李曉晴, 劉水平, 姜霽雯, 袁 鵬, 鄭海亮
(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院, 北京, 100029; 2. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院 醫(yī)學(xué)工程處, 北京, 100038)
?
DRD2基因多態(tài)性與冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后譫妄的關(guān)聯(lián)研究
李曉晴1, 劉水平1, 姜霽雯1, 袁 鵬1, 鄭海亮2
(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院, 北京, 100029; 2. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院 醫(yī)學(xué)工程處, 北京, 100038)
目的 研究DRD2基因多態(tài)性與冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后譫妄的相關(guān)性及其危險(xiǎn)因素。方法 以150例冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植手術(shù)住院患者為研究對象,以《譫妄分級量表-98修訂版》作為譫妄診斷工具,分析術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率和危險(xiǎn)因素。采用基因測序法確定DRD2的多態(tài)性,分析rs6275、ts6277多態(tài)性與譫妄的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率為8.0%(12/150); 2. 組間單因素分析顯示腦梗死(OR=0.784, 95%CI 0.631~0.975,P=0.024)、手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間(OR=2.251, 95%CI 0.941~5.380,P=0.048)、體外循環(huán)時(shí)間(OR=1.057, 95%CI 0.703~1.590,P=0.029)、ICU病房時(shí)間(OR=1.890, 95%CI 1.201~2.973,P=0.005)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05); 2組間的rs6275基因型差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=1.265, 95%CI 0.697~2.303,P=0.651); rs6277基因型在2組間的分布差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=2.276, 95%CI 1.142~4.523,P=0.049); Logistic多因素回歸分析顯示,腦梗死(OR=1.861, 95%CI 1.082~3.163,P=0.024)、ICU持續(xù)時(shí)間(OR=6.757, 95%CI 2.376~19.267,P=0.001)、rs6277的CC基因型(OR=4.019, 95%CI 1.395~12.341,P=0.012)是術(shù)后譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)論 對術(shù)前合并腦梗死的高?;颊哌M(jìn)行DRD2基因篩查,有助于評估譫妄發(fā)生的可能性。
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù); 術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率; 危險(xiǎn)因素
術(shù)后譫妄(POD)是在手術(shù)、麻醉后出現(xiàn)的急性、波動(dòng)性認(rèn)知功能障礙,是在患者易感素質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上,由圍術(shù)期的多種因素共同作用所促發(fā)[1-2]。盡管心臟手術(shù)和麻醉技術(shù)日益成熟, POD仍是冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)術(shù)后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)急性并發(fā)癥之一, POD延長住院時(shí)間、增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、延緩功能恢復(fù)。最新的研究[3-4]顯示,術(shù)后譫妄還與術(shù)后持續(xù)認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)、癡呆密切相關(guān)。POD的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分清楚,基因易感性和生物標(biāo)志物已成為譫妄研究的新熱點(diǎn)[5]。多巴胺受體阻斷劑能夠有效控制譫妄癥狀,使得多巴胺能系統(tǒng)成為譫妄研究的候選基因之一[6]。本研究旨在探討多巴胺D2受體(DRD2)與譫妄的相關(guān)性[7], 為早期預(yù)防提供依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料
連續(xù)納入2014年1—12月本院心臟外科CABG手術(shù)的住院患者150例為研究對象。男95例,女55例,平均年齡(62.8±7.1)歲。根據(jù)是否發(fā)生POD將研究對象分為研究組(譫妄組)12例和對照組(非譫妄組)138例。譫妄診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):采用美國《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊-第五版》[8](《DSM-V》)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以譫妄分級量表-98修訂版(DRS-R-98)[9]作為譫妄的診斷和鑒別診斷工具,該量表內(nèi)容分為2部分: ① 3個(gè)診斷項(xiàng)目,包括“癥狀發(fā)生時(shí)間”“癥狀波動(dòng)性”和“軀體疾病”,鑒別診斷譫妄、癡呆、精神分裂癥等; ② 13個(gè)嚴(yán)重程度項(xiàng)目,包括“睡眠覺醒周期紊亂” 、“感知障礙”、“妄想”、“情感易變性”、“言語”、“思維過程”、“精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性激越”、“精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性遲滯”、“注意力”、“短時(shí)記憶”、“定向障礙”、“長時(shí)記憶”和“視空間能力”。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目根據(jù)不同程度分為0~3分,累計(jì)積分, DRS-R-98≥12分則診斷譫妄。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后,包括體外循環(huán)下行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植手術(shù)(On-CABG)和非體外循環(huán)下行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植手術(shù)(Off-CABG); 符合譫妄的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn), DRS-98≥12分; 術(shù)前無認(rèn)知功能障礙,簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)評分:文盲≥17 分; 小學(xué)≥20分; 中學(xué)及以上≥24 分; 術(shù)前無焦慮、抑郁,醫(yī)院焦慮抑郁量表(HADS)評分≤7分; 同意參加試驗(yàn)并簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)后發(fā)生腦卒中,包括缺血性及出血性腦卒中; 因其他因素引起術(shù)后意識障礙者; 嚴(yán)重視聽障礙,無法配合神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)查體、認(rèn)知功能測試及其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能評估; 同時(shí)進(jìn)行兩種及以上的心臟手術(shù)者。
1.2 多巴胺受體D2(DRD2)基因型測定方法
采用基因測序法確定研究對象的DRD2基因型。采用Promega DNA純化試劑盒抽提全血DNA, 然后進(jìn)行DRD2基因PCR擴(kuò)增。
DRD2 rs6275設(shè)計(jì)引物,上游: 5′gccgactcaccgagaaca 3′; 下游5′ggctgatgcctgggaact 3′。25 μL PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)體系包括10(PCR緩沖液2.5 μL+2.5 mmol/L的dNTP混合液2 μL+上游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μL+下游引物(10 μmol/L)0.5 μL+DNA(200 ng/μL)2 μL +Taq DNA聚合酶(5 μg/μL)0.2 μL+ddH2O 17.3 μL =25 μL。循環(huán)條件: 95 ℃ 5 min, (94 ℃ 30 s, 51.8 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 30 s)共30個(gè)循環(huán); 最后72 ℃ 5 min, 純化PCR產(chǎn)物。
DRD2 rs6277設(shè)計(jì)引物,上游: 5′gccgactcaccgagaaca 3′; 下游5′ggctgatgcctgggaact 3′。25 μL PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)體系包括10(PCR緩沖液2.5 μL+2.5 mmol/L的dNTP混合液2 μL+上游引物(10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL+下游引物(10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL+DNA(200 ng/μL) 2 μL +Taq DNA聚合酶(5 μg/μL) 0.2 μL+ddH2O 17.3 μL =25 μL。循環(huán)條件: 95 ℃ 5 min, 94 ℃ 30 s, 59.9 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 30 s共30個(gè)循環(huán); 最后72 ℃ 5 min, 純化PCR產(chǎn)物。擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行直接測序,采用DNA Star軟件比對, chromas軟件判斷基因型。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
將觀察指標(biāo)分為3大類,分別為術(shù)前因素(既往病史和一般資料),術(shù)中因素(手術(shù)過程),術(shù)后因素(術(shù)后監(jiān)護(hù)室以及返回病房后)。術(shù)前因素包括年齡、性別、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)、高血壓、房顫(AF)、腦梗死、腦出血。術(shù)中因素包括手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間、麻醉持續(xù)時(shí)間、體外循環(huán)持續(xù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、手術(shù)方式(體外循環(huán)下手術(shù)和非體外循環(huán)下手術(shù))。術(shù)后因素包括重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)持續(xù)時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間(CMV)、平均動(dòng)脈壓、血氧飽和度(SaO2)、發(fā)熱、心率、血紅蛋白(Hb)、術(shù)后視覺模擬疼痛評分法的疼痛(VAS)評分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 2組間單因素分析
將2組患者圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)分為3大類型,即術(shù)前、術(shù)中和術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)因素,并對這3大類指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析。與POD發(fā)生有關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括既往腦梗死 (OR=0.784, 95% CI 0.631~0.975,P=0.024); 手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間(OR=2.251, 95% CI 0.941~5.380,P=0.048); 體外循環(huán)時(shí)間(OR=1.057, 95% CI 0.703~1.590,P=0.029); ICU病房時(shí)間(OR=1.890, 95% CI 1.201~2.973,P=0.005), 上述各因素對POD的影響差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1、2、3。
表1 POD的術(shù)前危險(xiǎn)因素分析[n(%)]
表2 POD的術(shù)中危險(xiǎn)因素分析[n(%)]
表3 POD的術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)因素分析
2.2 DRD2基因多態(tài)性與POD的關(guān)聯(lián)
2.2.1 rs6275和rs6277的基因頻率和基因型以及Hardy-Weinberg遺傳平衡檢驗(yàn): DRD2位于染色體11q23, 第7號外顯子的2個(gè)位點(diǎn)即rs6275和rs6277分別存在同義突變即939T>C和957C>T, 見表4。rs6275等位基因C的頻率為43.7%, 等位基因T的頻率為56.3%。3種基因型CC、CT、TT的頻率分別為15.3%、56.7%、28.0%。rs6277等位基因C的頻率為88.0%, 等位基因T的頻率為12.0%。3種基因型CC、CT、TT的頻率分別為78.7%、18.7%、2.6%, 見表5。經(jīng)Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律檢驗(yàn), rs6275和rs6277的基因型頻率的分布符合遺傳平衡(P>0.05), 樣本來自同一孟德爾群體。
表4 rs6275和rs6277的基本特征
表5 rs6275和rs6277位點(diǎn)基因頻率及基因型分布[n(%)]
2.2.2 2組中rs6275和rs6277基因和基因型頻率的結(jié)果: 2組間的rs6275等位基因頻率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=1.056, 95% CI 0.727~1.733,P=0.775); rs6275基因型在2組間的分布差異亦無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=1.265, 95% CI 0.697~2.303,P=0.651)。2組間的rs6277等位基因頻率差異顯著(OR=3.857, 95% CI 1.727~8.663,P=0.001); rs6277基因型在2組間的分布差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=2.276, 95% CI 1.142~4.523,P=0.049)。見表6。
表6 2組中rs6275和rs6277基因和基因型頻率比較
2.2.3 多因素回歸分析:多因素Logistic逐步回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,與POD發(fā)生有關(guān)的因素包括腦梗死、ICU持續(xù)時(shí)間、rs6277的CC基因型。見表7。
表7 POD的Logsistic多因素回歸分析結(jié)果
POD是CABG常見的并發(fā)癥之一,與圍術(shù)期的多種因素有關(guān)[10]。腦血管病是發(fā)生POD的高危因素。術(shù)前“認(rèn)知正?!钡幕颊?,頭部核磁檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)腦白質(zhì)疏松、腔隙性梗死等多種腦小血管病變(SVD)[11], 腦血管病變導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元損失、突觸數(shù)目減少、神經(jīng)環(huán)路受損、認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生閾值降低,在此基礎(chǔ)上, CABG手術(shù)應(yīng)激可誘發(fā)系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng),增加血腦屏障通透性,炎癥因子TNF等進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)急性腦損傷,導(dǎo)致乙酰膽堿、五羥色胺、多巴胺等神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡,產(chǎn)生譫妄[12]。
POD與ICU病房觀察時(shí)間延長有關(guān)。ICU時(shí)間長與手術(shù)時(shí)間長、創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等多種因素有關(guān),對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等重要器官的影響亦增加。ICU也是一種特殊環(huán)境,常有機(jī)械輔助通氣、肢體約束、留置胃管尿管、密切監(jiān)測護(hù)理等,容易誘發(fā)譫妄[13]。
本研究首創(chuàng)性的觀察了多巴胺受體基因多態(tài)性與術(shù)后譫妄的關(guān)聯(lián)性。多巴胺是重要的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),多巴胺與乙酰膽堿神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡是譫妄的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一[14]。腦內(nèi)有3條主要的多巴胺能神經(jīng)通路,分別是黑質(zhì)紋狀體通路、中腦邊緣系統(tǒng)通路以及漏斗結(jié)節(jié)通路。多巴胺遞質(zhì)與多巴胺受體(DRs)結(jié)合,發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)、認(rèn)知、學(xué)習(xí)、記憶、情感、內(nèi)分泌功能的重要作用。多巴胺受體有5種亞型D1~D5。最近的薈萃分析、橫斷面流行病學(xué)研究以及基因多態(tài)性研究結(jié)果均提示多巴胺受體基因與譫妄、酒精依賴、精神分裂癥、神經(jīng)退行性疾病有關(guān)[15]。多巴胺D2受體(DRD2)編碼基因位于染色體11q22-q24,其單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)成為目前的研究熱點(diǎn)。本研究首創(chuàng)性的觀察了DRD2基因位于第7外顯子的兩種同義突變r(jià)s6275(C/T)和rs6277(C/T)[16-17]與術(shù)后譫妄的關(guān)系。經(jīng)Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律檢驗(yàn), rs6275和rs6277的基因型頻率的分布符合遺傳平衡(P>0.05), 樣本來自同一孟德爾群體,具有代表性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn), rs6277的C等位基因是術(shù)后譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素(P=0.001,OR=3.857, 95% CI 1.727~8.663)。雖然rs6277(C/T)是同義突變,表達(dá)的氨基酸相同,但是細(xì)胞研究[18-20]顯示, C/T等位基因的差異顯著影響DRD2的mRNA的穩(wěn)定性和表達(dá)數(shù)量。健康志愿者的人體試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步顯示紋狀體、皮質(zhì)、丘腦不同腦區(qū)域的多巴胺受體的親和性和密度受rs6277(C/T)突變影響, C/C純合子的DRD2親和性最強(qiáng), T/T純合子的親和性最弱。據(jù)此推測rs6277(C/T)突變通過增加多巴胺能神經(jīng)活性,導(dǎo)致多巴胺與乙酰膽堿遞質(zhì)失衡,進(jìn)而增加譫妄發(fā)生的易感性。國內(nèi)外對于rs6277(C/T)與譫妄的相關(guān)性研究均為之甚少,因此需要更大規(guī)模的病例對照(case-control)研究以及更細(xì)化的表型分層,進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)rs6277與譫妄的相關(guān)性。
國外對rs6275(C/T)多態(tài)性的研究集中在精神分裂癥[21]、偏頭痛[22]、語言障礙[23]、藥物濫用[24]等方面。在與譫妄的關(guān)聯(lián)研究中,有關(guān)rs6275的陽性報(bào)道極少,本研究亦未發(fā)現(xiàn)rs6275(C/T)與術(shù)后譫妄相關(guān)。
本研究并未提示年齡是術(shù)后譫妄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,與國外研究結(jié)論不一致,究其原因與研究對象、手術(shù)方式、樣本規(guī)模、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、評估工具等多種因素有關(guān)。本研究僅以70歲以下、既往無認(rèn)知障礙的患者為研究對象。國外研究對象包含了不同年齡,特別是70歲以上的患者[25], 常合并認(rèn)知功能障礙[26], 多重手術(shù)方式等。本研究采用以DRS-R-98作為譫妄的診斷工具,該量表是國際通用的譫妄篩查診斷“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。 而重癥監(jiān)護(hù)譫妄篩查量表(ICDSC)[27]、器質(zhì)性腦綜合征量表[25]等亦常作為譫妄的評估量表。今后需要更細(xì)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大規(guī)模研究進(jìn)一步明確譫妄的促發(fā)因素。
藥物遺傳學(xué)研究[28-32]顯示, DRD2基因多態(tài)性可能與藥物治療的副反應(yīng)相關(guān),因此,對術(shù)前合并腦梗死的高?;颊?,進(jìn)行DRD2基因篩查,有助于評估譫妄發(fā)生的可能性,對指導(dǎo)藥物治療,提高術(shù)后管理水平具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[1] Hirsch J, DePalma G, Tsai T T, et al. Impact of intraoperative hypotension and blood pressure fluctuations on early postoperative delirium after non-cardiac surgery[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2015, 115(3): 418-426.
[2] Sanders R D, Pandharipande P P, Davidson A J, et al. Anticipating and managing postoperative delirium and cognitive decline in adults[J]. BMJ, 2011, 20 (343): d4331.
[3] Liang C K, Chu C L, Chou M Y, et al. Interrelationship of postoperative delirium and cognitive impairment and their impact on the functional status inolder patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery: a prospective cohort study[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e110339.
[4] Wang W, Wang Y, Wu H, et al. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: current developments in mechanism and prevention[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2014, 12, 20: 1908-1912.
[5] Androsova G, Krause R, Winterer G, et al. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction[J]. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015, 9(7): 112-115.
[6] Page V J, Ely E W, Gates S, et al. Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2013, 1(7): 515-523.
[7] van Munster B C, de Rooij S E, Yazdanpanah M, et al. The association of the dopamine transporter gene and the dopamine receptor 2 gene with delirium, a meta-analysis[J]. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2010, 153B(2): 648-655.
[8] Regier D A, Kuhl E A, Kupfer D J. The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes[J]. World Psychiatry, 2013, 12(2): 92-98.
[9] Meagher D J, Morandi A, Inouye S K, et al. Concordance between DSM-Ⅳ and DSM-5 criteria for delirium diagnosis in a pooled database of 768 prospectively evaluated patients using the delirium rating scale-revised-98[J]. BMC Med, 2014, 30(12): 164-168.
[10] Gosselt A N, Slooter A J, Boere P R. Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review[J]. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 346-348.
[11] Gustavsson A M, Stomrud E, AbuL-Kasim K, et al. Cerebral Microbleeds and White Matter Hyperintensities in Cognitively Healthy Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Evaluating the Effect of Arterial Stiffness [J]. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra, 2015, 5(2): 41-51.
[12] Cerejeira J, Nogueira V, Luís P, et al. The cholinergic system and inflammation: common pathways in delirium pathophysiology[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2012, 60(4): 669-675.
[13] Kwizera A, Nakibuuka J, Ssemogerere L, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in an African Intensive Care Setting: An Observational MuLticenter Study[J]. Crit Care Res Pract, 2015, 2015: 491780.
[14] Hshieh T T, Fong T G, Marcantonio E R, et al. Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2008, 63(7): 764-772.
[15] Rangel-Barajas C, Coronel I, Florán B. Dopamine Receptors and Neurodegeneration[J]. Aging Dis, 2015, 6(5): 349-368.
[16] Swagell C D, Lawford B R, Hughes I P, et al. DRD2 C957T and TaqIA genotyping reveals gender effects and unique low-risk and high-risk genotypes in alcohol dependence[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 2012, 47(4): 397-403.
[17] Villalba K, Devieux J G, Rosenberg R, et al. DRD2 and DRD4 genes related to cognitive deficits in HIV-infected adults who abuse alcohol[J]. Behav Brain Funct, 2015, 11: 25-27.
[18] Bali V, Bebok Z. Decoding mechanisms by which silent codon changes influence protein biogenesis and function[J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2015, 64: 58-74.
[19] Stoicea N, McVicker S, Quinones A, et al. Delirium-biomarkers and genetic variance[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2014, 5: 75-78.
[20] Hirvonen M M, Lumme V, Hirvonen J, et al. C957T polymorphism of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene predicts extrastriatal dopamine receptor availability in vivo[J]. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2009, 33(4): 630-636.
[21] Liu L, Fan D, Ding N, et al. The relationship between DRD2 gene polymorphisms (C957T and C939T) and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2014, 583: 43-48.
[22] Ghosh J, Pradhan S, Mittal B. Role of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms (DBH 19 bp indel and DRD2 Nco I) in genetic susceptibility to migraine in North Indian population[J]. Pain Med, 2011, 12(7): 1109-1111.
[23] Lan J, Song M, Pan C, et al. Association between dopaminergic genes (SLC6A3 and DRD2) and stuttering among Han Chinese[J]. J Hum Genet, 2009, 54(8): 457-460.
[24] Onaya T, Ishii M, Katoh H, et al. Predictive index for the onset of medication overuse headache in migraine patients[J]. Neurol Sci, 2013, 34(1): 85-92.
[25] SmuLter N, Lingehall H C, Gustafson Y, et al. Delirium after cardiac surgery: incidence and risk factors [J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2013, 17(5): 790-796.
[26] Otomo S, Maekawa K, Goto T, et al. Preexisting cerebral infarcts as a risk factor for delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery [J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2013, 17(5): 799-804.
[27] Norkien I, Ringaitien D, Kuzminskait V, et al. Incidence and risk factors of early delirium after cardiac surgery [J]. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013: 323491.
[28] Llerena A, Berecz R, Pe as-Lledó E, et al. Pharmacogenetics of clinical response to risperidone[J]. Pharmacogenomics, 2013, 14(2): 177-194.
[29] López-Rodríguez R, Cabaleiro T, Ochoa D, et al. Pharmacodynamic genetic variants related to antipsychotic adverse reactions in healthy volunteers[J]. Pharmacogenomics, 2013, 14(10): 1203-1214.
[30] Zivkovi M, Mihaljevi -Peles A, Bozina N, et al. The association study of polymorphisms in DAT, DRD2, and COMT genes and acute extrapyramidal adverse effects in male schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol[J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2013, 33(5): 593-599.
[31] 陳大球, 高允鎖, 郭敏, 等. 海南漢族人群創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙患者與5-HTTLPR基因多態(tài)性的相關(guān)性[J]. 南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 35(9): 1366-1368.
[32] 張凡凡, 樊明強(qiáng), 柳茵, 等. 青海地區(qū)冠心病患者載脂蛋白E基因多態(tài)性與血脂的研究[J]. 海南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 18(9): 1256-1258.
Association ation study of dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism with postoperative delirium in the patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting
LI Xiaoqing1, LIU Shuiping1, JIANG Jiwen1, YUAN Peng1, ZHENG Hailiang2
(1.DepartmentofNeurology,BeijingAnzhenHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing, 100029; 2.DepartmentofMedicalEngineer,ShijitanHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing, 100038)
Objective To investigate the assoCI ation between DRD2 gene polymorphism and postoperative delirium in the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and to analyze the risks of postoperative delirium. Methods A total 150 patients after coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled. And delirium rating scale-revised-98 was used as diagnosis tool for the analysis of morbidity and risks of postoperative delirium. DRD2 genotypes were determined by sequenCI ng analysis. The assoCI ation of rs6275 and rs6277 with delirium was studied. Results Delirium occurred in 12 patients and morbidity of postoperative delirium was 8.0%. Univariate logistic regression analysis results showed that delirium was assoCI ated with previous cerebral infarction (OR=0.784, 95% CI 0.631 to 0.975,P=0.024), extracorporeal CI rculation time(OR=1.057, 95% CI 0.703 to 1.590,P=0.029), surgery time (OR=2.251, 95% CI 0.941 to 5.380,P=0.048) and intensive care unit time (OR=1.890, 95% CI 1.201 to 2.973,P=0.005).There were no significant differences in frequencies of genotype and alleles of rs6275 polymorphism between patients with delirium and controls(OR=1.265, 95% CI 0.697 to 2.303,P=0.651). There were significant differences on frequencies of genotype and alleles of rs6277 polymorphism between patients with delirium and controls(OR=2.276, 95% CI 1.142 to 4.523,P=0.049). The multiple logisticstepwise regression analysis indicated that the perioperative risk factors of delirium included cerebral infarction (OR=1.861, 95% CI 1.082 to 3.163,P=0.024), ICU duration time (OR=6.757, 95% CI 2.376 to 19.267,P=0.001)and CC genotype of rs6277 (OR=4.019, 95% CI 1.395 to 12.341,P=0.012). Conclusion DRD2 gene testing in patients with high risks may be helpful for the prevention of postoperative delirium.
coronary artery bypass grafting; incidence of postoperative delirium; risk factors
2016-12-05
北京市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(1152003)
鄭海亮, E-mail: 15811197824@163.com
R 541
A
1672-2353(2017)09-006-06
10.7619/jcmp.201709002