挪威
——建筑中的通用設(shè)計

翁妮·艾克奧格/Onny Eikhaug

華楊 譯/Translated by HUA Yang

挪威
——建筑中的通用設(shè)計

翁妮·艾克奧格/Onny Eikhaug

華楊 譯/Translated by HUA Yang

通用設(shè)計，是指在不做特殊化的適應(yīng)調(diào)整和專門化的針對設(shè)計的前提下，產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)以及環(huán)境設(shè)計能夠最大程度地被所有人使用。早在2005年，挪威16個部門基于政府對挪威的愿景達(dá)成了一項行動計劃，旨在將挪威變成一個人人機(jī)會均等的社會。作為眾多措施的其中一項，通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎的創(chuàng)立，是對那些開發(fā)出兼具創(chuàng)新性和包容性產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、環(huán)境的設(shè)計師的褒獎。本文中介紹了3個獲獎項目。

通用設(shè)計，包容性社會，平等性，參與性，領(lǐng)先用戶，挪威政府通用設(shè)計行動計劃，通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎，挪威設(shè)計與建筑中心

1 挪威——福利國家

挪威被認(rèn)為是一個福利國家，有一個基于平等和包容理想的社會治理模式。這一治理模式被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家稱為“北歐模式”——由一個強(qiáng)有力的公共部門和一個具有生產(chǎn)力和盈利能力的私營部門相聯(lián)系而組成的一個穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。在此模式下，人人都擁有強(qiáng)大立足點(diǎn)。北歐模式不僅保障人權(quán)和平等的基本需要，更進(jìn)一步使許多想法和理念都殊途同歸，這種治理模式終將發(fā)展成為一種通用的設(shè)計手段。

2 通用設(shè)計

通用設(shè)計——亦被稱為包容性設(shè)計和全民設(shè)計，由挪威政府定義為“產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)以及環(huán)境設(shè)計的存在方式是能夠使其最大程度地被所有人使用而并不需要去適應(yīng)需求或者作專門化的設(shè)計”。這是關(guān)于平等參與的設(shè)計，不會因性別、年齡、能力、種族或文化背景而有所差異，也不會有特定的團(tuán)體受到歧視。此外，一個通用的設(shè)計方法不僅是在功能上予以滿足，更在美學(xué)、情感中達(dá)到共鳴。

通用設(shè)計是以多樣化的用戶群體的不同需求為重點(diǎn)，在設(shè)計和開發(fā)過程中，根據(jù)年齡、性別、能力和文化背景引導(dǎo)用戶。此外，在整個過程中，各式的研究技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于了解用戶和利益相關(guān)者的需求和觀點(diǎn)，以確保視覺、聽覺、觸覺、認(rèn)知和機(jī)動性問題均有被關(guān)注涉及。同時，不僅要關(guān)注人們的基本需要，更要包括他們的希冀、愿望和夢想。這些重要的方面激發(fā)和挑戰(zhàn)著設(shè)計師和建筑師，同時為兩者提供新的見解和愿景，激發(fā)他們的創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新力。21世紀(jì)，通用設(shè)計在與人交往過程中是一種更為成功并行之有效的方式，其將成為一項重要的設(shè)計流派。由此產(chǎn)生的最終解決方案將更有創(chuàng)造性、新穎性以及易用性。為企業(yè)和公共部門既定的挑戰(zhàn)帶來新的思路，這將會有助于建立一個更美好、更持續(xù)和更包容的社會。

3 政府焦點(diǎn)：《通用設(shè)計行動計劃》

通用設(shè)計建立在平等的原則上，這也是北歐模式治理的核心。早在2005年，挪威的16個部門基于政府對挪威的愿景達(dá)成了一項有約束力的行動計劃——在2025年使挪威成為通用設(shè)計之國。一個顯得雄心勃勃卻不無可能的愿景，使人人在社會中都具有平等的機(jī)會，去接觸物質(zhì)環(huán)境、交通、信息、通信以及向公眾開放的其他福利和服務(wù)。

從中央部委到當(dāng)?shù)卣?，各層級展開了跨部門合作以確保能有一個統(tǒng)籌兼顧的方式，通過經(jīng)濟(jì)手段以及對通用設(shè)計活動和政策的獎勵，達(dá)到2025年里程碑式的目標(biāo)。立法已經(jīng)發(fā)生了根本性的變化，為預(yù)防可能出現(xiàn)的困難，并消除現(xiàn)有的障礙，立法也一直是要求引進(jìn)通用設(shè)計作為相關(guān)教育、交通、建筑環(huán)境、醫(yī)療保健和信息技術(shù)的重要力量。

《反歧視和無障礙法》是一個影響著私營和公共部門的法案，并加強(qiáng)了其他所有法律法規(guī)的基礎(chǔ)?？傊?，所有為公眾提供商品和服務(wù)的人都應(yīng)為確保其通用性而積極努力。加強(qiáng)反歧視法律的保護(hù)體現(xiàn)在無論是公有還是私有的用工單位都必須確保提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會。

在立法所產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響中，建筑和室外空間占據(jù)其中一面。但如果這些新的法律會增加用戶成本或者降低入住機(jī)會，那么這一轉(zhuǎn)變將很難從一些批評家那里獲得首肯。當(dāng)然，現(xiàn)有的案例和進(jìn)行中的經(jīng)濟(jì)研究證明不會發(fā)生上述情況。通用設(shè)計方案實際可以為修建建筑的政府或組織以及使用他們的人群提供遠(yuǎn)不止節(jié)省成本那么簡單的益處。事實上，通用設(shè)計被證明是一個有效的創(chuàng)新策略，利于社會、企業(yè)和公民。

在該《行動計劃》中，從2009年開始，所有的新建建筑必須進(jìn)行通用設(shè)計；截止至2010年，地方政府通過共同努力建立起一套全新的建筑與規(guī)劃法則。所有公共建筑將在2025年完成全面升級，預(yù)留充足的時間是考慮到盡可能全面地去完成規(guī)劃和設(shè)計。

該《行動計劃》將通用設(shè)計置于國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中，在第一個5年計劃中有超多200個項目和活動。到目前為止，許多領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)獲得了大量的經(jīng)驗方法、調(diào)整策略以及一些法規(guī)制度。實踐通用設(shè)計是學(xué)習(xí)，是一個持續(xù)不斷的從做中學(xué)的過程，建立在分享新的證據(jù)和經(jīng)驗的基礎(chǔ)上。在2015年，第三次《行動計劃》推出新的目標(biāo)和辦法，在里程碑計劃中跟進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的活動和措施。兒童與平權(quán)部門（挪威16部委之一）協(xié)調(diào)《行動計劃》，在2010，挪威設(shè)計和建筑中心被授予一項任務(wù)——建立促進(jìn)和展示通用設(shè)計價值獎項。

4 通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎

1 Norway: a welfare state

Norway can be described as a welfare state with a social model of governance based on ideals of equality and inclusion. This system is described by what economists call the Nordic model - a stable economy where a strong public sector is combined with a productive and profitable private sector. A society where participation for all has a strong foothold. The Nordic Model goes beyond the provision of basic needs to protect human rights and ensuring equality, this system of governance is particularly able to grow a Universal Design approach as many of the ideas and the ideals are the same.

2 Universal design

Universal design, also known as Inclusive Design or Design for All, is by the Norwegian government defined as the "design of products and environments in such a way that they can be used by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design". It is about participation on equal terms, no matter gender, age, ability, ethnicity or cultural background, without stigmatizing any particular group of individuals. Furthermore, a universal design approach is not only about function but aesthetics, emotions and empathy too.

Universal design means focusing on human diversity involving a variety of users; lead users, based on age, gender, abilities and cultural background, in the design and development process. Also, a great variety of research techniques is applied to understand the users' and stakeholders' needs and perspectives throughout the whole process, to be sure to discover visual, audio, tactile, cognition and mobility issues. However, not only to focus on people's basic needs - but also their hopes, aspirations and dreams. These important aspects inspire and challenge designers and architects, and provide new insights and visions - fuelling creativity and driving innovation. Universal Design is a more successful and proven way of engaging with people and is set to become an important design movement in the 21st century. The resulting solutions can be more creative, innovative and user-friendly and brings new thinking to familiar challenges within business and public sector that will contribute to a better, more sustainable and inclusive society.

3 A government focus: the Action Plan for Universal Design

Universal design is founded on the principle of equality that is central to the Nordic Model of Governance. In 2005, 16 Norwegian ministries agreed on a binding action plan based on the government's vision for Norway to be universally designed by 2025. An ambitious, but possible vision where all people have the same opportunities to participate in the society on equal terms. Everyone will have access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, as well as other offers and services open to the public.

A cross-sector collaboration from government ministries all the way down to local municipalities make sure that there is an integrated approach with economic measures and milestone plans up to 2025 that reward universal design activities and policies. Legislation has been radically evolved to prevent future barriers and remove existing ones, and has been a key force in introducing universal design as a requirement, relevant for education, transportation, built environment, health care and information technology.

One Act, the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act influences both the private and public sector, and underpins all other regulations.

Basically, this says that all providers of goods and services offered to the public should make active efforts to ensure universal design. Legal protection against discrimination is strengthened and public and private employers have to ensure equal opportunity.

One area where the legislation has had a farreaching effect is buildings and outdoor spaces. It has been a challenge to introduce the shift with some critics assuming that these new regulations will increase costs and reduce access to housing for some groups. However, existing examples and ongoing economic studies prove this to be wrong. Universally designed solutions can actually save money and the benefits outweigh the costs on many levels - for the organisations or government that build the buildings as well as for the people who use them. In fact, universal design proves to be an effective innovation strategy that benefits society, business and the citizens.

The Action Plan stated that all new buildings have to be universally designed from 2009 and 2010 was the deadline for local authorities to work together to establish guidance for a new Building and Planning Act. Every public building will have to be upgraded by 2025, giving a long lead-time for sufficient planning and design to take place.

The Action Plan places universal design within the national sustainability strategy and the first 5-year plan had more than 200 programmes and activities within it. A lot has so far been achieved in many areas with a lot of learnings, adjusting the approach as well as some regulations. Practising universal design is learning by doing and a continuous process progressing the field, based on sharing new evidence and experience. In 2015, the third Action Plan was launched with new goals and measures, following up on the ongoing activities and measures in the milestone plans. The Ministry of Children and Equality coordinates the Action plan and in 2010 the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture (now Design and Architecture Norway) was given the task to establish an award to promote and demonstrate the value of Universal Design.

4 The Innovation Award for Universal Design

The Innovation award for Universal Design was established to honour companies, institutions, architects and designers who have developed innovative solutions for the benefit of everyone. It is one important measure raising awareness and communicating the value of Universal Design; that it is both profitable and effective on a commercial, public and social level. Since the launch in 2011 - there are many extraordinary projects that has received the award within 8 categories of design and architecture. The Innovation Award is very effective busting many of the myths that sometimes are connected to the notion of Universal Design - like it being expensive, time consuming, only for special groups, not focusing on aesthetics and restricting creativity. However, all these lighthouse projects tell another story and here are presented some examples from the winners in the categories of landscape architecture, architecture and transportation that can both inspire and increase the knowledge about universally designed solutions and the extraordinary results they entail.

通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎的創(chuàng)立是為了表彰公司、機(jī)構(gòu)、建筑師和設(shè)計師提出創(chuàng)造性的解決方案，以便使每個人都能從中獲益。在經(jīng)濟(jì)、公眾以及社會層面上達(dá)到社會效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益并存的雙贏局面，是提高認(rèn)知和有效傳播通用設(shè)計價值的重要手段。自2011年創(chuàng)立以來，許多別具一格的項目已分別在其開設(shè)的8個不同的設(shè)計和建筑板塊中展獲殊榮。創(chuàng)新獎打破了許多神話，有些還打破了傳統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新概念，例如價格昂貴、耗時漫長、只針對特殊群體、不注重審美感受以及并非獨(dú)創(chuàng)等。那些如同燈塔般的標(biāo)志性項目截然不同，這里將從景觀設(shè)計、建筑和交通板塊中舉例，這些出色的成果展示了其激勵和增加通用設(shè)計認(rèn)識的效果。

5 項目

5.1 奧斯陸機(jī)場斯堪迪克酒店

在激烈的市場競爭下，一個新的機(jī)場酒店如何通過通用設(shè)計來凸顯自己？

斯堪迪克連鎖酒店，在歐洲擁有超過200家分店，其采用通用設(shè)計的目的是為了更長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展，這不僅僅是增量的改進(jìn)措施，更能夠建立一種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位和展示其商業(yè)價值。當(dāng)奧斯陸國際機(jī)場規(guī)劃新建一家酒店時，他們想創(chuàng)造一個讓每一位客人都感到滿意的大樓，使其盡可能地具有包容性。這個過程需要與很多不同的角色進(jìn)行零距離對話，他們包括各類建筑設(shè)計師、業(yè)主及承包商。

5.1.1 歷程

他們將使用人群作為關(guān)鍵的顧問。挪威哮喘和過敏協(xié)會、殘疾人協(xié)會也參與其中，發(fā)表意見和分享專業(yè)知識。使用抗過敏的材料，連自助餐中的致敏食物也有明確標(biāo)注，在所有的空間中保持良好的通風(fēng)，以確保新酒店的所有設(shè)施適用于哮喘或過敏人群。該方案也促進(jìn)了良好的清潔習(xí)慣，最大限度地減少了清潔劑的使用。以上所有都是斯堪迪克酒店無障礙設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的一部分，與當(dāng)時的93個事項清單一一對照，確保適合所有人。據(jù)克羅克-謝德事務(wù)所的室內(nèi)建筑師約翰娜·韋斯特林稱，酒店設(shè)計是一個復(fù)雜的過程，不僅要求很多參與者能夠保持密切和持續(xù)的溝通，也要求項目管理者能夠著眼于細(xì)節(jié)。由于涉及一系列細(xì)節(jié)問題，所以指導(dǎo)、解釋、聆聽和提問變得至關(guān)重要，通過簡單的溝通，很多信息被一再重復(fù)?？赡苓@才是我們真正的工作，也是我們成功的主要原因之一。

5.1.2 結(jié)論

奧斯陸機(jī)場斯堪迪克酒店是一個時尚和現(xiàn)代的酒店，根據(jù)通用設(shè)計原則創(chuàng)建了精彩的細(xì)節(jié)和康樂的氛圍。這些因素都被融入了建筑的設(shè)計和建造之中，而不是被視為一項附加的因素。客人可以享受精心設(shè)計的家具和室內(nèi)裝飾，也包括隔聲減噪的墻面和簡單易尋的路線。該建筑的設(shè)計能滿足過敏患者、哮喘患者，以及視力、聽力或行動等有缺陷的人的需要。整個酒店暢通無阻，光線充足，房間不鋪設(shè)地毯，柜臺適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，床鋪可以調(diào)節(jié)，感應(yīng)回路和警報器通過燈光、聲音和振動予以提示，以上也僅僅是列舉了少量的通用設(shè)計的例子。

員工也享受著更好的工作環(huán)境。在一個創(chuàng)新型的商業(yè)構(gòu)想里，酒店的設(shè)計集功能性和精巧性于一身，給生活帶來一種全局化的視野。因此，在競爭激烈的觀光旅游業(yè)中，奧斯陸機(jī)場斯堪迪克酒店脫穎而出，被視作行業(yè)內(nèi)通用設(shè)計的旗艦。當(dāng)時，用酒店經(jīng)理文德爾·霍爾德納的話來說，“對以后來說，這并非盲目投資；未來幾個世紀(jì)，我們的酒店將繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，證明與我們所能預(yù)期的回報相比，在通用設(shè)計上的投資其實相對很少?！?/p>

對于一些客人來說，酒店采取的通用設(shè)計方案不可或缺；而對于另一些客人來說，這也豐富了他們?nèi)胱【频甑捏w驗。所以說通用設(shè)計的核心就是對某些人必不可少，同時讓其他人均能獲益。

優(yōu)勝獎、家具和室內(nèi)設(shè)計類別優(yōu)勝獎：2011通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎，由挪威設(shè)計和建筑中心代表挪威兒童、平權(quán)和社會融合事務(wù)部主辦。

5.2 圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院

一個綜合型醫(yī)院如何將自然、城市、員工和病患聯(lián)結(jié)起來？

1995年，征集新建醫(yī)院方案的國際比賽在特隆赫姆宣布舉行。當(dāng)業(yè)主Helsebygg Midt-Norge公司征集設(shè)計時，將關(guān)注重點(diǎn)集中在了考慮病人的需求上。

5.2.1 歷程

在最初階段，通用設(shè)計理念和基本原則從設(shè)計伊始就貫穿其中，參與醫(yī)院設(shè)計的各類建筑師和設(shè)計師都遵循這一原則，參與其中的患者及其家屬、不同的使用者和醫(yī)院員工也是如此。初出的用戶調(diào)查顯示大多數(shù)的病患群體主要有3個愿望：隱私保護(hù)、醫(yī)護(hù)人員的可見與可及、探訪便捷。設(shè)計的各個階段都強(qiáng)調(diào)了人性化，整個醫(yī)療區(qū)向鄰里開放。景觀設(shè)計師從病患的視角出發(fā)，進(jìn)行有助于他們治療和康復(fù)的景觀設(shè)計。注重觸感、色彩和使用天然材質(zhì)，藝術(shù)處理手法也經(jīng)過反復(fù)斟酌。

5.2.2 結(jié)論

圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院布局使得它能夠與城市相互融合。它由各自獨(dú)立的新老建筑組成，沿著進(jìn)入特隆赫姆的主路形成了一個獨(dú)特的區(qū)域。這個區(qū)域同時成為一個公共交通樞紐，使城市、郊區(qū)、尼代爾瓦河、

1-3 奧斯陸機(jī)場斯堪迪克酒店/Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel（圖片來源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

5 Projects

5.1 Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel

How can a new airport hotel distinguish itself in a competitive market using universal design?

The Scandic Hotel chain, with more than 200 hotels in Europe, aims to go further when it comes to universal design, which is not only used for incremental improvement, but also to help establish a leadership position and demonstrate business value. When planning a new hotel at Oslo's international airport, they wanted to create a building where every single guest would feel welcome and aimed to make this as inclusive as possible. The process required close dialogue between many different partners, including the various civil architects, the property owners and the contractors.

5.1.1 About the process

They also worked with user groups as key consultants. The Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association and the Norwegian Association of Disabled were involved, amongst others, giving input and sharing expertise. The materials used are allergy-friendly, the buffet is clearly allergy-labelled and there is good ventilation in all rooms, ensuring that the new hotel facilities are also suitable for people with asthma or allergies. The solutions also facilitate good cleaning practices, which minimises the use of cleaning agents. All of these solutions are part of Scandic's own accessibility standard, with (at the time) a 93-point checklist to ensure inclusion of everyone. According to one of the interior architects, Johanna Vestlin of Krook & Tj?der, realising the hotel was a comprehensive process. It required the many participants to maintain a close and continuous dialogue, as well as a project management with an eye for detail. Due to the amount of detail involved, it was extremely important to instruct, explain, listen and ask questions and have information repeated again and again - to quite simply communicate. That was something we really worked at, and perhaps one of the main reasons why we succeeded so well.

5.1.2 Outcome

4.5 圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院/St. Olav's Hospital（圖片來源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

The Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel is a chic and modern hotel with exciting details and a healthy atmosphere that is built according to universal design principles. These were integrated into the creation and execution of the building, and were not treated as an "add-on". Guests can enjoy wellthought-out solutions for furniture and interiors, from acoustic walls and to easy wayfinding. The building has been designed to cater for the needs of allergy sufferers, those with asthma and people with impaired vision, hearing or mobility. There is easy access throughout the hotel, excellent lighting, carpet-free rooms, adaptable counters, adjustable beds, induction loops and alarms that alert you with light, sound and vibration, to name just a few of the integrated solutions.

The staff also enjoy a better working environment. The hotel's functional and attractive design brings universal ideas to life in an innovative business idea. As a result, the hotel has gained competitive advantages in a highly competitive business field and is regarded a flagship for universal design in the tourism industry. Other more unpredictable results were lower costs for logistics and reduced sick leave among the personnel. According to the hotel manager at the time, Wendel Holdener, "it was a conscious investment in the future; our hotel may still be standing here for centuries to come, so our investment in universal design costs relatively little compared with all we can expect to receive in return."

Whilst the solutions in the hotel are absolutely essential for some people, they also enrich the experience for all the other guests. This is the core of universal design - what is essential for some can be good for everyone.

Main Winner and winner of the category Furniture and Interior Design: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2011, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

5.2 St. Olav's hospital

How can a universally developed hospital bring nature, city, employees and patients together?

An international competition relating to the construction of the new hospital in Trondheim was announced in 1995. When Helsebygg Midt-Norge ordered the hospital, it was important that the focus would be on the patients' needs.

5.2.1 About the process

The idea of Universal design and a guide with fundamental principles throughout the process were established at the earliest stage. These principles were followed in the collaboration with various architects and designers who worked on the hospital. User involvement of patients and their families, as well as different user organisations and employees, was emphasised from day one and throughout the whole process. The initial user survey that was carried out with representatives of large patient groups revealed three main desires: privacy, visible and available personnel, and accessibility. Universal design was emphasised at all stages, making the entire medical district open to the neighbourhood. Landscape architects adopted the patients' perspective by designing surroundings that enable treatment and rehabilitation. There was also great focus on tactility, natural materials, colour and, in particular, an extensive and well-considered art programme.

5.2.2 Outcome

The layout of St. Olav's Hospital allows it to be integrated with the city. It consists of standalone new and old buildings that form a distinct district along one of the main routes into Trondheim. The area is also a hub for public transport and brings together the city, the countryside, the Nidelva River, the hospital and the urban surroundings into one large space.

An inclusive approach to design in the city also gives environmental benefits, since it becomes easier for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users醫(yī)院以及環(huán)境渾然一體

6-8 卑爾根輕軌/Bergen Light Rail（圖片來源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

包容性的設(shè)計為城市帶來了環(huán)境效益，它使步行的人、騎車的人以及乘坐公交的人都能夠輕而易舉地抵達(dá)醫(yī)院。最重要的是，處于中心地段意味著它也更接近那些需要經(jīng)常使用到醫(yī)院的其他公共服務(wù)。

與許多其他公共建筑一樣，醫(yī)院給人一種龐大而陌生的感覺——無菌的病房、復(fù)雜的空間、錯綜的樓層。圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院則明顯不同，優(yōu)雅的卷翹讓自然的光線從四面八方傾瀉入室內(nèi)。

建筑中強(qiáng)調(diào)了透明性，以獲得融入自然的感覺。在室內(nèi)，視線是連續(xù)的，并且能夠與室外相互交流。使人能夠感知到身在何處，日光和自然視線可以幫助定位。

此外，所有沒有特殊衛(wèi)生或操作要求的房間被視作普通房間進(jìn)行設(shè)計，這樣通常醫(yī)院帶給人們的緊張感得到了緩解。醫(yī)院設(shè)計必須嚴(yán)格遵循其功能需求，與此同時，建筑應(yīng)該達(dá)到其他建筑所能達(dá)到的人性化的環(huán)境條件。

多達(dá)2350個部件被要求關(guān)注其觸感、色彩、材質(zhì)，并反復(fù)斟酌其恰當(dāng)?shù)乃囆g(shù)處理手法，考慮不同用戶群體的意見做出恰如其分的選擇。

醫(yī)院只提供單人病房，每個病區(qū)中的8個房間均有門通向中央工作站。這個設(shè)計結(jié)合了建筑和組織的考慮，給病患和員工更多的保障。這樣的設(shè)計使病患有更高質(zhì)量睡眠的同時，員工也能更方便地照顧全局。病人、家屬、醫(yī)學(xué)院生、醫(yī)院員工滿意度高，醫(yī)院本身也成為市民的聚集地。新醫(yī)院自2010年開業(yè)以來獲得了廣泛的國際贊譽(yù)，并因其新穎的構(gòu)建獲得了諸多獎項，將自然、城市、醫(yī)護(hù)人員和病患融為一體，形成了非傳統(tǒng)的環(huán)境氣氛，很好地證明了通用設(shè)計可以使每個人從中獲益。

優(yōu)勝獎、建筑和景觀建筑類別優(yōu)勝獎： 2014通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎，由挪威設(shè)計和建筑中心代表挪威兒童、平權(quán)和社會融合事務(wù)部主辦。

5.3 卑爾根市輕軌

通用設(shè)計是如何使貫通整個城市的交通既簡便又可達(dá)？

從2006年開始，卑爾根計劃修建一條輕軌，通用設(shè)計并沒有作為強(qiáng)制條件被提出。當(dāng)時的指導(dǎo)方針大致是基于不同使用群體的經(jīng)驗，在項目進(jìn)行過程中制定詳細(xì)計劃書。為了達(dá)成此目的，通用設(shè)計自此被應(yīng)用于指導(dǎo)整個設(shè)計理念。

5.3.1 歷程

與使用群體的合作；挪威殘疾人協(xié)會（FFO）在早期即已成立，設(shè)計團(tuán)隊向他們展示圖紙并討論想法。這一合作啟發(fā)了許多解決問題的新思路。測試期間，F(xiàn)FO的代表參加了檢查和評估的一部分。整個過程中，優(yōu)先考慮的是與所有人都息息相關(guān)的直接設(shè)計，而并非創(chuàng)建針對特殊目標(biāo)群體的其他方案。

Bybanen Utbygging輕軌集團(tuán)委任一位管理組的成員通觀全局，全過程持續(xù)考量設(shè)計的各個方面，管理層能夠協(xié)調(diào)各個組成部分和多數(shù)子項目是該項目的特點(diǎn)，當(dāng)然也帶來了很多挑戰(zhàn)。

挑戰(zhàn)之一即是因為不同角色、不同民族的群體共同參與和實施項目導(dǎo)致的大量銜接問題。該軌道長度（在那時候）超過10km，桅桿位置、照明、載流電纜、列車信號、道路信號、水和電力管道等一系列問題均需納入考慮范疇。

5.3.2 結(jié)論

卑爾根市輕軌是世界上第一個全方位采用通用設(shè)計的公共交通系統(tǒng)，是二戰(zhàn)后最成功的城市規(guī)劃項目之一。它使每個人在城市中生活便捷，其客運(yùn)量的增長速度已超出預(yù)期。卑爾根市輕軌相當(dāng)成功，盡管通用設(shè)計在其中的表現(xiàn)不易察覺，但并不妨礙大家都覺得輕軌系統(tǒng)使用起來極其便捷。

的確，城市環(huán)境混雜。通過一種非常簡單的視覺語言——滲透的理念和演化來規(guī)避視覺上的干擾。這個理念喚起使用者的信賴，為他們提供一種從容不迫的享受，如此他們便可更為專注于本身的訴求。直觀的路徑是保障的一部分。橙色標(biāo)記便于辨識。波浪形的輕軌圖案設(shè)計也為了便于辨識——它包括在6個子項目里：標(biāo)記、圖形、制服、車站符號、景觀建筑和車廂。

有軌電車的舒適性降低了使用人群出行的門檻，否則他們會認(rèn)為出行難以實現(xiàn)。同時，也為那些喜歡嘗試不同交通工具的新用戶開辟了另外一種渠道。卑爾根輕軌現(xiàn)在已有很高的社會地位，輕軌已經(jīng)成為不同鄰里空間的人相互聯(lián)系的首選方式，同時也為不同年齡、不同能力的人群提供生活的便捷。

交通設(shè)計類別優(yōu)勝獎：2014通用設(shè)計創(chuàng)新獎，由挪威設(shè)計和建筑中心代表挪威兒童、平權(quán)和社會融合事務(wù)部主辦。

/References

[1] Design and Architecture Norway, http://www.doga.no

[2] The Government's Action Plan for Universal Design, Ministry of Children and Equality, http://www. government.no

[3] Eikhaug O, Gheerawo R, et al. Innovating with People - The Business of Inclusive Design.2010. http:// www.innovatingwithpeople.netto get to the hospital. Not least, the central location means that it is close to other public services that are also often used by the hospital.

As with many other public buildings, hospitals can come across as large and unfamiliar, with sterile décor and a complex layout of spaces and floors. St. Olavs Hospital markedly differs, with gracious volumes that allow natural daylight to enter from all directions. There is an emphasis on transparency, to achieve a feeling of nature, and once inside a building you can see continuity, and contact with the outdoors. You know immediately where you are, and can orient yourself using daylight and the natural views.

In addition, all rooms that are not subject to special requirements for hygiene or operations have been designed as completely normal rooms so that associations to a sterile hospital environment are alleviated. Hospital design involves stringent requirements for functionality, whilst at the same time the buildings must satisfy the need for a more human environment typically found in other buildings.

A great deal of emphasis was put on tactility, natural materials, colour and in particular on an extensive and well-considered art programme, comprising around 2350 pieces. These were selected taking the views of various user groups into consideration.

The hospital has only single rooms, eight in each ward which all have doors that open onto a central personnel workstation area. The concept combines architectural and organisational considerations, and gives increased security for both patients and personnel. This has resulted in better sleep for the patients and a better overview for the employees.The level of satisfaction is high among patients and their families, and medical students and employees, and the hospital has become an attractive gathering place for the citizens as well. The new hospital opened in 2010 and has since received international acclaim and won several awards for its innovative architecture, which brings the nature, the city, employees and patients together in an untraditional atmosphere. It is a great example of how universal design can benefit everyone.

Main winner and winner of the categories for Architecture & Landscape Architecture: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2014, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

5.3 Bergen Light Rail

How can transportation be easy and accessible for an entire city by using Universal design?

When the planning of a new light railway in Bergen began in 2006, Universal design was not stated as a requirement. The existing guidelines were broadly based, so that specifications had to be worked out during the process, based on experience from various user groups. In order to achieve this, Universal design was set as a guiding philosophy throughout the process, right from the start.

5.3.1 About the process

Collaboration with the users; the Norwegian Federation of Organizations of Disabled People (FFO) was established at an early stage and the design team showed them drawings and discussed the ideas with them. This collaboration inspired many new solutions. Representatives from FFO also took part in inspections and evaluations during the test period. Throughout the process, it was important to give priority to intuitive design that is relevant for everyone and not to create solutions for special target groups.

Bybanen Utbygging designated one member of the management group at an early stage as the person to see and understand the overall picture, and consider design aspects throughout the process.

A special feature of this project is that the management was able to coordinate all the components and the many subprojects, which, however, came with many challenges. One of these was the large amount of interfacing due to the many actors involved in the project planning and the many nationalities carrying out the projects.The track was (at the time) more than 10 kilometres long and required consideration of mast locations, illumination, current-carrying cables, train signalling, road signalling, water and electricity conduits, just to mention some of the issues.

5.3.2 Outcome

Bergen Light Rail is the first public transport system in Norway that utilises universal design at all levels and is one of the most successful urban planning projects after the Second World War. It has made the city accessible for everyone, and passenger numbers have grown more rapidly than expected. Bergen Light Rail has succeeded, however, primarily because it uses universal design in a way that is barely noticeable, other than that everyone finds the system extremely easy to use.

Urban environments are sufficiently chaotic as they are. Visual noise is avoided by using a very simple visual language, with one permeating idea and development. The concept is to inspire trust and provide a sense of calm for the users, so they can concentrate on what they need to.Intuitive wayfinding is part of the security. The signature colour is orange, which is easy to recognise. The wave pattern of the light railway is also easy to recognise, and it is included in six subprojects: trade-marked items, graphic profile, uniforms, elements at tram stops, landscape architecture and carriages.

The comfort of the trams ensures that the threshold is low for people who might otherwise find travelling difficult, and it opens up the system for new users who might otherwise prefer different means of transport.

Bergen Light Rail has now achieved a high social status, and in this way become the preferred method of transport for a large number of people connecting people in the various neighbourhood and making the city accessible for everyone no matter age or ability.

Category Winner, Transport Design: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2014, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

設(shè)計機(jī)構(gòu)/Credits

奧斯陸機(jī)場斯堪迪克酒店/Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel: Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel, Utstillingsplassen Eiendom AS, Arkitektarna Krook & Tj?der, Narud Stokke Wiig Sivilarkitekter AS, TUPELO arkitektur （建筑設(shè)計/ Architects）, the Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association and the Norwegian Association of Disabled（顧問/ Consultants）

圣奧拉夫醫(yī)院/St. Olav's hospital: Team St. Olav (Nordic -Office of Architecture, Ratio Arkitekter), Trondheimslaget (Studio 4 Arkitekter, KHR, Per Knudsen Arkitektkontor), Frisk Arkitekter (Nordic-Office of Architecture, Niels Torp Arkitekter, P?l G. Kavli), Ratio Arkitekter, Asplan Viak, Helsebygg Midt-Norge

卑爾根市輕軌/Bergen Light Rail: Bergensprogrammet (Hordaland County Council, Bergen Municipality, Norwegian Public Roads Administration) （客戶/Client）; Arkitektgruppen Cubus; Fuggibaggi; Kontrapunkt; Norconsult

Norway: Universal Design in Architecture

Universal design is defined as the "design of products, services and environments in such a way that they can be used by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design". In 2005, 16 Norwegian ministries agreed on an action plan based on the government's vision for Norway to become a society where all people have the same opportunities to participate on equal terms. As part of many measures, the Innovation Award for Universal Design was established and is a recognition of those who have developed innovative and inclusive products, services and environments. Three awardwinners are presented here.

universal design, inclusive society, equality, participation, lead users, The Norwegian Government Action Plan for Universal Design, The Innovation Award for Universal Design, Design and Architecture Norway

挪威設(shè)計與建筑中心／Design and Architecture Norway

2017-05-12