石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷研究進(jìn)展

胡恒宇，韋安培，劉少梅，李 靜，趙東風(fēng)

(1.臨沂大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，山東 臨沂 276000；2.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院，山東 青島 266580)

石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷研究進(jìn)展

胡恒宇1，韋安培1，劉少梅1，李 靜1，趙東風(fēng)2

(1.臨沂大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，山東 臨沂 276000；2.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院，山東 青島 266580)

隨著油藏的開(kāi)采大量殘余原油留存地下，通過(guò)微生物作用使殘余原油(石油烴)降解產(chǎn)甲烷已成為油藏深度開(kāi)發(fā)利用的新方法。油藏微生物由諸多菌群組成，這些菌群協(xié)同作用實(shí)現(xiàn)石油烴的厭氧降解。為進(jìn)一步提高石油烴的降解效率，總結(jié)了降解石油烴的厭氧微生物菌群及其代謝特性，并對(duì)微生物厭氧降解石油烴產(chǎn)甲烷的代謝途徑進(jìn)行了比較。

殘余原油；石油烴；厭氧降解；甲烷

數(shù)百萬(wàn)年來(lái)油藏內(nèi)部進(jìn)行著原油厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程，而隨著油藏的開(kāi)采大量殘余原油留存地下，通過(guò)微生物作用使殘余原油(石油烴)降解產(chǎn)甲烷已成為油藏深度開(kāi)發(fā)利用的新方法。油藏微生物由諸多菌群組成，這些菌群協(xié)同作用實(shí)現(xiàn)石油烴的降解，石油烴降解過(guò)程中涉及到的反應(yīng)步驟多、反應(yīng)速率影響因素多，代謝方式也是多種多樣，而殘余原油中可以供微生物利用的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和厭氧產(chǎn)生的毒害物質(zhì)的數(shù)量是影響降解效率的關(guān)鍵因素[1]。目前，研究者多通過(guò)外加碳源、氮源、磷源、微量元素、維生素、絡(luò)合劑等來(lái)激活微生物，從而提高石油烴的降解效率。石油烴降解的終端產(chǎn)物是甲烷，而電子受體(硝酸鹽、四價(jià)錳、三價(jià)鐵、硫酸鹽等)的耗盡是甲烷產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)。產(chǎn)甲烷古菌會(huì)和其它菌群形成互營(yíng)共生關(guān)系，最終使石油烴降解并接受末端電子產(chǎn)生甲烷[2]。為進(jìn)一步提高石油烴的降解效率，作者總結(jié)了降解石油烴的厭氧微生物菌群及其代謝特性，并對(duì)微生物厭氧降解石油烴產(chǎn)甲烷的代謝途徑進(jìn)行了比較。

1 降解石油烴的厭氧微生物菌群

高溫、高壓、高地層水礦化度的厭氧環(huán)境使得微生物的生存環(huán)境異?？量?，就在人們認(rèn)為在這種環(huán)境下微生物很難生長(zhǎng)時(shí)，不同功能的厭氧微生物菌群相繼被發(fā)現(xiàn)和分離[3]。80年代后期，Vogel等證明了石油烴的厭氧降解[4]；Lovley等[5]分離得到了高效降解甲苯的GS-15菌株，是第一株以三價(jià)鐵為電子受體的菌株；2年后，Aeckersberg等[6]首次分離到以硫酸鹽為電子受體的還原菌Hxd3，它們能夠利用長(zhǎng)鏈飽和烴；隨后，多種厭氧降解電子受體(硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、三價(jià)鐵、二氧化碳、錳離子等)被大量發(fā)現(xiàn)[7-12]。近年來(lái)，人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到石油烴降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程是多種菌群協(xié)同作用的結(jié)果，涉及到的菌群有發(fā)酵菌、硫酸鹽/硝酸鹽還原菌、厭氧產(chǎn)甲烷菌等[13]，降解過(guò)程主要涉及4種反應(yīng)：第一，在各種還原菌群的共同作用下石油烴失去電子發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)甲烷；第二，乙酸失去電子發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)甲烷；第三，乙酸分解產(chǎn)甲烷；第四，二氧化碳接受電子還原產(chǎn)甲烷。其中，二氧化碳接受電子還原是產(chǎn)甲烷的主要反應(yīng)[14]，長(zhǎng)鏈烷烴通過(guò)復(fù)合菌群的共同作用產(chǎn)生乙酸、二氧化碳、氫氣，最終在產(chǎn)甲烷古菌和其它硫酸鹽/硝酸鹽還原菌的協(xié)同作用下產(chǎn)生甲烷和其它氣體[15-16]。

硫酸鹽還原菌是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的生物菌群，存在于大部分油藏中。硫酸鹽還原菌以硫酸鹽作為電子受體進(jìn)行無(wú)氧呼吸[17]。根據(jù)rRNA序列分析，可將其分為4類(lèi)：革蘭氏陰性嗜溫菌、革蘭氏陽(yáng)性芽孢菌、嗜熱細(xì)菌、嗜熱古細(xì)菌。有學(xué)者研究革蘭氏陰性嗜溫菌的演化歷史時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，硫酸鹽還原菌的共同祖先是一些光養(yǎng)生物，在漫長(zhǎng)的演變過(guò)程中，這些光養(yǎng)生物逐漸失去光合能力演變成異氧細(xì)菌[18]。研究表明，Desulfovibrionaceae 和Desulfobacteriaceae 已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)很大分化，Desulfobacteriaceae是原始的細(xì)菌，包括1個(gè)δ-Proteobacteria，而Desulfovibrionaceae卻沒(méi)有δ-Proteobacteria[19-20]。部分厭氧降解石油烴的硫酸鹽還原菌[21]列于表1。

產(chǎn)甲烷古菌因天然氣方面的巨大作用而受到研究者的廣泛關(guān)注，加上近年來(lái)石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷成為研究熱點(diǎn)，人們開(kāi)始通過(guò)研究產(chǎn)甲烷古菌來(lái)揭示石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)甲烷古菌和其它菌群通過(guò)協(xié)同作用經(jīng)厭氧發(fā)酵將長(zhǎng)鏈有機(jī)物降解成短鏈的無(wú)機(jī)物或有機(jī)物，然后再降解產(chǎn)生甲烷[41-42]，這期間伴隨著其它降解產(chǎn)物的生成，如氫氣和二氧化碳；產(chǎn)甲烷古菌處在厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷的最后環(huán)節(jié)[43-44]。

表1 部分厭氧降解石油烴的硫酸鹽還原菌

Tab.1 Some sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon

產(chǎn)甲烷古菌廣泛存在于土壤、底泥、地?zé)岘h(huán)境、油井、海底沉積物中[45]，有3種類(lèi)型：(1)氫營(yíng)養(yǎng)型：伊萬(wàn)諾夫甲烷桿菌[46]、熱自養(yǎng)甲烷桿菌[47]、布氏甲烷桿菌和嗜熱嗜堿甲烷桿菌[48]、熱自養(yǎng)甲烷球菌[49]、石油甲烷盤(pán)菌屬[50]、耐鹽甲烷卵圓形菌[51]；(2)甲基營(yíng)養(yǎng)型：鹽水甲烷嗜鹽菌[52-53]、斯氏甲烷八疊球菌[54-55]；(3)乙酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)型：馬氏八疊球菌[56]。從產(chǎn)甲烷古菌的系統(tǒng)分類(lèi)和降解產(chǎn)物可以判斷其具體生活方式和屬性情況[22]，產(chǎn)甲烷古菌的系統(tǒng)分類(lèi)和降解產(chǎn)物如表2所示。

表2 產(chǎn)甲烷古菌系統(tǒng)分類(lèi)及其降解產(chǎn)物

Tab.2 System classification and degradation product of Methanogenus

研究表明，當(dāng)缺乏硫酸鹽和硝酸鹽電子受體時(shí)，烷烴仍然可以通過(guò)富集培養(yǎng)的菌群厭氧降解生成二氧化碳和甲烷。Foght[57]認(rèn)為芳烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷是以氯酸鹽、高氯酸鹽或錳離子為電子受體的，如圖1所示。

從圖1可以看出,芳烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程基本上涉及到了石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷的主要過(guò)程，如延胡索酸加成反應(yīng)、羥基化反應(yīng)、甲基化反應(yīng)、羧基化反應(yīng)等[57]。

2 微生物厭氧降解石油烴產(chǎn)甲烷的代謝途徑

2.1 延胡索酸加成反應(yīng)

圖1 芳烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程

Kniemeyer等[34]提出烴降解的一個(gè)主要途徑是生成芳香基或烷基琥珀酸鹽，是通過(guò)延胡索酸鹽上的雙鍵碳被烴上的碳原子加成來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如，在己烷降解過(guò)程中，延胡索酸鹽雙鍵碳原子上被己烷的第二個(gè)碳原子結(jié)合，生成了(1-甲基戊基)琥珀酸鹽(MPS)；通過(guò)氫同位素標(biāo)記方法證實(shí)了延胡索酸加成反應(yīng)，并檢驗(yàn)到了琥珀酸鹽的生成。在間二甲苯的降解過(guò)程中，延胡索酸和苯環(huán)上的甲基發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)，生成苯甲基琥珀酸這一短暫性的中間產(chǎn)物，然后脫氫產(chǎn)生中間產(chǎn)物苯甲酰輔酶A(圖2)。在多環(huán)芳烴的降解過(guò)程中，由于多環(huán)芳烴2-甲基萘的甲基C-H解離能約為359.2 kJ·mol-1，2-甲基萘的甲基加到延胡索酸的雙鍵碳上產(chǎn)生琥珀酸，經(jīng)過(guò)β-氧化產(chǎn)生中間代謝產(chǎn)物2-萘酸，再經(jīng)過(guò)一系列苯環(huán)還原反應(yīng)，最終產(chǎn)生二氧化碳[8，22，58]。

圖2 延胡索酸加成反應(yīng)代謝途徑

2.2 羥基化反應(yīng)

芳烴的另一種主要代謝途徑為羥基化反應(yīng)。有學(xué)者在研究乙苯降解時(shí)提出，羥基化反應(yīng)發(fā)生在乙苯的亞甲基上，生成1-苯基乙醇，是由于羥基結(jié)合于芳烴的烷基鏈或苯環(huán)上。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為苯氧化為苯酚就是在脫氫酶的作用下，羥基進(jìn)攻苯環(huán)發(fā)生羥基化反應(yīng)的過(guò)程[59-62]。

2.3 甲基化反應(yīng)和羧基化反應(yīng)

有學(xué)者在研究萘的代謝反應(yīng)時(shí)提出了甲基化反應(yīng)代謝途徑，在添加碳酸鹽激活劑的情況下，實(shí)現(xiàn)了萘的甲基化作用生成2-甲基萘，而這一作用途徑與一氧化碳脫氫酶催化的反應(yīng)途徑不同，從而加快了萘的代謝[63]。還有學(xué)者提出了可能的羧基化代謝途徑(圖3)[64]。

圖3 羧基化代謝途徑

3 展望

石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程涉及到的反應(yīng)步驟很多，影響反應(yīng)速率的因素也非常多，代謝途徑也多種多樣，為提高降解效率，研究者通過(guò)加入碳源、氮源、磷源、微量元素、維生素、絡(luò)合劑等來(lái)激活微生物，這已是目前的研究熱點(diǎn)。今后，還應(yīng)在如下方面進(jìn)行深入研究，探討石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程，深度開(kāi)發(fā)利用油藏。(1)通過(guò)油藏物性的分析、地層條件的分析、地層水分析，探討環(huán)境條件如壓力、溫度、pH值和礦化度對(duì)微生物的代謝和生長(zhǎng)的影響。(2)特定油藏條件下，厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷混合菌的篩選，建立生物反應(yīng)器模擬地層環(huán)境，以石油烴為唯一碳源，通過(guò)富集培養(yǎng)石油烴降解產(chǎn)甲烷微生物，采用新技術(shù)確定微生物混合菌的組成及特征并且構(gòu)建克隆文庫(kù)。(3)通過(guò)研究營(yíng)養(yǎng)激活劑(如碳源、氮源、磷源、微量元素)來(lái)提高石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷的效率，尤其是表面活性劑、絡(luò)合劑之間的協(xié)同作用。(4)利用氣相色譜、液相色譜分析石油烴的組分，考察石油烴的利用情況，利用GC-MS、NMR、IR分析石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程中的代謝中間產(chǎn)物的變化，同時(shí)用高級(jí)烷烴同位素示蹤的方法確定石油烴厭氧降解機(jī)理。(5)考察石油烴在降解反應(yīng)前后的性質(zhì)變化，尤其是運(yùn)動(dòng)黏性、密度及界面張力，提出能解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的工藝途徑。

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Research Progress in Methane-Producing byAnaerobic Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon

HU Heng-yu1,WEI An-pei1,LIU Shao-mei1,LI Jing1,ZHAO Dong-feng2

(1.CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,LinyiUniversity,Linyi276000,China;2.CollegeofChemicalEngineering,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Qingdao266580,China)

Withtheexploitationofoilreservoirs,alargeamountofresidualcrudeoilareleft.Residualcrudeoil(petroleumhydrocarbon)canbedegradedtoproducemethanebymicroorganisms,whichhasbecomeanovelapproachfordepthexploitationandutilizationofoilreservoirs.Oilreservoirmicroorganismsaremadeupofmanymicrobialcommunities,whichcanprovidesynergisticeffectstoachieveanaerobicdegradationofpetroleumhydrocarbon.Toimprovedegradationefficiency,wesummarizeanaerobicmicrobialcommunitieswithpetroleumhydrocarbonbiodegradabilityandtheirmetabolicproperties.Wealsocomparethemetabolicpathwaysofmethane-producingbyanaerobicdegradationofpetroleumhydrocarbon.

residualcrudeoil;petroleumhydrocarbon;anaerobicdegradation;methane

臨沂大學(xué)校級(jí)博士科研項(xiàng)目(LYDX2016BS063)

2017-03-11

胡恒宇(1983-)，男，黑龍江佳木斯人，博士，講師，研究方向：石油烴的微生物降解，E-mail：hhyu01@163.com。

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5425.2017.08.004

TE357.4

A

1672-5425(2017)08-0016-06

胡恒宇，韋安培，劉少梅，等.石油烴厭氧降解產(chǎn)甲烷研究進(jìn)展[J].化學(xué)與生物工程，2017，34(8)：16-21.