李明華
一、引言
語言是交際最基本的形式和手段,各種語言的語句都有它的語義功能。倒裝句倒裝的語義功能有兩種:一是語法倒裝,二是修辭倒裝。前者是出于語法上的需要,非用倒裝語系不可,有強(qiáng)制性;后者出于達(dá)到某種修辭效果(如強(qiáng)調(diào)、平衡、銜接、描繪)在高中語法倒裝句的教學(xué)中,我們的目標(biāo)是:1.依據(jù)新課標(biāo)及考綱要求,認(rèn)識(shí)倒裝句在英語句型中的重要性。2.從結(jié)構(gòu)上分清全倒裝與部分倒裝的主謂語系。在現(xiàn)行的新教材和近年來的各省、市、全國高考題中,倒裝句都是學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和考核的重點(diǎn),尤其是在書面表達(dá)中,若善用倒裝句,更能生動(dòng)地表情達(dá)意并獲高分。因此,研究、學(xué)習(xí)、運(yùn)用倒裝句是非常必要的。如為了修辭和經(jīng)典語言的表達(dá),下例名段用了倒裝表現(xiàn)手法:
請(qǐng)欣賞朗費(fèi)羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節(jié):
Out of the bosom of the Air,掙脫蒼天的懷抱
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,沖出她搖擺的云疊衣衫
Over the woodlands brown and bare,飄過棕色赤裸的林地
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,飛越被遺棄的豐收田
Silent,and soft,and slow,悄悄輕輕慢慢地
Descends the snow.雪花飄落
二、呈現(xiàn)。倒裝類型
全倒裝:表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向或地點(diǎn)的副詞位于句首/表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語句位于句首/ 表語位于句首/表示祝愿的句子 +謂語動(dòng)詞+主語+其它;
部份倒裝:only+狀語位于句首/否定、半否定詞位于句首/neither,nor,so,引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首/省略的虛擬條件狀語從句/表示祝愿的句子 + 功能動(dòng)詞 + 主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 其它;
例1:全部倒裝句(摘自高中教材)
Among the speakers was Chinas Premier Zhu Rongji.(高二)
There exist serious problems and there is still time to take action (高二上)
Topical for China is the crosstalk show,… (高一下)
Then came a smell of sulphur,and the flames.(高二上 )
例2:部份倒裝句
1)Only when your identity has been checked are you allowed in .(上海)
2)The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once have they quarreled with each other.(NMET)
3)—Its nice. Never before have I had such a special drink?。?011福建)
4)Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation (高二上)
三、觀察與思考
觀察以上例句,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)全部倒裝句與部分倒裝句在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上有何不同。把觀察的重點(diǎn)放在主語、謂語上發(fā)現(xiàn):
1.全倒裝是由“如there/among/then 等相關(guān)鍵詞(組+謂語動(dòng)詞+主語+其它”構(gòu)成。
2.部分倒裝是由“如only/never/nor等關(guān)鍵詞+功能動(dòng)詞(即助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+其它”構(gòu)成。
四、巧解倒裝句
從以上例句可看出,倒裝句句型復(fù)雜難以掌握,但英語語言的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)跟我們的母語一樣,只要我們善于觀察、歸納總結(jié),都能找到它們之間的規(guī)律,以便學(xué)習(xí)記憶和運(yùn)用。
請(qǐng)看下例順口溜:
方位提前全倒裝,thus、now、then、such幫;
表語句首展頭角,Long live China!全都(音倒)上;
程頻、虛擬、否定半,neither、nor、so、讓步狀,
only+狀語開了頭,May you have great fun!
還有個(gè)別特殊詞,單獨(dú)記記又何妨。
詮釋:方位:指there、here 或out、in、up、down、away、near、in the distance、off、on、under、below、above、round等表示方位或位置變移的副詞置于句首時(shí),thus、now、then、such置于句首時(shí),用全倒裝句子式:
例:1) Near the tree were two boys playing football.
2) Round the corner is walking an old man .(但是,當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時(shí),主謂不倒裝,如:Out went Tom.→Out he went.)
3)Then/Thus followed two days of heavy snow.
五、鞏固
1)Thus followed three days of rain(倒裝)
2)Now comes my turn.( 倒裝)
3)Rock music is OK,and so is skiing.(高一上)
4)I dont enjoy singing,nor do I like computers. (高一上)
5)Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
(高二上)
6)In front of the house is sitting a boy .
7)?—I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!
—Neither would I .(全國卷Ⅲ)
8)I failed in the final examination last term and only then did I realize
the importance of studies.(NMET4重慶)
9)Maybe you have been to many countries; but nowhere else can you find _ such a beautiful palace.(NMET遼寧)
10)However late he is,Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.(NMET)