梁 君, 高 強, 崔梅花, 郁衛(wèi)東, 侯曉琳, 楊 成, 李 想
1.北京大學航天臨床醫(yī)學院 航天中心醫(yī)院消化科,北京100049; 2.河南科技大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化科; 3.北京大學人民醫(yī)院臨床分子生物學研究所; 4.北京大學人民醫(yī)院動物實驗室
論著·腸相關疾病
TUDCA緩解小鼠腸炎對內質網(wǎng)應激與雙氧化酶2表達的研究
梁 君1, 高 強2, 崔梅花1, 郁衛(wèi)東3, 侯曉琳1, 楊 成1, 李 想4
1.北京大學航天臨床醫(yī)學院 航天中心醫(yī)院消化科,北京100049; 2.河南科技大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化科; 3.北京大學人民醫(yī)院臨床分子生物學研究所; 4.北京大學人民醫(yī)院動物實驗室
目的 探討特異性內質網(wǎng)應激抑制劑?;切苋パ跄懰?Tauroursodeoxycholate, TUDCA)緩解DSS誘導的小鼠腸炎對內質網(wǎng)應激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)蛋白與腸黏膜過氧化氫產生酶雙氧化酶2(dual oxidase2, Duox2)表達的研究。方法 7周C57BL/6J雄性小鼠適應喂養(yǎng)1周后隨機分為對照組、炎癥組、干預組。炎癥組和干預組飲用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS)溶液誘導小鼠腸炎,干預組再以500 mg/kg的TUDCA灌胃。8 d后處死小鼠,收集結腸作HE和免疫組化染色,Western blotting檢測Duox2及ERS相關蛋白Grp78、Atf6、P-Ire1α/Ire1α、Ire1β、P-Perk/Perk的表達。結果 TUDCA明顯減輕DSS誘導的小鼠腸炎。Western blotting結果顯示炎癥組Grp78、P-Perk/Perk蛋白及Duox2表達均升高,干預組這三種蛋白表達恢復到對照組水平,其余ERS相關蛋白表達無變化。免疫組化結果顯示Grp78和Duox2三組表達水平與Western blotting結果相一致。結論 TUDCA緩解小鼠腸炎可能與抑制內質網(wǎng)Grp78-Perk通路有關,該通路與Duox2表達相互影響。
潰瘍性結腸炎;內質網(wǎng)應激;?;切苋パ跄懰?;雙氧化酶2
潰瘍性結腸炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是西方常見病,近年來在我國的發(fā)病率呈明顯上升趨勢[1]。臨床上UC主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛、腹瀉、黏液膿血便;腸外癥狀如體質量減輕、貧血、關節(jié)疼痛;并發(fā)癥有中毒性巨結腸和結腸癌等。內質網(wǎng)應激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)是指細胞處于缺氧、氧化應激、毒素等環(huán)境時,未折疊或錯誤折疊的蛋白質在內質網(wǎng)腔中聚集,Ca離子儲存釋放平衡失調,脂質代謝合成紊亂的狀態(tài)。ERS有三條信號通路,起始蛋白分別為肌醇需求酶1(inositol-requiring enzyme-1, Ire1)、蛋白激酶R樣內質網(wǎng)激酶(protein kinase R-like ER kinase, Perk)、活化轉錄因子6(activating transcription factor 6,Atf6),其中Ire1在體內有兩種形式,Ire1α廣泛表達,Ire1β表達于呼吸道和胃腸道表面。當細胞處于穩(wěn)態(tài)時,這3種應激感受蛋白都與葡萄糖調節(jié)蛋白78(glucose regulatory protein 78, Grp78)結合[2]。內質網(wǎng)應激出現(xiàn)時,Grp78從這3種感受器上解離而去結合錯誤折疊的蛋白,Grp78表達升高。使得Ire1、Perk和Atf6通路激活而表達有所變化。對于Perk和Ire1α通路蛋白,激活后轉變?yōu)榱姿峄问郊碢-Perk和P-Ire1α。已有大量研究[3-4]表明ERS在UC發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中起重要作用。而腸上皮細胞表達的雙氧化酶2(Duox2)主要功能是產生過氧化氫(H2O2),是腸道黏膜H2O2的重要來源[5]。H2O2作為活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的一種,可以誘導ERS發(fā)生。研究[6]證實ROS在結腸炎模型和患者黏膜中產生增加,且ROS在疾病早期階段被觀察到,并與疾病嚴重程度及進展相關[6]。本研究采用ERS特異性抑制劑?;切苋パ跄懰?TUDCA)[7]干預腸炎小鼠后,觀察研究ERS各指標的變化及腸上皮Duox2的變化,探討ERS與Duox2可能的相互影響。
1.1 動物模型的建立健康雄性7周C57BL/6J小鼠,體質量20~23 g,購自北京華阜康公司,飼養(yǎng)于北京大學人民醫(yī)院SPF級動物實驗室。適應性喂養(yǎng)1周后,隨機分為對照組、炎癥組、干預組,每組14只。對照組自由飲水,炎癥組和干預組飲用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS)(美國MP biomedicals公司,分子量36 000~50 000 Da),共8 d。干預組自飲用DSS第1天起,用500 mg/kg TUDCA(購自美國EMD chemicals公司)每天灌胃,TUDCA溶于無菌磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS);對照組和炎癥組用等量無菌PBS灌胃。8 d后頸椎脫臼法處死小鼠,測量結腸長度,自遠端向近端取0.5 cm結腸置于4%多聚甲醛作HE染色和免疫組化染色,其余部分立即置于液氮中再轉入-80 ℃冰箱保存用作蛋白免疫印跡(Western blotting)。
1.2 結腸炎癥及TUDCA干預效果評價小鼠的觀察內容包括疾病活動指數(shù)(disease activity index, DAI)[8]、組織學損傷評分(histological index, HI)[9]和體質量變化。隱血狀況用聯(lián)苯胺法試劑盒(南京建成公司)檢測。
1.3 Western blotting檢測相關蛋白表達Western blotting檢測方法為:液氮研磨組織,常規(guī)裂解后進行總蛋白提取及變性,每孔上樣50 μg。Western blotting數(shù)據(jù)分析為:目的蛋白灰度值除以內參β-actin的灰度值以校正誤差,所得結果為某樣品目的蛋白相對含量。而以磷酸化形式激活的蛋白與其總蛋白之比(如P-Perk/Perk、P-Ire1α/Ire1α)為此蛋白的相對含量。
1.4 免疫組化染色常規(guī)組織切片脫蠟后進行,一抗與Western blotting所用來源為同一抗體。陰性對照玻片只滴加PBS。評分標準[10]:每張切片隨機選擇10個視野,每個視野觀察100個細胞。染色強度:細胞質無染色0分,淡黃色1分,棕色2分,棕褐色3分;染色范圍:<5%計0分,5%~25%計1分,26%~50%計2分,51%~75%計3分,76%~100%計4分;兩項標準乘積為每張切片的評分結果。
2.1 小鼠結腸炎癥情況對照組小鼠正?;顒?,毛發(fā)光澤,體質量上升。炎癥組于第4天出現(xiàn)活動減少,稀便,肉眼血便,毛色無光澤,第5天始平均體質量明顯下降。干預組于第5天平均體質量開始明顯下降,出現(xiàn)隱血便,但始終未出現(xiàn)稀便,且活動正常,毛色光澤。第5~8天炎癥組平均體質量下降幅度大于干預組(見圖1)。對照組結腸黏膜完整、腺體排列整齊、結構正常。炎癥組結腸黏膜炎癥嚴重,炎癥細胞浸潤,黏膜不完整,腺體正常結構消失,排列紊亂。干預組可見炎癥明顯減輕,雖有腺體部分消失,但上皮完整,炎癥細胞浸潤不明顯(見圖2)。炎癥組小鼠結腸長度明顯縮短,TUDCA治療后結腸長度有所恢復(見表1)。
2.2 Western blotting結果DSS誘導的腸炎小鼠結腸組織Duox2、Grp78、P-Perk/Perk蛋白表達量高,經TUDCA干預后表達明顯下降,對照組表達量低(P<0.05)。而P-Ire1α/Ire1α、Atf6、Ire1β蛋白均在三組間表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,見圖3)。
圖1 三組小鼠體質量-時間變化比較
Fig 1 Comparison of the body weight-time of mice among three groups
注:與對照組比較,aP<0.05;與干預組比較,bP<0.05。
圖2 8 d時三組小鼠結腸HE染色(400×)
注:與對照組比較,aP<0.05;與干預組比較,bP<0.05。
2.3 免疫組化染色結果Grp78和Duox2蛋白進行免疫組化染色,炎癥組表達較對照組明顯升高,經TUDCA干預后Grp78和Duox2蛋白的表達下降(見表2)。Grp78蛋白對照組表達于結腸上皮細胞質,炎癥組Grp78在炎癥區(qū)域明顯染色,干預組染色強度和范圍明顯低于炎癥組。Duox2蛋白在對照組主要表達于腸上皮刷狀緣和細胞質,在炎癥組的炎癥區(qū)域內大范圍染色,在干預組表達比炎癥組明顯降低,于結腸上皮刷狀緣及部分炎性細胞的胞質染色(見圖4)。
注:與對照組比較,aP<0.05;與干預組比較,bP<0.05。
圖4 8 d時三組結腸免疫組化染色(400×) A:Grp78蛋白;B:Duox2蛋白
在UC發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中,氧化應激被認為是導致腸道損傷的關鍵因素[11]。氧化應激是ROS和活性氮類(reactive nitrogen species, RNS)物質產生過多,超出機體氧化物的清除能力,導致細胞組織損傷的病理、生理過程。Duox2屬于NADPH氧化酶家族[12],Duox2是內質網(wǎng)定居蛋白,它的轉錄后儲存修飾與內質網(wǎng)功能密切相關。它可以直接釋放H2O2,是腸道黏膜H2O2的重要來源。H2O2是ROS的重要成員,臨床研究[13]表明UC患者腸道黏膜Duox2蛋白表達上調且ERS在UC發(fā)病中起重要作用。而ROS是造成ERS發(fā)生的重要誘因,可以導致ERS信號通路激活[14]。
本研究采用DSS誘導小鼠UC模型,以ERS特異性抑制劑TUDCA干預后,通過DAI評分、HE染色鏡下觀察結腸黏膜病理改變,均表明TUDCA在小鼠結腸炎模型中,ERS干預有減輕炎癥的效果[7]。TUDCA為ERS特異性抑制劑,臨床主要以TUDCA治療原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化或膽囊膽固醇結石等[15]。本實驗采用Cao等[7]的方法,結果為Western blotting炎癥組的結腸Duox2和Grp78、P-Perk/Perk表達量明顯升高,而干預后Duox2、Grp78、P-Perk/Perk表達恢復到對照組水平,而ERS另兩條通路蛋白Atf6、P-Ire1α/Ire1α、Ire1β三組表達量并無變化,原因可能是小鼠結腸炎急性期時,Grp78-Perk通路激活,而Atf6、Ire1α和Ire1β通路并未激活,或炎癥組小鼠暫時的結腸上皮損傷導致了Atf6、Ire1α和Ire1β蛋白表達被抑制到了正常水平,這可能由于DSS處理后觸發(fā)了細胞的保護反應[16]。本研究Western blotting結果顯示同一組內,Perk和Duox2變化趨勢一致,可能是由于腸道炎癥發(fā)生時,Duox2表達增加,產生了過量的H2O2[17],參與并促進了ERS的發(fā)生,使Grp78-Perk通路激活。反之,內質網(wǎng)通路激活后,影響Duox2的表達,促進了氧化應激的發(fā)展[18]。而免疫組化染色與Western blotting結果一致。顯示Duox2、Grp78蛋白在對照組表達低,在炎癥組炎癥區(qū)域內染色強度和范圍都明顯增加,可能是參與炎癥的其他細胞的上述蛋白表達量增加所致。干預組Duox2和Grp78表達顯著低于炎癥組。
非成熟形式的Duox2表達于內質網(wǎng),而經加工成熟后的Duox2被運送到細胞膜表面[19],故免疫組化定位可見Duox2表達于胞漿和腸上皮細胞刷狀緣。Duox2及其成熟因子Duox2能直接產生H2O2[18]。這對于殺菌和正常腸道防御是必要的,過多的H2O2產生則會對機體造成氧化應激損傷。有研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),DSS處理小鼠后能直接誘導Duox2表達升高,表明Duox2可能在組織產生實質病理損傷前驅動炎癥反應的發(fā)生。而破壞細胞內氧化還原平衡狀態(tài),會使細胞對于ERS的有害作用更敏感,且抑制ROS的產生,可以減輕ERS后造成的細胞凋亡。核因子E2相關因子2(nuclear factor E2-related-factor2,Nrf2)是細胞應對氧化應激狀態(tài)的主要調節(jié)因子[21]。Nrf2還是Perk的下游底物[22]。當Perk通路激活時,可使其特定位點磷酸化,導致Nrf2在細胞核中的累積,增加Nrf2靶基因的轉錄。而Perk-Nrf2的適度激活,可以促進氧化還原平衡及ERS后的細胞存活[23]。Perk-eIF2α-Atf4-Chop作為ERS發(fā)生的重要信號通路,Perk和其下游eIF2α蛋白重要的特性就是對氧化還原平衡狀態(tài)的調節(jié)和使細胞適應因胞內ROS形成造成的氧化應激狀態(tài)。這些特性主要由增加的Atf4合成和轉錄活性介導,導致抗氧化物基因的表達[24]。
本實驗結果表明,TUDCA作為ERS特異性抑制劑,其減輕小鼠腸炎效果明顯。TUDCA緩解腸炎后ERS通路之一Grp78/Perk表達降低說明TUDCA的治療效果與抑制Grp78/Perk通路有關,且Duox2表達與Grp78/Perk一致,說明Perk信號通路可能對Duox2的表達有影響,具體作用機制還需進一步探索證明。TUDCA對小鼠腸炎的干預效果及對Duox2和Grp78-Perk通路表達的影響為今后臨床UC的發(fā)病機制和治療的研究提供新思路。
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(責任編輯:馬 軍)
Effect of mouse colitis alleviated by Tauroursodeoxycholate on expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress and dual oxidase2
LIANG Jun1, GAO Qiang2, CUI Meihua1, YU Weidong3, HOU Xiaolin1, YANG Cheng1, LI Xiang4
1.Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049; 2.Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology; 3.Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital; 4.Animal Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, China
Objective To investigate the effect of Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), a specific inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which alleviate mouse colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) on the expressions of chaperone proteins of ERS and the dual oxidase2 (Duox2). Methods Seven-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided randomly into control group, DSS group, TUDCA treatment group. Mice in the treatment group and inflammation group were used 2.5% DSS to induce colitis. Mice in the treatment group were
500 mg/kg TUDCA by gavage. On 8th day, all mice were sacrificed, the colon tissues were collected, HE staining was used to evaluate pathology of colon, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to examine the expressions of proteins including Duox2 and Grp78, Atf6, P-Ire1α/Ire1α, Ire1β, P-Perk/Perk. Results Mice colitis induced by DSS was alleviated by TUDCA. The expressions of Grp78, Duox2, P-Perk/Perk in DSS group were increased, and the expressions of these proteins were down to the level of control in treatment mice. Other proteins were not affected by inflammation or TUDCA. The IHC results were consistent with the results of Grp78 and Duox2 by Western blotting. Conclusion Mouse colitis alleviated by TUDCA could be associated with the inhibition of Grp78-Perk signal pathway, they may be interaction between Duox2 expression and Grp78-Perk signal pathway.
Ulcerative colitis; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Tauroursodeoxycholate; Dual oxidase2
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.01.011
國家自然科學基金(81370487);航天中心醫(yī)院科研基金(YN201310)
梁君,碩士,研究方向:炎癥性腸病。E-mail:daerduo.hi@163.com
崔梅花,博士,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:消化疾病的診治。E-mail:cuimeih@sina.com
R574.62
A
1006-5709(2017)01-0040-05
2016-02-26