岑燕遺??藍(lán)嵐??趙子良
[摘要] 目的 探討吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切術(shù)(PPH)日間手術(shù)時鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因的最佳劑量。 方法 選擇2016年6月~2017年2月行吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切術(shù)日間手術(shù)的患者60例,隨機(jī)分成三組,每組20例,分別鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5、10、15mg,觀察改良Bromage評分、達(dá)最大運(yùn)動阻滯時間、運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間、鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至可行走時間、鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至排尿時間、術(shù)中運(yùn)動阻滯和術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛。 結(jié)果 三組改良Bromage評分和達(dá)最大運(yùn)動阻滯時間相近(P>0.05),至于運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間、從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至可行走時間以及從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至排尿時間,則以15mg組最長,10mg組次之,7.5mg組最短,三組之間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。所有患者的術(shù)中運(yùn)動阻滯和術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛完全。 結(jié)論 在用于PPH日間手術(shù)時,鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg的麻醉、鎮(zhèn)痛質(zhì)量和運(yùn)動阻滯程度與10mg和15mg相似,可滿足手術(shù)要求,且可明顯縮短運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 鞘內(nèi);羅哌卡因;劑量;吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切術(shù)
[中圖分類號] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2017)11-158-04
Best dosage of ropivacaine by intrathecal injection in application of day surgery of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids
CEN Yanyi LAN Lan ZHAO Ziliang
Department of Anesthesiology,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital to Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou,510120,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore best dosage of ropivacaine by intrathecal injection in application of day surgery of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH). Methods 60 patients undergoing day surgery of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids from June 2016 to February 2017 were selected and they were randomly divided into three groups, with 20 in each.They were respectively given ropivacaine of 7.5,10 and 15mg by intrathecal injection. Modified Bromage score,time for reaching maximum motor block,duration of motor block,time from drug by intrathecal injection to walking,time from drug by intrathecal injection to urination,intraoperative motor block and intraoperative analgesia were observed. Results Modified Bromage score and time for reaching maximum motor block in three groups were similar(P>0.05).Duration of motor block,time from drug by intrathecal injection to walking,time from drug by intrathecal injection to urination in the 15mg group were the longest followed by the 10mg group and the 7.5mg group and those of the 7.5mg group were the shortest. There were statistical difference between three groups(P<0.05).Intraoperative motor block and intraoperative analgesia of all patients were adequate. Conclusion When applied in day surgery of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,anesthesia, quality of analgesia and degree of motor block of ropivacaine of 7.5mg by intrathecal injection are similar to those of ropivacaine of 10mg and 15mg by intrathecal injection.It can fulfill the demands of procedure and significantly shorten the duration of motor block.
[Key words] Intrathecal;Ropivacaine;Dosage;Procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids
1993年吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切術(shù)(procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids, PPH)開始用于治療脫肛和痔[1]。較之傳統(tǒng)的痔切除術(shù),PPH術(shù)后不適發(fā)生率較低,運(yùn)動神經(jīng)阻滯恢復(fù)較快[2-3],因而適合作為日間手術(shù)開展,而術(shù)后早期恢復(fù)則主要取決于麻醉技術(shù),尤其是局麻藥起效時間、作用持續(xù)時間以及運(yùn)動阻滯恢復(fù)時間。本研究比較了鞘內(nèi)注射三種不同劑量的羅哌卡因的臨床資料,試圖找到PPH日間手術(shù)時鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因的最佳劑量。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2016年6月~2017年2月因重度內(nèi)痔擬行PPH日間手術(shù)的成年患者60例,男36例,女24例,年齡38~61歲,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級,所有患者均無心腦血管重大疾病,心、肺、肝、腎及凝血功能無異常。入選對象隨機(jī)均分為三組,三組間年齡、性別構(gòu)成比、體重和身高等差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究方案獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有研究對象均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 研究方法
開始椎管內(nèi)穿刺操作前,給予至少250mL乳酸鈉林格氏液靜脈輸注后,將林格氏液輸注速率調(diào)整為100mL/h。患者取右側(cè)臥位,頭高30°,于L3-4椎間隙行腰硬聯(lián)合穿刺,以25-G筆尖式穿刺針穿刺蛛網(wǎng)膜成功,穿刺針注藥孔朝向骶側(cè),見清亮腦脊液通暢回流后,于30s內(nèi)注入下述劑量鹽酸羅哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB公司,H20140764,LAAB)重比重溶液:A組(n=20)7.5mg(4mL,濃度0.19%),B組(n=20)10mg(4mL,濃度0.25%),C組(n=20)15mg(4mL,濃度0.375%)。注藥完畢后患者轉(zhuǎn)至仰臥位。持續(xù)測量心率和無創(chuàng)血壓,收縮壓下降至低于70mm Hg時予麻黃堿靜脈注射,心率下降低于50次/min時予阿托品靜脈注射。
1.3 觀察數(shù)據(jù)
于鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因溶液后6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20和30min,用針刺法測定感覺阻滯平面和感覺阻滯持續(xù)時間。于手術(shù)結(jié)束后每隔15min以改良Bromage評分(1分:完全運(yùn)動阻滯;2分:幾乎完全運(yùn)動阻滯,患者僅能活動雙足;3分:部分運(yùn)動阻滯,患者可活動膝關(guān)節(jié);4分:可觀察到髖關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動減弱,患者可抬高雙腿但不能持續(xù)抬腿;5分:無可見髖關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動減弱,患者可抬高雙腿并保持抬腿動作至少10s;6分:完全無運(yùn)動減弱,患者于仰臥位可做屈膝動作)評價下肢運(yùn)動阻滯。當(dāng)改良Bromage評分達(dá)到6分時要求患者步行。記錄從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物到可步行的時長和從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物到自主排尿的時長。術(shù)中由手術(shù)醫(yī)生用四分法(1=優(yōu);2=良;3=中;4=差)[4]評價運(yùn)動阻滯質(zhì)量,由患者用兩分法(1=鎮(zhèn)痛完全,完全無感覺;2=輕度不適但可忍受,或明顯不適,要求追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥物)評價鎮(zhèn)痛質(zhì)量。當(dāng)患者感覺疼痛或手術(shù)醫(yī)生訴運(yùn)動阻滯不足時,經(jīng)硬膜外導(dǎo)管追加0.75%羅哌卡因5mL,并將此病例數(shù)據(jù)排除。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
本研究采用SPSSl3.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,計量資料以()表示,采用單因素方差分析,計數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組患者麻醉用時比較
三組患者從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至手術(shù)開始時間以及從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至手術(shù)結(jié)束時間,三組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)
2.2 三組患者最大程度運(yùn)動阻滯評分和鎮(zhèn)痛時間比較
C組的改良Bromage評分均為1分,A、B兩組大多數(shù)患者為1分,少數(shù)為2分,無3分以上者,均達(dá)到良好運(yùn)動阻滯,三組患者之間最大程度運(yùn)動阻滯評分及達(dá)最大運(yùn)動阻滯時間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間、從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至可行走時間以及從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至排尿時間,則以C組最長,B組次之,A組最短,三組之間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。手術(shù)醫(yī)生評價術(shù)中運(yùn)動阻滯,三組所有患者均為“優(yōu)”;患者評價術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛,三組所有患者均為“完全”。
3 討論
為了適應(yīng)PPH日間手術(shù)早期恢復(fù)和快速周轉(zhuǎn)的要求,有必要改善麻醉技術(shù)。選用短效局麻藥或者減小局麻藥劑量均有助于日間手術(shù)快速周轉(zhuǎn)。既往已有作者探討了短效局麻藥如丙胺卡因和甲哌卡因在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉的應(yīng)用[5-10],還有作者測試了鞘內(nèi)注射小劑量布比卡因的有效性[11-14]。羅哌卡因是一種長效、低毒性的局麻藥,其不干擾脊髓血流[15],化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與另一種已廣泛用于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯的低毒性局麻藥布比卡因相近[16]。有作者報道,在經(jīng)硬膜外腔給藥時,其麻醉強(qiáng)度比同等劑量布比卡因低20%[16],而其運(yùn)動阻滯較弱,作用持續(xù)時間也較短[17-19]。因此,可以合理推測,對于日間手術(shù),鞘內(nèi)注射小劑量羅哌卡因可能是一種較理想的麻醉方法。本研究旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因用于PPH日間手術(shù)的最低有效劑量。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,對于PPH日間手術(shù),鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg可產(chǎn)生足夠的麻醉和鎮(zhèn)痛。在用于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯時,較之羅哌卡因10、15mg,鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg帶來的運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間明顯較短,從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至可行走時間以及從鞘內(nèi)注射藥物至排尿時間也顯著縮短,而其麻醉、鎮(zhèn)痛質(zhì)量和術(shù)中運(yùn)動阻滯質(zhì)量則與前兩者相近,提示其適用于日間手術(shù)等需要快速周轉(zhuǎn)、縮短住院時間的病例。而鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因10、15mg的可行走時間和排尿時間明顯延長,可能影響早期出院。
導(dǎo)入吻合器需要擴(kuò)張肛門,且吻合器操作帶來的副交感刺激也可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)臟牽拉痛[20],因而要求良好的肛門會陰區(qū)運(yùn)動阻滯。本研究結(jié)果顯示,鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg產(chǎn)生的術(shù)中運(yùn)動阻滯質(zhì)量與羅哌卡因10、15mg相近,提示鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg亦可產(chǎn)生較滿意的運(yùn)動阻滯,滿足手術(shù)要求,而另一方面,減小藥物劑量可明顯縮短運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間,有利于患者運(yùn)動能力的早期恢復(fù),縮短可行走時間和排尿時間,從而有可能縮短住院時間??偠灾?,在用于PPH日間手術(shù)時,鞘內(nèi)注射羅哌卡因7.5mg的麻醉、鎮(zhèn)痛質(zhì)量和運(yùn)動阻滯程度與羅哌卡因10、15mg相似,可滿足手術(shù)要求,且可明顯縮短運(yùn)動阻滯持續(xù)時間。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-05)