施建黨,何 胤,楊宗強(qiáng),蘇勝杰,牛寧奎,丁惠強(qiáng)
·論 著·
經(jīng)皮穿刺射頻消融聯(lián)合球囊擴(kuò)張椎體后凸成形術(shù)治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的療效觀察
施建黨1,何 胤2,楊宗強(qiáng)1,蘇勝杰3,牛寧奎1,丁惠強(qiáng)1
目的 探討經(jīng)皮穿刺射頻消融(RFA)聯(lián)合球囊擴(kuò)張椎體后凸成形術(shù)( PKP)治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的臨床療效。方法 回顧性分析溶骨性脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者的臨床資料,其中18例行經(jīng)皮穿刺球囊擴(kuò)張椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP組),20例行經(jīng)皮穿刺射頻消融聯(lián)合椎體后凸成型術(shù)(RFA+PKP組)。PKP組中男10例,女8例,年齡(49.0±8.3)歲;PKP+RFA組中男11例,女9例,年齡(50.0±7.6)歲。記錄術(shù)前、術(shù)后視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)評(píng)估患者疼痛情況,羅蘭-摩理斯生活障礙問(wèn)卷表(RMDQ)評(píng)估患者功能障礙情況,觀察2組患者骨水泥外滲情況及術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率。結(jié)果 術(shù)后隨訪8~19個(gè)月,PKP組(13.28±2.23)個(gè)月,PKP+RFA組(13.69±1.85)個(gè)月。PKP組VAS評(píng)分從術(shù)前的(8.92±0.79)分降至(3.11±0.65)分,PKP+RFA組從術(shù)前的(8.75±0.86)分降至(2.77±0.89)分,2組術(shù)前、術(shù)后比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)前和術(shù)后6個(gè)月時(shí)2組患者VAS評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。2組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月時(shí)RMDQ較術(shù)前均有所改善,但2組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。PKP組骨水泥外滲率為21.12%,PKP+RFA組為12.02%;PKP組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率為31.21%,PKP+RFA組為9.11%,2組患者骨水泥外滲率及術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 PKP+RFA治療脊柱溶骨性轉(zhuǎn)移瘤可取得與PKP相似的臨床療效,短期內(nèi)可控制癌灶發(fā)展,改善患者生活質(zhì)量。
射頻消融;椎體后凸成形術(shù);脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌;療效
骨骼系統(tǒng)是惡性腫瘤常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)移部位,70%的惡性腫瘤患者晚期均有骨骼的轉(zhuǎn)移[1-2]。骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌中,約50%發(fā)生于脊柱。原發(fā)腫瘤以肺癌、乳癌、前列腺癌及甲狀腺癌最為常見(jiàn)[3]。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為,惡性腫瘤出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移為癌癥晚期,患者多無(wú)法耐受創(chuàng)傷較大的開(kāi)放性手術(shù),因此臨床醫(yī)生多采用保守治療,但保守治療很難完成疼痛緩解及脊柱穩(wěn)定的重建。腫瘤的侵襲及脊柱的失穩(wěn)是脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者疼痛的主要原因[4]。目前影像引導(dǎo)下的RFA和PKP均已成功應(yīng)用于脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的治療,其對(duì)腫瘤殺滅與脊柱穩(wěn)定性的重建作用已肯定。但各自均有其局限性,RAF只能殺滅腫瘤細(xì)胞,不能穩(wěn)定脊柱,而PKP能夠穩(wěn)定脊柱,但不能殺滅腫瘤,將二者聯(lián)合可否優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌,臨床應(yīng)用較少。本研究將聯(lián)合應(yīng)用兩種方法治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌,對(duì)其臨床療效進(jìn)行了觀察,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料:2013年9月-2015年9月,共收治38例脊柱溶骨性轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者,其中18例行球囊擴(kuò)張椎體凸成形術(shù)(PKP)(PKP組),20例行經(jīng)皮穿刺射消融(RFA)+PKP(RFA+PKP組)。2組患者的一般資料見(jiàn)表1,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析無(wú)顯著性差異。2組患者均表現(xiàn)為頑固性腰背部疼痛,無(wú)脊髓壓迫癥狀,且保守治療無(wú)效。
表1 2組患者術(shù)前一般資料的比較
1.2 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:簽訂手術(shù)知情同意書(shū)。加強(qiáng)患者圍術(shù)期護(hù)理、肺功能鍛煉及營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,經(jīng)椎弓根病灶穿刺活檢明確腫瘤病理性質(zhì)。根據(jù)腫瘤侵及范圍,制定置針?lè)桨?,選擇不同規(guī)格的電極、設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)針點(diǎn)、進(jìn)針?lè)较?、消融時(shí)間、消融能量及消融范圍。
1.3 手術(shù)方法:RFA+PKP組,①建立工作通道?;颊吒┡P位,G型臂下透視下定位病椎椎弓根并進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。常規(guī)消毒、鋪巾,2%利多卡因局麻,透視下經(jīng)皮椎弓根入路,與身體矢狀面成15~20°角穿刺,建立工作通道,采用骨活檢針經(jīng)工作通道穿刺病灶,取病灶組織(編號(hào)為標(biāo)本a),備送病理檢查。②射頻消融治療。在G臂透視下將RFA(Smith&Nephew ET 20S)電極針,經(jīng)椎弓根工作通道置入椎體病灶內(nèi),根據(jù)消融參數(shù),消融功率150 W,溫度由80 ℃開(kāi)始,最高(95±5)℃,消融時(shí)間累計(jì)8~10 min。電極針尖到達(dá)病灶中央后開(kāi)始消融,治療后緩慢取出射頻電極。對(duì)于形狀不規(guī)則腫瘤,術(shù)中可調(diào)整電極針的角度和方向,進(jìn)行多次消融。在無(wú)重要神經(jīng)、血管及重要臟器損傷的前提下,射頻消融范圍應(yīng)超過(guò)癌灶邊界0.5~1 cm。消融結(jié)束后,經(jīng)工作通道取射頻后病灶組織(編號(hào)為標(biāo)本b),和標(biāo)本a送病理檢查。③球囊擴(kuò)張。經(jīng)工作通道置入擴(kuò)張球囊,球囊置于椎體塌陷的最明顯部分,加壓器緩慢加壓,直至球囊擴(kuò)張至終板或預(yù)計(jì)的椎體擴(kuò)張效果時(shí)停止加壓,在病變椎體內(nèi)形成骨水泥填充的空腔。④注入團(tuán)狀期的骨水泥。球囊擴(kuò)張完成后,調(diào)制骨水泥成團(tuán)狀,取除球囊,G臂透視監(jiān)測(cè)下經(jīng)工作通道植入骨水泥推管,向病椎椎體內(nèi)注入團(tuán)狀期的骨水泥,使空腔填充滿意或骨水泥已達(dá)椎體邊緣為止。PKP組采用穿刺定位后,直接行PVP。術(shù)畢,退出工作通道,關(guān)閉皮膚穿刺口。
1.4 療效評(píng)估:VAS對(duì)治療前后的疼痛狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)估、分級(jí),RDSQ得分越高表明功能障礙越嚴(yán)重。分別在術(shù)后1個(gè)月、6個(gè)月以電話問(wèn)答和門(mén)診復(fù)查相結(jié)合的方式隨訪,觀察患者覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分VAS、RMDQ,復(fù)查X線片記錄骨水泥滲漏情況。
2.1 一般情況:2組患者順利完成手術(shù),射頻消融術(shù)后無(wú)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷及與其相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥,腫瘤細(xì)胞大量壞死。射頻消融前所取標(biāo)本病理檢查均提示為骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌,未見(jiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死;射頻消融后所取標(biāo)本病理檢查見(jiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞均壞死。術(shù)后隨訪8~19個(gè)月,PKP組(13.28±2.23)個(gè)月,PKP+RFA組(13.69±1.85)個(gè)月。
2.2 疼痛及功能障礙評(píng)估
2.2.1 VAS評(píng)估:記錄術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月、6個(gè)月時(shí)VAS值,見(jiàn)表2。2組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月時(shí)的VAS評(píng)分與術(shù)前比較均顯著性降低(P<0.05);PKP+RFA組與PKP組同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),2組患者術(shù)后疼痛緩解程度基本一致。
表2 2組患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后VAS 評(píng)分的比較(分,±s)
注:*與術(shù)前比較,P<0.05。
2.2.2 RMDQ評(píng)估結(jié)果:記錄術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月、6個(gè)月時(shí)RMDQ值,見(jiàn)表 2。2組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月時(shí)的RMDQ評(píng)分與術(shù)前比較均顯著性降低(P<0.05),PKP+RFA組與PKP組同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);2組患者術(shù)后日?;顒?dòng)功能恢復(fù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),疼痛緩解程度基本一致。
表3 2組患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后RMDQ評(píng)分的比較(分,±s)
注:*與術(shù)前比較,P<0.05。
2.3 骨水泥滲漏:PKP組發(fā)生骨水泥外滲6例,外滲率為33.33%,其中椎旁滲漏2例,椎間盤(pán)滲漏1例,椎弓根滲漏2例,混合滲漏(包含2種或2種以上滲漏)1例。PKP+RFA組骨水泥外滲3例,外滲率為15.00%;椎旁滲漏2例,椎間盤(pán)滲漏1例。2組患者骨水泥外滲率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.367,P<0.05),PKP+RFA組骨水泥外滲率明顯降低。
2.4 術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率:PKP組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)5例,復(fù)發(fā)率為27.78%;PKP+RFA組復(fù)發(fā)2例,復(fù)發(fā)率為10.00%,2組術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.367,P<0.05),PKP+RFA組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率明顯降低。
3.1 RFA及PKP治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的現(xiàn)狀:脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者疼痛的機(jī)制,主要包括機(jī)械性壓迫刺激,腫瘤侵潤(rùn)、細(xì)胞因子刺激周?chē)窠?jīng)末梢引起的炎性和化學(xué)性疼痛,針對(duì)該類(lèi)因素進(jìn)行微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療可獲得較好的療效[5]。PKP是目前治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌較為常用的微創(chuàng)手術(shù),向病椎內(nèi)注入聚甲基炳烯酸甲脂(PMMA),實(shí)現(xiàn)即時(shí)強(qiáng)化穩(wěn)定病椎、減輕疼痛、恢復(fù)椎體的高度及力學(xué)強(qiáng)度[6]。Deramond等將8 mL PMMA注入新鮮尸體標(biāo)本椎體內(nèi),測(cè)得PMMA中心區(qū)最高溫度平均為61.8℃[7],該溫度不足以充分地殺滅癌細(xì)胞,PMMA在椎體內(nèi)抗腫瘤作用的持續(xù)時(shí)間較短,常將PKP和其他方式聯(lián)合以更好地治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌。RFA是在影像引導(dǎo)下完成的熱毀損治療技術(shù),它通過(guò)電極針在患者身體內(nèi)建立電場(chǎng),交替電流引起電場(chǎng)震蕩,導(dǎo)致組織中的離子按照電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度作震蕩運(yùn)動(dòng),產(chǎn)生較高的熱量,殺死局部癌細(xì)胞,同時(shí)局部組織發(fā)生凝固形成反應(yīng),阻斷了癌灶的血供,目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于肝、肺等實(shí)體腫瘤的治療[8-9]。近年來(lái),RFA在脊柱腫瘤治療方面取得了較好的進(jìn)展。Samaha等[10]在CT引導(dǎo)下采用RFA治療脊柱骨樣骨瘤3例,術(shù)后患者疼痛解除,短期內(nèi)無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。
3.2 RFA聯(lián)合PKP治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的療效分析:將RFA和PKP二者聯(lián)合治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌,理論是可達(dá)到強(qiáng)強(qiáng)聯(lián)合、優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的效果:① RFA物理性損毀直接殺傷癌細(xì)胞,可使椎體內(nèi)軟組織腫瘤碳化,瘤體容積縮小,從而為骨水泥的填充提供空腔;RFA可使腫瘤周?chē)难芙M織凝固,腫瘤血管內(nèi)微血栓形成,從而降低PKP術(shù)中骨水泥的靜脈滲漏;射頻消融減少了腫瘤進(jìn)展誘發(fā)的病理骨折,間接提高了PKP防止病理性骨折的作用[11-12]。② PKP在PRF治療后可加固病變椎體,防止RFA誘發(fā)椎體病理骨折;對(duì)已發(fā)生病理性骨折的椎體,PKP能將病椎復(fù)位,避免進(jìn)一步造成神經(jīng)根痛和截癱發(fā)生。③ RFA和PKP均屬于微創(chuàng)手術(shù),即使手術(shù)耐受性差的晚期腫瘤患者也能采用這種方法安全治療,同時(shí)此治療過(guò)程中能取腫瘤組織標(biāo)本進(jìn)行病理檢查,為后續(xù)的進(jìn)一步治療提供客觀依據(jù)[8]。
本研究利用RFA和PKP的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在影像引導(dǎo)下行經(jīng)皮穿刺RFA聯(lián)合PKP治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌,通過(guò)評(píng)估術(shù)前和術(shù)后VAS、JOA及RDS,患者疼痛癥狀緩解明顯,術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,患者的生活質(zhì)量得到顯著改善。全部患者生存期超過(guò)3個(gè)月,至少有72.2%的患者生存期超過(guò)半年,療效滿意。RFA后癌灶標(biāo)本肉眼觀呈碳化狀,病理檢查提示腫瘤細(xì)胞全部壞死,術(shù)中RFA能夠達(dá)到腫瘤細(xì)胞變性壞死的熱損毀溫度。術(shù)中及至術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí)未見(jiàn)脊柱不穩(wěn)、椎體骨折及骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生,經(jīng)皮穿刺RFA聯(lián)合PKP治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌安全。對(duì)于脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者選擇單側(cè)經(jīng)皮椎弓根穿刺抑或雙側(cè)經(jīng)皮椎弓根穿刺,Steinmann等[9]采用體外力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)球囊擴(kuò)張與雙側(cè)手術(shù)效果及力學(xué)性能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本方案均采用單側(cè)經(jīng)皮椎弓根穿刺,如術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)側(cè)半椎體擴(kuò)張或者填充不良,則須行雙側(cè)經(jīng)皮椎弓根穿刺。如一側(cè)椎弓和小關(guān)節(jié)突被癌灶所侵蝕,可以選擇先對(duì)該病灶進(jìn)行RFA,然后經(jīng)對(duì)側(cè)椎弓進(jìn)針行PKP治療[13]。
3.3 RFA聯(lián)合PKP治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的并發(fā)癥及其預(yù)防:本研究所有患者術(shù)中、術(shù)后均雖未見(jiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。但此方法可有以下并發(fā)癥,主要為RFA和PKP各自引起的并發(fā)癥,RFA的主要并發(fā)癥為神經(jīng)根或周?chē)M織的熱損傷。Atsuhiro等[14]對(duì)17例脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者實(shí)施經(jīng)皮穿刺RFA治療,其中4例患者發(fā)生了神經(jīng)損傷(23.5%),4例患者中3例椎體后壁皮質(zhì)不完整,1例術(shù)前神經(jīng)根受損。Dupuy等[15]在RFA溫度分布實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)骨松質(zhì)和骨皮質(zhì)對(duì)阻止熱傳遞有一定的作用,因此病椎椎體后壁皮質(zhì)的完整性是有效防止RFA術(shù)中脊髓損傷的重要保障。術(shù)中電極針位置、射頻溫度和射頻時(shí)間的選擇是預(yù)防RFA并發(fā)癥關(guān)鍵的關(guān)鍵,因此術(shù)中電極針與重要神經(jīng)、血管的間距需保持在1 cm以上。PKP的主要并發(fā)癥為骨水泥的滲漏,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道PKP骨水泥滲漏率為1.2%~8.4%,與骨水泥注射的量呈正相關(guān)性。并不是所有的骨水泥滲漏都會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重后果,大多數(shù)無(wú)臨床癥狀。充分的球囊擴(kuò)張?jiān)谧刁w內(nèi)建立了低壓空隙,使骨水泥易于注射,可降低骨水泥外漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Explore the clinical curative effect of the radiofrequency ablation combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty to treat the spinal metastases
SHIJiandang1,HEYin2,YANGZongqiang1,SUShengjie3,NIUNingkui1,DINGHuiqiang1.
1.DepartmentofSpineOrthopedics,GeneralHospitalofNingxiaMedicalUniversity,Yinchuan750004,China;2.DepartmentofOrthopedics,CentralHospitalofGuangyuan,Guangyuan628000,China;3.NingxiaMedicalUniversity,Yinchuan750004,China
HEYin,Email:heyin126@126.com
Objective To explore the clinical curative effectefficacy and safety of combination treatment with the technology that RFA combined withand PKP to the spinal metastases.Methods 18 cases of patients were operated with PKP,18 underwent PKP Group,10 male cases and 8 female inccases,average age was 49.0±8.3;20 underwent RFA+PKP group which were included 11 male cases and 9 female cases,average age was 50.0±7.6.Valued the clinical curative effect through the preoperational in the first month and the sixth month of VAS,RMDQ postoperatively, and observed the bone cement leakage and tumor recurrence of the two groups after surgery.Results All cases were followed up for 8~19 months,(13.28±2.23)months in group PKP and (13.69±1.85)months in group PKP +RFA.VAS was from pre-operation 8.92±0.79 to post-operation 3.11±0.65 in group PKP,and VAS was from pre-operation 8.75±0.86 to post-operation 2.77±0.89 in group PKP+RFA.There were statistically significant differences two groups (P<0.05).VAS of preoperative and 6 months postoperative were no significant differences (P>0.05).Two groups after 6 months operation compared with preoperative RMDQ improved,VAS of two groups in postoperative wasis no statistical difference (P>0.05).The bone cement leakage rate was 21.12% in group PKP and was 12.02% in group PKP+RFA,tumor recurrence rate of the group PKP was 31.21% and PKP +RFA was 9.11% (P<0.05).Conclusions RFA combined with PKP,which has a similar clinical curative effect to compared with PKP and it can restrain the development of the cancer in short term,also it can improve the quality of patients’ life significantly.
RFA;PKP;Spinalmetastases;Curativeeffect
10.13621/j.1001-5949.2017.03.0225
寧夏衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)重點(diǎn)科研計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015NW023)
1.寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院脊柱骨科,寧夏 銀川 750004 2.四川省廣元市中心醫(yī)院骨二科,四川 廣元 628000 3.寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué),寧夏 銀川 750004
施建黨(1968-),男,主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主要從事脊柱外科、骨腫瘤研究方向。
何胤,Email:heyin126@126.com
http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/64.1008.R.20170313.0934.016.html
R543
A
2016-09-21 [責(zé)任編輯]李 潔