郝婷婷,馬曉鵬,戴光榮,文 鐵,李 路
延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 1. 消化內(nèi)科; 2. 兒科; 3. CT室, 陜西 延安 716000; 4. 西安交通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者食管靜脈曲張CT表現(xiàn)預(yù)測(cè)首次上消化道出血的價(jià)值
郝婷婷1,馬曉鵬2,戴光榮1,文 鐵3,李 路4
延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 1. 消化內(nèi)科; 2. 兒科; 3. CT室, 陜西 延安 716000; 4. 西安交通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
目的 觀察肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者食管靜脈曲張的CT表現(xiàn),并對(duì)首次上消化道出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。方法 選取延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院肝硬化患者,根據(jù)是否存在門靜脈高壓,是否有門靜脈高壓并發(fā)食管靜脈曲張破裂致上消化道出血進(jìn)行分組,全部患者進(jìn)行CT掃描,對(duì)靜脈截面數(shù)量、門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支、胃底靜脈的直徑進(jìn)行測(cè)量。結(jié)果 肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者中有63.1%患有食管靜脈曲張,這些患者中有86.8%出現(xiàn)上消化道出血,無食管靜脈曲張者僅9.7%出現(xiàn)上消化道出血。食管靜脈曲張組較對(duì)照組靜脈截面數(shù)多,門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支和胃底靜脈的直徑均大于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。食管靜脈曲張組出血者的靜脈截面數(shù)多于未出血者,出血者門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支和胃底靜脈的直徑均大于未出血者(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 門靜脈高壓是肝硬化發(fā)展的一個(gè)主要危險(xiǎn)因子,可引發(fā)食管靜脈曲張,導(dǎo)致上消化道出血。在臨床中,可以用肝硬化門靜脈高壓食管靜脈曲張患者的CT圖來預(yù)測(cè)上消化道出血。
肝硬化;門靜脈高壓; 食管靜脈曲張; 上消化道出血
肝硬化是西方國(guó)家成人死亡的十大原因之一,是西班牙肝移植的主要原因[1]。肝硬化晚期并發(fā)癥可導(dǎo)致較高的住院率和衛(wèi)生資源消耗。因此,諸多學(xué)者致力于相關(guān)治療的研究[2]。肝硬化是一種以瘢痕組織積聚(纖維性結(jié)節(jié))為特征的慢性病變,使肝臟的正常結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生改變,瘢痕組織的積聚妨礙肝內(nèi)組織的血液循環(huán),導(dǎo)致門靜脈高壓,為了緩解靜脈壓力,在肝外產(chǎn)生側(cè)支血管。而肝硬化患者的側(cè)支血管在食管和胃形成靜脈曲張,這些靜脈非常脆弱,易發(fā)生破裂,導(dǎo)致難以制止的大出血。在我國(guó)肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者出現(xiàn)食管靜脈曲張的概率為85%,而食管靜脈曲張破裂引發(fā)的上消化道大出血的概率為20%,首次上消化道出血引起的死亡率高達(dá)30%[3]。因此,臨床上可根據(jù)肝硬化門靜脈高壓來預(yù)測(cè)食管靜脈曲張引起的上消化道出血,降低出血發(fā)生率和死亡率,為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。
1.1 一般資料選取2010年3月-2015年5月入住延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者84例,男60例,女24例,年齡23~82歲,平均年齡(48.00±6.45)歲,其中伴有食管靜脈曲張者53例作為食管靜脈曲張組,剩余患者作為對(duì)照組。食管靜脈曲張患者出現(xiàn)上消化道出血者46例,無食管靜脈曲張患者出現(xiàn)上消化道出血者3例。其中慢性肝炎后肝硬化患者61例,酒精性肝硬化18例,原發(fā)性肝硬化5例,患者無腎功能不全及對(duì)碘過敏者,兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法儀器采用西門子Sensation 64層螺旋CT掃描儀,選用碘普羅胺300注射液(優(yōu)維顯),常用量60~80 ml,用壓力注射器以3.5 ml/s速度注入,注射后行常規(guī)腹部CT掃描,管電流500 mA,最大球管電壓140 kV,最大掃描厚度12 mm,最薄掃描厚度0.75 mm。食管X線檢查,先進(jìn)行食管鋇餐,鋇餐濃度為200%(W/V)。得到的CT圖用圖像處理軟件進(jìn)行
處理,對(duì)靜脈截面數(shù)量、門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支、胃底靜脈的直徑進(jìn)行測(cè)量,測(cè)量3次,取平均值。
2.1 肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者出血情況肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者中53例(63.1%)患有食管靜脈曲張,其中86.8%(46/53)的患者出現(xiàn)上消化道出血,無食管靜脈曲張的患者僅9.7%(3/31)出現(xiàn)上消化道出血,食管靜脈曲張與門靜脈壓力呈一定正比關(guān)系(R=0.452,P<0.05)。
2.2 食管靜脈曲張組與對(duì)照組各項(xiàng)觀察指標(biāo)的比較食管靜脈曲張組的靜脈截面數(shù)多于對(duì)照組,門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支和胃底靜脈的直徑均大于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。食管靜脈曲張組出血者的脈截面數(shù)多于未出血者,出血者門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支和胃底靜脈的直徑均大于未出血者(P<0.05)。對(duì)照組出血者的脈截面數(shù)多于未出血者,出血者門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支和胃底靜脈的直徑均大于未出血者,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1)。
2.3 敏感度、特異度及ROC曲線肝硬化門靜脈高壓食管靜脈曲張患者靜脈截面數(shù)量、門靜脈主干、門靜脈左支、門靜脈右支、胃底靜脈的直徑與上消化道出血有相關(guān)性(見表2、圖1)。
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與本組出血者比較,ΔP<0.05。
表2 兩組敏感度和特異度比較
Tab 2 Comparison of sensitivity and specificity between two groups
食管靜脈曲張組靜脈截面門靜脈主干門靜脈左支門靜脈右支胃底靜脈對(duì)照組靜脈截面門靜脈主干門靜脈左支門靜脈右支胃底靜脈敏感度0.540.830.800.870.800.330.330.670.330.67特異度0.570.570.860.430.570.540.790.390.500.54
注:1: 靜脈截面; 2: 門靜脈主干; 3: 門靜脈左支; 4: 門靜脈右支; 5: 胃底靜脈
肝硬化門靜脈高壓癥發(fā)展到中晚期,會(huì)相繼出現(xiàn)一系列并發(fā)癥,包括食管胃底靜脈曲張并發(fā)的上消化道大出血、脾功能亢進(jìn)、腹膜腔感染、胃腸功能失調(diào)等[4]。如果這些并發(fā)癥得不到有效的預(yù)防和正確的治療,不但會(huì)影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,而且會(huì)威脅著患者的生命[5]。這些并發(fā)癥在性質(zhì)上雖是良性的,但其后果是嚴(yán)重的,預(yù)防和治療這些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展是重要的醫(yī)學(xué)課題[6]。上消化道出血以往檢查用的是內(nèi)鏡,給患者帶來諸多不適,本研究重在用CT來預(yù)測(cè)上消化道出血,可方便快捷的檢查患者病情。
由于肝硬化、肝癌患者肝臟功能損傷導(dǎo)致凝血功能障礙及脾亢進(jìn)從而引起血小板的減少,食管靜脈曲張患者一旦發(fā)生破裂,不容易止血,更易引起肝昏迷,甚則死亡,而且死亡率比較高[7],靜脈曲張出血患者的死亡率遠(yuǎn)高于門脈高壓性胃病患者的急性出血[8]。因此術(shù)前對(duì)食管靜脈曲張的診斷具有重要意義。
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(責(zé)任編輯:王全楚)
CT findings of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension predict the risk of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract for the first time
HAO Tingting1, MA Xiaopeng2, DAI Guangrong1, WEN Tie3, LI Lu4
1. Department of Gastroenterology; 2. Department of Pediatrics; 3. Department of CT Room, Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000; 4. Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
Objective To investigate the CT findings of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and to predict the risk of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract for the first time. Methods Cirrhosis patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University were selected. Based on the presence or absence of portal hypertension, whether there was a portal hypertension complicated with esophageal varices rupture caused hemorrhage of upper digestive tract were divided into different groups. All patients for CT scanning, the number of venous cross section, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein, gastric fundus vein diameter were measured.Results Esophageal varices were present in 63.1% of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, with an upper gastrointestinal bleeding of up to 86.8% in these patients, only 9.7% of the patients withont esophageal varices had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Compared with the control group, the number venous aross section was more in esophageal varices group, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein, gastric fundus vein diameter were larger (P<0.05). The number of venous sections, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein and gastric fundus vein diameter were more in patients with esophageal vances bleeding than those of without hemorrhage (P<0.05).Conclusion Portal hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cirrhosis, which can lead to esophageal varices, cause the digestive tract hemorrhage. In clinic, CT in patients of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension and esophageal varices can predict upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Cirrhosis; Portal hypertension; Esophageal varices; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
郝婷婷,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:肝臟疾病的相關(guān)診斷與治療。E-mail:haott2316@126.com
1.3969/j.issn.1007-5709.2017.01.009
R575.2
A
1006-5709(2017)01-0029-03
2016-02-02