周燕,張士發(fā)
影響嬰幼兒腸道微生物定植的相關(guān)因素的研究進(jìn)展
周燕,張士發(fā)*
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院兒科,安徽蕪湖241001)
嬰幼兒腸道微生物菌群的形成從胎兒期開始延續(xù)到2~3歲,是個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程。早期腸道微生物與宿主間的相關(guān)作用對(duì)人類健康發(fā)育及新陳代謝具有重要作用。遺傳、環(huán)境、胎齡、分娩方式、喂養(yǎng)方式、斷奶、使用抗生素、益生菌等都可影響腸道微生物定植。
腸道微生物;菌群定植;嬰幼兒
嬰幼兒腸道微生物群的形成是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)態(tài)演替的過程[1]。新生兒腸道菌群定植過程中,開始定植的細(xì)菌為需氧菌與兼性厭氧菌,包括大腸埃希菌、葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、腸球菌、腸桿菌[1]。這些細(xì)菌消耗腸道內(nèi)氧氣,為雙歧桿菌、擬桿菌、梭狀芽孢桿菌等厭氧菌創(chuàng)造缺氧環(huán)境[1]。2~3歲后腸道微生物群和成年人相似,具有較高穩(wěn)定性和多樣性,而1歲前嬰兒腸道微生物群多樣性低、穩(wěn)定性差、個(gè)體差異大,極易受到各種因素的影響而發(fā)生改變[1-2]。本文從胎兒期、出生時(shí)、出生后3個(gè)時(shí)期影響嬰幼兒菌群定植的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 孕婦肥胖和飲食孕婦肥胖、飲食可影響腸道微生物菌群,并且影響新生兒腸道微生物的定植[3-4]。Collado等[5]研究表明,相對(duì)于體重正常母親的嬰幼兒,母親肥胖的嬰幼兒在出生后1個(gè)月時(shí)腸道內(nèi)擬桿菌屬-普雷沃菌數(shù)量較少,在6月齡時(shí)溶組織梭菌數(shù)量較多。Laursen等[6]研究顯示,孕婦肥胖本身并不影響腸道微生物群的總體構(gòu)成,孕婦高脂肪飲食可改變新生兒腸道微生物群,這種改變可持續(xù)4~6周。Gohir等[7]給予懷孕小鼠喂食高脂肪食物后,其妊娠晚期腸道微生物群明顯不同于正常喂養(yǎng)的小鼠,表明孕婦妊娠期飲食可影響腸道微生物群。孕婦肥胖可能通過垂直傳播或者家庭飲食習(xí)慣影響新生兒腸道微生物群[6],但相關(guān)機(jī)制還不明確,需進(jìn)一步研究。
1.2 遺傳對(duì)動(dòng)物和人類的相關(guān)研究支持遺傳因素可影響嬰幼兒腸道微生物群。通過比較同卵雙胞胎、異卵雙胞胎、普通胎兒間的腸道微生物,發(fā)現(xiàn)同卵雙胞胎的腸道菌群相似度高于異卵雙胞胎和普通胎兒[8]。Murphy等[9]研究3例三胞胎(一對(duì)同卵雙胞胎和一個(gè)異卵胎兒)的腸道微生物組成時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)生后1個(gè)月內(nèi),同卵雙胞胎間的腸道微生物群相似度很高,與異卵胎兒的腸道微生物群差別很大;但隨著抗生素的使用,2個(gè)月后這種差異逐漸縮小,1歲后三胞胎間腸道微生物群基本無差異。為明確哪些基因在腸道菌群遺傳中起決定
作用,Goodrich等[10]通過檢測(cè)1 126對(duì)雙胞胎糞便中945種微生物,發(fā)現(xiàn)8.8%腸道微生物群均有遺傳性,包括Christensenellaceae的細(xì)菌家族、甲烷桿菌屬、放線菌屬、梭菌科、消化球菌科,其中Christensenellaceae的細(xì)菌家族具有高度遺傳性,但這些腸道微生物的遺傳穩(wěn)定性不高。這些研究結(jié)果表明宿主遺傳在胎兒期和嬰兒早期影響腸道微生物群的組成。
1.3 宮內(nèi)接觸近年研究證實(shí),在孕婦胎盤、羊水和新生兒胎糞中存在微生物,且這些腸道微生物主要為大腸桿菌屬、明串珠菌屬[11]。雖然無法排除檢測(cè)樣本有無污染,但動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn)都表明腸道微生物可由孕婦傳遞給胎兒[12]。Jiménez等[13]給孕鼠口服接種基因標(biāo)記的腸球菌后,在孕鼠羊水和經(jīng)剖宮產(chǎn)的仔鼠胎糞中檢測(cè)到這種基因標(biāo)記的腸球菌,而在未接種腸球菌的孕鼠的仔鼠胎糞中未檢出此細(xì)菌。Collado等[14]為確保無菌取樣,通過對(duì)選擇性剖宮產(chǎn)的足月妊娠孕婦的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胎盤和羊水中存在微生物群,且胎盤和羊水中的微生物群特征與新生兒胎糞中微生物群具有一致性。
1.4 孕婦分娩前使用抗生素使用抗生素可影響孕婦自身及嬰幼兒的微生物群定植[15]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)768例孕婦進(jìn)行的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究表明,孕婦口服治療尿路感染的抗生素后,陰道微生物群中的葡萄球菌屬明顯增多;口服治療呼吸道感染的抗生素后,妊娠晚期大腸桿菌屬明顯增多[16]。妊娠期使用抗生素(阿奇霉素、阿莫西林、頭孢克洛)后腸道微生物群中的變形菌門增加,而厚壁菌門減少[17]。產(chǎn)婦分娩期使用抗生素治療后,3月齡嬰幼兒的腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)明顯改變,擬桿菌屬和Parabacteroides減少,腸球菌屬和梭菌屬增多[18]。Aloisio等[19]研究B組鏈球菌陽性的產(chǎn)婦在分娩期預(yù)防性使用抗生素對(duì)經(jīng)陰道分娩的新生兒腸道菌群定植的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),與分娩期未預(yù)防性使用抗生素相比,分娩期預(yù)防性使用抗生素顯著減少7日齡嬰兒腸道內(nèi)雙歧桿菌的數(shù)量。
1.5 孕婦食用益生菌食用益生菌可影響嬰幼兒早期的菌群定植。坦桑尼亞的孕婦自妊娠中期開始至分娩后1周持續(xù)食用含鼠李糖乳桿菌的酸奶后,孕婦自身口腔、腸道、陰道內(nèi)的腸道菌群未見改變,但新生兒糞便中雙歧桿菌明顯增多,腸桿菌明顯減少[20]。Dotterud等[21]研究也證實(shí),孕婦妊娠晚期食用含乳酸桿菌、雙歧桿菌的乳制品后,嬰幼兒出生后第10天和3月齡時(shí)乳酸桿菌明顯增多;但在1歲和2歲時(shí),與母親未食用益生菌的嬰幼兒相比,腸道微生物中乳酸桿菌的含量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 分娩方式經(jīng)陰道分娩的新生兒定植的腸道菌群主要源于其母親的產(chǎn)道及外周的細(xì)菌;而對(duì)于剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的新生兒,醫(yī)院環(huán)境、醫(yī)護(hù)人員、其母親皮膚上的微生物在其腸道菌群定植過程中起重要的作用。Lee等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在出生后第1天和第3天,經(jīng)陰道分娩的新生兒的腸道微生物的多樣性明顯多于剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的新生兒。但Gosalbes等[23]研究顯示,分娩方式對(duì)新生兒胎糞中的微生物群無明顯影響。最近一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)研究表明,剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的新生兒從出生至3月齡,其腸道微生物中的放線菌門和擬桿菌門的菌群數(shù)量和多樣性減少,但厚壁菌門的菌群數(shù)量和多樣性增多;隨著年齡的增長,分娩方式對(duì)6月至1歲嬰幼兒腸道內(nèi)雙歧桿菌屬、擬桿菌屬、梭狀芽孢桿菌屬、乳酸菌屬的菌群多樣性影響逐漸變?。?4]。Dominguez-Bello等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的新生兒接觸母親陰道分泌物后,其腸道、口腔、皮膚上的微生物類似于經(jīng)陰道分娩的新生兒,尤其在新生兒期,表明剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的嬰幼兒的微生物群在一定程度上可移植母親陰道的微生物進(jìn)行修復(fù)。
2.2 胎齡胎齡是另一個(gè)影響嬰幼兒腸道菌群定植的因素。Arboleya等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早產(chǎn)兒生后第2天,糞便中厚壁菌門比例顯著增高,擬桿菌門明顯減少;1月齡時(shí),變形菌門顯著增多,放線菌門明顯減少。隨日齡增長,梭菌屬和擬桿菌屬增多,葡萄球菌屬和嗜血桿菌屬減少[27]。另外,大腸桿菌、腸球菌、鏈球菌、葡萄球菌、克雷伯菌等隱性致病微生物更多見于早產(chǎn)兒[28]。醫(yī)院環(huán)境中的菌群差異、抗生素的使用、母乳喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間延遲、母乳中寡聚糖吸收不良等都可影響早產(chǎn)兒腸道菌群定植[29]。
3.1 喂養(yǎng)方式母乳喂養(yǎng)和配方奶喂養(yǎng)的嬰幼兒腸道微生物群的組成結(jié)構(gòu)存在明顯不同[30]。母乳中含大量的微生物,主要為葡萄球菌屬、鏈球菌屬、乳桿菌屬、雙歧桿菌屬[31]。1月齡時(shí),相比于母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰幼兒,配方奶喂養(yǎng)的嬰幼兒定植的更多的是大腸桿菌、艱難梭菌、乳酸桿菌;3月齡時(shí),母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰幼兒糞便微生物絕大多數(shù)是擬桿菌門(主要為擬桿菌屬),而配方奶喂養(yǎng)的嬰幼兒糞便微生物更多的是厚壁菌門[30]?;罹偷途厶堑暮坎煌赡苁?種喂養(yǎng)方式導(dǎo)致嬰幼兒腸道菌群存在差異的部分原因。母乳含有大量結(jié)構(gòu)多樣的低聚糖,嬰幼兒腸道微生物中的雙歧桿菌屬、乳桿菌屬、擬桿菌屬等可將低聚糖降解成小分子糖,為自身的生命活動(dòng)提供更多的能量,進(jìn)而成為優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群;鏈球菌、葡萄球菌、腸球菌等微生物可糖酵解剩余的小分子糖[32]。
3.2 斷奶嬰幼兒斷奶后,擬桿菌屬、嗜膽菌屬、梭菌屬、丁酸弧菌屬等腸道微生物的種類明顯增多,并過度到成年人樣腸道微生物群[32]。添加輔食后腸道微生物群的改變呈飲食相關(guān)性。在添加輔食之前,西方和非洲嬰幼兒腸道微生物群主要受母乳喂養(yǎng)的影響,具有類似的雙歧桿菌屬的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群;而添加輔食后,因添加輔食的不同,腸道微生物群出現(xiàn)地域差異[33]。相比于食用高蛋白、高脂、高糖、低纖維食物的意大利兒童,食用低脂、低蛋白、高纖維食物的非洲嬰幼兒腸道微生物群主要為擬桿菌門,很少為厚壁菌門[33]。Bergstr?m等[34]對(duì)丹麥330名嬰幼兒腸道菌群的研究也證實(shí),嬰幼兒添加輔食后,9~18月齡為腸道微生物群改變最明顯時(shí)期,表現(xiàn)為雙歧桿菌屬、乳桿菌屬減少,厚壁菌門增多。
3.3 食用益生元和益生菌相比于未食用益生菌的嬰幼兒,食用羅伊乳桿菌DSM 17938的嬰幼兒,革蘭陰性厭氧菌明顯減少,革蘭陽性厭氧菌增多;而未食用益生菌的嬰幼兒腸道內(nèi)腸桿菌和腸球菌明顯增多[35]。Simone等[36]研究證實(shí),短雙歧桿菌B632可抑制嬰幼兒腸道內(nèi)腸桿菌的繁殖。母乳中除含有益生菌外,還含有大量結(jié)構(gòu)多樣的低聚糖,配方奶添加益生元后可替代母乳低聚糖的益生元作用。研究顯示,相比于單純配方奶喂養(yǎng),配方乳添加短鏈半乳寡聚糖或半乳寡聚糖加長鏈低聚果糖(9︰1)的混合物后,嬰幼兒糞便pH值降低,乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌數(shù)量增多,表明益生元具備母乳低聚糖的部分活性[37]。然而,益生元調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物的具體作用機(jī)制還不明確。
3.4 使用抗生素早產(chǎn)兒使用抗生素后,腸道微生物群明顯改變,多樣性減少[38]??股貙?duì)腸道微生物群的影響程度取決于抗生素的種類、劑量、用藥時(shí)間以及給藥途徑[38]。Dardas等[39]研究抗生素用藥時(shí)間長短對(duì)腸道微生物群的影響時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)使用抗生素7~10 d的新生兒,在10日齡時(shí),腸道菌群多樣性降低,主要為厚壁菌門和擬桿菌門;1月齡時(shí),與僅使用2 d抗生素的新生兒相比,腸道菌群多樣性差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,變形菌門和放線菌門增多[39]。Fouhy等[40]以停用4周抗生素的嬰幼兒作為對(duì)照組,使用氨芐青霉素和慶大霉素治療的嬰幼兒在48 h內(nèi)定植的變形菌更多,而放線菌和乳酸菌較少;到第8周時(shí),放線菌和乳酸菌的數(shù)量增加至對(duì)照組同等水平,而變形菌未見減少。
綜上所述,遺傳、環(huán)境、胎齡、分娩方式、喂養(yǎng)方式、斷奶、使用抗生素、益生菌等都可影響嬰幼兒腸道微生物的定植,但其具體機(jī)制尚不明確?,F(xiàn)研究表明早期腸道微生物的定植會(huì)對(duì)嬰幼兒消化系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及生長發(fā)育產(chǎn)生巨大影響。因此,繼續(xù)對(duì)相關(guān)因素如何影響嬰幼兒腸道微生物定植做進(jìn)一步研究是必要的。
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Re s e a r c h Pr o g r e s s o f t h e Re l a t e d Fa c t o r s In f l u e n c i n g t h e In f a n t G u t M i c r o b i a l Co l o n i z a t i o n
ZHOU Yan,ZHANG Shifa*
(Department of Pediatrics,Yijishan Hospital,Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241001,China)
Development of the infant gut microbiota is a dynamic process that begins prenatally and continues during the first two to three years of life.Interactions between the commensal bacteria and the host in the early postnatal period are important for metabolism and healthy development of human.There are many factors,such as host genetics,environmental factors,gestational age,mode of delivery,diet,weaning,antibiotic use and probiotics,can influence microbial colonization in infants.
gut microbiota;microbial colonization;infant
R333.3
A
1008-2344(2017)02-0171-04
2016-08-04
(文敏編輯)
張士發(fā)(1967—),男(漢),主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:新生兒學(xué).E-mail:wuhuzhangsf@163.com
d o i:10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2017.02.030
沈陽醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2017年2期