘤生長。
表1 患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后2周生化指標(biāo)比較(±s,n=43)
表1 患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后2周生化指標(biāo)比較(±s,n=43)
時(shí)間TB(μmol/L)DB(μmol/L)ALP(IU/L)ALT(IU/L)GGT(IU/L)LDH(IU/L)AST(IU/L)CRP(mg/L)術(shù)前145.54±65.35124.73±35.041347.91±875.50115.24±58.52650.30±729.82180.73±84.01109.60±49.9117.40±8.60術(shù)后65.93±29.4135.50±15.13932.61±690.4069.31±50.72440.92±625.83241.60±45.1355.32±34.239.81±7.42t值3.552.932.422.701.680.683.302.02P值<0.0010.0030.020.0050.0301.0500.0010.030
有研究[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),采用經(jīng)皮膽道支架植入術(shù)的膽道引流成功率和中位生存時(shí)間均高于其他治療方式,膽道梗阻是獨(dú)立的影響預(yù)后因素。本研究中,所有患者術(shù)前均行膽道穿刺引流,充分引流膽汁,待膽汁清亮后行膽道支架植入,肝功能迅速恢復(fù),可提高患者圍手術(shù)期的安全性[11]。相比單純膽道外引流,膽道支架植入術(shù)更符合生理結(jié)構(gòu),可減少膽道感染、電解質(zhì)紊亂和消化道功能紊亂等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。本研究中出現(xiàn)輕度上腹部脹痛24例,發(fā)熱15例。不同分型膽管癌的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.880,P=0.17),提示膽道支架植入術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率與膽管癌分型無直接關(guān)系。
有研究[12-13]報(bào)道將125I粒子的局部治療作用結(jié)合普通支架重建膽道通暢性的功能可實(shí)現(xiàn)ILBT,可有效控制腫瘤生長及延長膽道開通時(shí)間[14-15]。125I粒子近距離治療為精確放療,適形性好[16-17],可保證近距離照射的療效。根據(jù)美國腫瘤放射治療協(xié)作組急性放射性損傷評(píng)級(jí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[18],本研究中,患者圍手術(shù)期未出現(xiàn)與125I粒子放射治療相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥。Golfieri等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)采用傳統(tǒng)膽道支架患者中位生存時(shí)間為7.5個(gè)月,而本研究采用125I粒子膽道內(nèi)照射支架患者中位生存時(shí)間為13個(gè)月,可能與近程放療后腫瘤凋亡壞死,瘤體局部壓力降低減輕對(duì)肝門區(qū)壓迫有關(guān)。
本研究的不足:①操作者需有豐富的膽道支架植入經(jīng)驗(yàn);②125I粒子膽道內(nèi)照射支架為永久性植入器械,而125I粒子半衰期僅為60天,失效后無法取出;③補(bǔ)充照射劑量困難,且放射劑量仍需更規(guī)范和精準(zhǔn)地計(jì)算;④本研究為臨床初步研究,缺乏與其他治療方法對(duì)比性研究。
總之,攜帶125I粒子的膽道內(nèi)照射支架可有效治療肝門部膽管癌所致惡性梗阻性黃疸,于臨床治療中有良好的應(yīng)用前景。
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Preliminaryclinicalstudyofbiliarytractirradiationstentforhilarcholangiocarcinomawithmalignantobstructivejaundice
GONGJu1,XIANing1,CHENZhijin1,ZHENGYunfeng1,SUNJinyue1,WANGZhongmin2*
(1.DepartmentofRadiology,LuwanBranchofRuijinHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200020,China; 2.DepartmentofInterventionalRadiology,RuijinHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200025,China)
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of biliary stent loaded with125I seeds in treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with malignant obstructive jaundice.MethodsTotally 43 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma were included. All the patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic puncture of the left and right side branch of the bile duct. In the hilar stenosis, the biliary stent with125I seeds were implanted, and the biliary drainage tube had been kept in 3 to 5 days after procedures. The drainage tube was removed and the puncture road was closed after the patency of stents were confirmed by cholangiography. The changes of liver function before and after procedures were recorded, and the survival time was observed.ResultsFive biliary stents loaded with125I seeds were implanted in type Ⅰ (n=5), 36 in type Ⅱ (n=18), 8 in type Ⅲ (n=4) and 25 in type Ⅳ (n=16). The serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin of patients before procedures were (145.54±65.35)μmol/L and (124.73±35.04)μmol/L, respectively, and (65.91±29.43)μmol/L and (35.50±15.12)μmol/L respectively after procedures. Compared with preoperative, the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein and gamma glutamic transaminase decreased significantly (allP<0.05). The lactate dehydrogenase had no significant difference before and after operation (P=1.050). The median survival time was 13 months (3.0 to 22.5 months). The serious complications such as biliary puncture, pancreatitis, severe biliary tract infection or biliary bleeding were not occurred.ConclusionBiliary stent loaded with125I seeds is an effective therapy to alleviate symptoms of jaundice and prolong the survival time of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice caused by hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Cholangiocarcinoma; Jaundice, obstructive; Intraluminal brachytherapy;125I seeds
上海市衛(wèi)生局科研項(xiàng)目(20124137)。
貢桔(1978—),男,上海人,本科,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:介入放射學(xué)。E-mail: orangegong78@163.com
王忠敏,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院介入放射科,200025。E-mail: yuehuiren0578@sina.com
2017-03-06 [
] 2017-07-21
10.13929/j.1672-8475.201703009
R735.7; R816
A
1672-8475(2017)09-0521-04