In Transit 工作營“成長的托堰”，奧斯陸，挪威

建筑設計：In Transit工作營

In Transit 工作營“成長的托堰”，奧斯陸，挪威

建筑設計：In Transit工作營

大規(guī)模移民是當今世界所面臨的最嚴峻的考驗之一。社會不平等、軍事沖突和氣候變化是數(shù)以百萬計的人口被迫背井離鄉(xiāng)的主要原因。通過運用建筑工具，In Transit工作營致力于尋找一種有格調(diào)、安全、新穎并且可持續(xù)的建筑解決方案，為漂泊他鄉(xiāng)的難民提供庇護。

In Transit工作營是奧斯陸建筑與設計學院（AHO）的一門研究生建筑與城市設計課程。該項目由挪威難民署和奧斯陸建筑與設計學院合作發(fā)起。設計工作營為學生提供關(guān)于聯(lián)合國、國際人道主義活動的訊息，探究建筑、城市設計和城市規(guī)劃應當如何在危機處理過程中扮演有機的角色。

過渡性空間——例如難民營地，是為短期用途而建造的：它們用于應對緊急情況，并在不久后消失。但這在全球化背景下的城市化進程和大規(guī)模遷徙過程中已經(jīng)不再適用。如今，人們在難民營中的平均駐留時間是17年。In Transit工作營希望激發(fā)人們對于“臨時性”的批判性思考；并探索作為建筑師的我們，應該如何做好準備，為共同應對這些重大挑戰(zhàn)做出貢獻。

來自14個國家的36名學生接受了持續(xù)3個學期的培訓：

In Transit——動亂中的避風港（2016春季）：希臘的卡利諾斯、科斯、萊爾斯和雅典

In Transit II——當臨時成為永久（2016秋季）：奧斯陸、柏林、加沙

In Transit III——危機中的建筑解決方案（2017春季）：約旦、挪威、意大利（進行中）

“成長的托堰”項目：將危機處理規(guī)劃作為城市設計策略的托堰區(qū)更新計劃，奧斯陸，挪威

當難民們抵達他們希望獲得庇護的城市，他們可以選擇進駐避難所或接待中心。有些難民會在那里留宿數(shù)周，有些則會留宿幾個月或者數(shù)年之久。諸多類似救助中心因而成為了被隔絕于周圍城市空間之外的平行世界。

接待中心的選址會對其宿主社區(qū)產(chǎn)生影響。它還將決定難民的健康、福利保障、營區(qū)內(nèi)日?；顒拥墓芾?、營區(qū)與周圍社區(qū)之間的交流情況等等。在較發(fā)達的城市地區(qū)，營區(qū)的選址應當考慮其未來融入當?shù)厣鐣臐摿ΑＨ绻x址位于較孤立的偏遠郊區(qū)，或者基礎設施落后的邊緣地帶，則很有可能導致難民們孤獨感和焦慮情緒的放大。

針對2015年進入挪威的較高數(shù)量的難民或移民人口，挪威移民局（UDI）必須更新它們的危機應變規(guī)劃，并對未來繼續(xù)涌入挪威的難民安置工作做好準備。

Transit II工作營探究了如何優(yōu)化這些危機應變規(guī)劃，同時給奧斯陸的托堰——這片待更新的社區(qū)——提供發(fā)展契機。托堰是一個國際化程度很高的多文化融合地區(qū)——49%的當?shù)厝丝诰哂猩贁?shù)族裔血統(tǒng)。托堰的人口組成也在不停變動，因為人們在該地區(qū)停留的時間相對城市中的其他地區(qū)較短。“托堰區(qū)域提升計劃”是一個自底向上的與當?shù)鼐用竦膶嶋H需求和愿景保持緊密同步的區(qū)域發(fā)展計劃。

應如何設計一種既解決新進移民的短期或長期駐留問題，又有助于托堰地區(qū)自我發(fā)展的城市策略呢？

“成長的托堰”提供了一種新的難民營地形式，它在提供大量住所的同時達到了很高的宜居性。該方案還將托堰居民的生活需要納入設計之內(nèi)；安全的公共空間；平民化的休閑娛樂和文化場所。

設計包含一個新的溫室和臨時性的難民居所。溫室給當?shù)鼐用窈鸵泼裉峁┝嘶顒雍蜕缃坏目臻g。溫室相當于其內(nèi)部居住單元的空間架構(gòu)。空間單元的數(shù)量根據(jù)居民的數(shù)量相應增減，溫室大棚則是當?shù)鼐用駛冮L期使用的聚會地點。（張裕翔 譯）

1 溫室內(nèi)景效果圖/Rendering of the Greenhouse interior

Mass displacement is one of the world's most pressing agendas. Inequality, conflicts, and climatic change are reasons for why millions of people are forced to leave their homes. By using the architectural toolbox, the In Transit Studio aims to develop dignified, safe, innovative, and sustainable architectural solutions for people seeking sanctuary.

The In Transit Studio is a Master's Course in Architecture and Urbanism at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO). The project is a collaboration between the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) / NORCAP and the AHO. The studio provides knowledge about the United Nations, global humanitarian responses, and explores how architecture, urban design, and urban planning should be an integrated part of emergency response.

Transitional spaces - such as refugee camps, are designed for the short term: to meet an emergency need and then disappear. This is no longer the reality in a globalising world faced with urbanisation and mass displacement. The average stay in a refugee camp is now 17 years. The In Transit Studio aims to stimulate critical thinking around "temporality", and how we as architects can be better prepared, and contribute in solving these important challenges.

36 students of 14 different nationalities have been trained over three semesters:

In Transit - safe spaces in crisis contexts (Spring 2016): Kalymnos, Kos, Leros and Athens, Greece

In Transit II - when temporary becomes permanent (Fall 2016): Oslo, Berlin and Gaza

In Transit III - architectural solutions in emergencies (Spring 2017): Jordan, Norway, Italy (ongoing)

Project Growing T?yen: Emergency Contingency Planning as an Urban Strategy for Upgrading the T?yen Neighbourhood, Oslo, Norway

When refugees have arrived at the country in which they wish to apply for asylum, they are offered accommodation in asylum/ reception centres. Some stay there for a few weeks, others for months, even years. Many of these centres turn into parallel worlds, in some cases secluded from their surroundings.

The location of a reception centre will have an impact on its surrounding host community. It will also have a critical impact on the health, well-being and protection of the displaced population, as well as on the ability to manage daily activities, ensure participation and develop relations with the host community. In developed urban areas, the location of the facilities should favour the potential of social inclusion. Locating sites isolated and far away from the existing urban fabric and in sub-standard sites or facilities can amplify feeling of exclusion and alienation and create be a trigger for frustration and tension.

Based on the relatively high number of people seeking asylum or other forms of protection in Norway in 2015, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) had to update its contingency plans, and prepare for the possibility of increasing numbers of new arrivals in the years to come.

The In Transit II Studio worked on how to improve these plans, while also benefitting a neighbourhood in need of upgrade, the T?yen area in Oslo. T?yen is an international and multicultural place - 49% of the population comes with ethnic minority origins. T?yen's population is also constantly shifting, as people tend to live there for a shorter period of time than in other areas in the city. "Omr?del?ft T?yen" is a bottom-up area development process in accordance with the actual needs and requests from the neighbourhood residents.

How to develop an urban strategy that includes a mix of temporary and permanent housing accommodating the new arrivals, and urban design interventions for the T?yen neighbourhood?

The Growing T?yen project is proposing a different kind of reception facility for refugees with the capacity to accommodate a high number of persons designed for a high degree of liveability. The proposal incorporates needs of the existing T?yen population; safe public spaces; and places with low threshold recreational and cultural offers.

The project combines a new Greenhouse with temporary refugee housing accommodation. The Greenhouse provides a space for activity and social interaction for both the host community and the new immigrants. The Greenhouse functions as a physical framework in which the living units can be installed per needs determined by the fluctuating arrival numbers - while at the same time function as a permanent meeting place for the neighbourhood residents.

2 總平面/Site plan

3 首層平面/Ground floor plan

4 二層平面/1st floor plan

5 溫室外景效果圖/Rendering of the Greenhouse exterior

6 居住模塊/Living modules

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Academic Master project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO) Institute of Urbanism and Landscape

項目類型/Project Type: 緊急應變，建筑，城市規(guī)劃，溫室/Emergency response, architecture, urban planning, greenhouse

設計者/Authors: Kevin Benny Kuriakose, Heini Hiukka, Victor Ferran Carpintero

合作者/Collaborative Partners: The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and the Directorate of Immigration (UDI)

指導教師/Tutors: H?vard Breivik, Tone Selmer-Olsen

工作營階段/Studio Phase: In Transit II

項目時間/Project Year: 2016

7 溫室剖面/Section of the Greenhouse

8 溫室立面/Elevation of the Greenhouse

評論

周宇舫：這個項目可以從兩方面來看。首先，是挪威奧斯陸建筑與設計學院的建筑教育的敏銳性。無疑，將難民的沖擊轉(zhuǎn)換成積極性的活力是一個政治性的難題，建筑學在其中能否扮演一個工具性的角色，In Transit工作營給出了一個解決的策略，也為建筑學在當代的多元沖突中找到了一個自身的時代意義；其次，是這個有趣的方案，用一個作為公共空間的溫室大棚作為策略，將本地人的活動與可能的難民臨時居所關(guān)聯(lián)起來，自下而上地解決移民的流動所帶來的對于安置設施的需求和空置，并在不同情況下扮演一個友善的社區(qū)起居室的角色。讓我感到溫馨的是，它是一個“greenhouse”，而不是其他類型的空間，溫室所帶來的情境，在各種沖突之下的今天，似乎只能用溫暖來形容了。

王韜：難民問題對兩類人群的“家”的概念提出了挑戰(zhàn)：一邊是流離失所的難民，一邊是接納他們的社區(qū)的居民。在市場化條件下，過渡性居住最大的問題是其居住訴求不能成為具有購買力的市場需求；另一方面，對于一個成熟社區(qū)而言，也很難有人為其在新條件下的改造買單。In Transit課程關(guān)注的正是此類問題，如何為難民在新的環(huán)境下提供家的感覺？如何與原有社區(qū)生活更好地銜接？“社會建筑”的意義在這種地方凸顯。

Comment

ZHOU Yufang: This project can be viewed from two sides. First, we have to acknowledge the acuity of architectural education at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design in Norway. There is no doubt that the transformation of the shock of the refugees into positive vitality is a political problem, in which architecture strives to play an instrumental role. Studio In Transit gives a solution under this situation and find a meaning for the architectural realm in this diverse and conflicting world; secondly, this interesting program, with a greenhouse strategy as a public space, connects the activities of the local people with the possible refugee camp. In this way, it addresses the needs of resettlement facilities and possible vacancy problems from bottom up. In different situations, it could be converted into a friendly community living room. What makes me feel warm is that it is a "greenhouse", rather than other types of space. Today, under a variety of conflicts, it seems that the word "greenhouse" could bring us nothing but the feeling of warmth. (Translated by QI Yiyi) WANG Tao: The problem of refugees posed a challenge to the concept of "home" for two groups of people: one is displaced refugees, the other is the residents of the communities who take them in. Under the condition of marketisation, the biggest problem of transitional residence is that residential demands cannot become market demands with purchasing power; on the other hand, as for a mature community, it is difficult to have someone to pay for its transformation under the new conditions. These are the problems that Studio In Transit is concerned with: how to provide a place like home for refugees in a new environment? How to connect better with the original community life?This is where the significance of "social architecture" is shown. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

Architects: Studio In Transit