祁 杰,鄭見(jiàn)寶,孫學(xué)軍,王孝瓏,余鈞輝,吳云樺,高 琪,王 愷,賀 賽
(1陜西省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)二科,西安 710068;2西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院普通外科;3西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤外科;4陜西省腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺病院;*通訊作者,E-mail:hesai.2006@stu.xjtu.edu.cn)
5HRE增強(qiáng)子和hTERT啟動(dòng)子聯(lián)合調(diào)控CDX2基因?qū)β闶笠浦擦龅囊种谱饔?/p>
祁 杰1,鄭見(jiàn)寶2,孫學(xué)軍2,王孝瓏3,余鈞輝2,吳云樺2,高 琪2,王 愷2,賀 賽4*
(1陜西省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)二科,西安 710068;2西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院普通外科;3西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤外科;4陜西省腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺病院;*通訊作者,E-mail:hesai.2006@stu.xjtu.edu.cn)
目的 探討5HRE增強(qiáng)子和hTERT啟動(dòng)子聯(lián)合調(diào)控CDX2基因?qū)Y(jié)腸癌LoVo細(xì)胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的抑制作用,為結(jié)腸癌生物治療提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。 方法 將復(fù)蘇前期篩選的穩(wěn)定表達(dá)pLVX-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(hC)的LoVo細(xì)胞(hC/LoVo)、空LoVo細(xì)胞、穩(wěn)定表達(dá)pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-3FLAG(5Hh)的LoVo細(xì)胞(5Hh/LoVo)及轉(zhuǎn)染pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(5HhC)的LoVo細(xì)胞(5HhC/LoVo),接種各組細(xì)胞制備裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,觀察構(gòu)建的載體對(duì)LoVo細(xì)胞移植瘤生長(zhǎng)的影響;免疫組化法觀察移植瘤CDX2和Ki-67的表達(dá)情況。 結(jié)果 成功復(fù)蘇轉(zhuǎn)染5HhC的LoVo細(xì)胞及各組對(duì)照LoVo細(xì)胞。各組裸鼠皮下接種腫瘤細(xì)胞后均成功致瘤,成瘤率為100%;5HhC組種植瘤生長(zhǎng)速度顯著低于其他組(P<0.05);終點(diǎn)時(shí)間第18天時(shí),5HhC組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的體積明顯小于其他各組(P<0.05);5HhC組種植瘤質(zhì)量為(0.20±0.16)g,明顯低于hC/LoVo組(0.34±0.21)g,空LoVo細(xì)胞組(0.61±0.19)g及5Hh/LoVo組(0.55±0.27)g(P<0.05);5HhC組種植瘤中CDX2表達(dá)為(87±7)%,明顯低于hC/LoVo組(55±4)%,空LoVo細(xì)胞組(15±3)%及5Hh/LoVo組(17±5)%(P<0.05);5HhC組種植瘤中Ki-67表達(dá)為(7±7)%,明顯低于hC/LoVo組(13±2)%,空LoVo細(xì)胞組(38±5)%及5Hh/LoVo組(85±9)%(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 構(gòu)建的雙靶向調(diào)控載體5HhC可以抑制結(jié)腸癌LoVo細(xì)胞裸鼠移植瘤的生長(zhǎng)。
基因治療載體; 結(jié)腸癌; 裸鼠; 移植瘤; CDX2; Ki-67
結(jié)腸癌是全世界常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,其病死率位居惡性腫瘤死因的第二位[1],預(yù)后不甚理想,且其發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[2]。結(jié)腸癌的治療是當(dāng)今世界面臨的一個(gè)重要難題,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)越來(lái)越關(guān)注腫瘤的基因治療[3-5]。本課題組[6]前期構(gòu)建完成了5個(gè)拷貝的缺氧反應(yīng)元件(hypoxia response element,HRE)和人端粒酶催化亞單位(human telomerase reverse transcriptase,hTERT)雙靶向聯(lián)合調(diào)控元件,調(diào)控抑癌基因CDX2表達(dá)的慢病毒表達(dá)載體pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(5HhC)及其對(duì)照載體pLVX-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(hC)、pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-3FLAG(5Hh),并將上述載體進(jìn)行病毒包裝,轉(zhuǎn)染人結(jié)腸癌LoVo細(xì)胞,獲得了穩(wěn)定表達(dá)5HhC的LoVo細(xì)胞(5HhC/LoVo)及穩(wěn)定表達(dá)hC、5Hh的LoVo細(xì)胞(hC/LoVo、5Hh/LoVo),旨在利用增強(qiáng)子HRE和特異性啟動(dòng)子hTERT組成的調(diào)控元件,高效、特異地增強(qiáng)其下游抑癌基因CDX2的表達(dá)。在前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本課題組已在體外對(duì)該載體的靶向性、特異性以及對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系LoVo的增殖抑制進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證[7,8],本研究采用皮下組織塊原位移植法構(gòu)建裸鼠人結(jié)腸癌移植模型,進(jìn)一步觀察構(gòu)建的雙靶向調(diào)控載體在體內(nèi)環(huán)境中對(duì)結(jié)腸癌移植瘤生長(zhǎng)的影響。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與細(xì)胞株
4周齡雄性BALB/c裸鼠24只,購(gòu)自上海斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限責(zé)任公司,飼養(yǎng)于SPF條件下。人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株LoVo及單克隆細(xì)胞hC/LoVo、5Hh/LoVo、5HhC/LoVo均由本課題組前期保存,于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,置于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),取生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2 主要試劑
胎牛血清、DMEM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司,兔抗人CDX2、Ki-67單克隆抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)epitomics公司;辣根標(biāo)記羊抗兔二抗、SP兔HRP顯色試劑盒購(gòu)自中杉公司。
1.3 裸鼠移植瘤模型的建立
BALB/c裸鼠隨機(jī)分為hC/LoVo、LoVo、5Hh/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo細(xì)胞組,每組6只。收集處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的各組細(xì)胞,于每組裸鼠后背部皮下注射0.2 ml各組細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞密度均調(diào)整至5×106/ml。細(xì)胞種植完成后,每天觀察并記錄腫塊出現(xiàn)時(shí)間。腫瘤形成后,繼續(xù)觀察,每3 d用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量腫瘤的長(zhǎng)徑a和短徑b,并計(jì)算腫瘤體積(V=π/6×ab2),繪制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)曲線。于腫塊長(zhǎng)至直徑約1.5-2 cm大小時(shí),斷頸處死裸鼠,摘取移植瘤并稱重,并計(jì)算抑瘤率。抑瘤率(%)=(正常對(duì)照組平均瘤質(zhì)量-抑制組平均瘤質(zhì)量)/正常對(duì)照組平均瘤質(zhì)量×100%[9]。
1.4 免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)裸鼠移植瘤組織中CDX2,Ki-67蛋白的表達(dá)
將各組裸鼠移植瘤組織經(jīng)40 g/L多聚甲醛固定,常規(guī)脫水,石蠟包埋,連續(xù)切片,切片厚度4-6 μm。參照免疫組化SP法試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行操作,以PBS液代替一抗作為陰性對(duì)照。胞質(zhì)/胞核棕黃色染色為陽(yáng)性,其中CDX2以胞質(zhì)著色為主,Ki-67以胞核染色為主,每張切片隨機(jī)取5個(gè)視野(×400),觀察200個(gè)細(xì)胞,計(jì)數(shù)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 5HhC對(duì)裸鼠皮下種植瘤生長(zhǎng)的影響
裸鼠皮下分別接種hC/LoVo、LoVo、5Hh/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo單細(xì)胞懸液后,全部存活并有腫瘤形成,致瘤成功率100%。各組種植瘤持續(xù)生長(zhǎng),未出現(xiàn)致瘤裸鼠死亡,第18天時(shí)拍照記錄并處死裸鼠獲取腫瘤(見(jiàn)圖1)。繪制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)曲線,hC/LoVo組和5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤生長(zhǎng)速度顯著低于LoVo與5Hh/LoVo組(P<0.05),5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤生長(zhǎng)速度顯著低于hC/LoVo組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)圖2);終點(diǎn)時(shí)間第18天,hC/LoVo組和5HhC/LoVo組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的體積顯著小于LoVo與5Hh/LoVo組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的體積(P<0.05),并且5HhC/LoVo組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的體積亦明顯小于hC/LoVo組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的體積,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 5HhC對(duì)腫瘤質(zhì)量的影響及抑瘤率
終點(diǎn)時(shí)間處死裸鼠獲取各組腫瘤,稱取腫瘤質(zhì)量,hC/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤質(zhì)量分別為(0.34±0.21)g和(0.20±0.16)g,明顯低于LoVo組(0.61±0.19)g及5Hh/LoVo組(0.55±0.27)g(P<0.05);hC/LoVo組與5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤質(zhì)量亦有明顯差異(P<0.05,見(jiàn)圖3)。與LoVo組比較,hC/LoVo組及5HhC/LoVo組的抑瘤率分別為44.3%及67.2%。
從左至右分別為hC/LoVo、LoVo、5Hh/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo組圖1 5HhC抑制裸鼠皮下結(jié)腸癌種植瘤生長(zhǎng)Figure 1 5HhC suppressed the growth of transplanted colorectal tumors
與5Hh/LoVo和LoVo組比較,*P<0.05;與hC/LoVo組比較,#P<0.05圖2 各組裸鼠移植瘤生長(zhǎng)曲線Figure 2 The growth curve of xenograft tumor in all groups
與5Hh/LoVo組和LoVo組比較,*P<0.05;與hC/ LoVo組比較,#P<0.05圖3 各組裸鼠移植瘤質(zhì)量對(duì)比Figure 3 Comparison of tumor weight among four groups
2.3 各組種植瘤中CDX2,Ki-67的表達(dá)
CDX2在腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),胞質(zhì)有棕黃色染色為CDX2蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá);Ki-67在腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)于細(xì)胞核,胞核有棕黃色染色為Ki-67蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá)(見(jiàn)圖4)。hC/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo組CDX2蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá)細(xì)胞所占百分比分別為(55±4)%和(87±7)%,明顯高于LoVo組(15±3)%及5Hh/LoVo組(17±5)%,其中5HhC/LoVo組的CDX2
表達(dá)明顯高于hC/LoVo組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)圖5)。hC/LoVo和5HhC/LoVo組Ki-67蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá)細(xì)胞所百分比分別為(13±2)%與(7±7)%,明顯低于LoVo組(38±5)%及5Hh/LoVo組(85±9)%,其中,5HhC/LoVo組的Ki-67表達(dá)明顯低于hC/LoVo組(P<0.05,見(jiàn)圖5)。
低氧是實(shí)體腫瘤的共同特征,它是癌細(xì)胞快速增殖與血液供應(yīng)相對(duì)滯后的結(jié)果[10,11]。近年來(lái),腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)與其內(nèi)部的缺氧微環(huán)境的關(guān)系倍受研究者關(guān)注。缺氧反應(yīng)元件(hypoxia response element,HRE)是位于低氧相關(guān)基因3′或5′端的一段DNA序列,其核心序列可與缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子HIF-1特異結(jié)合,形成轉(zhuǎn)錄起始復(fù)合物,從而啟動(dòng)靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[12]。近年來(lái),為了增加目的基因在缺氧微環(huán)境下的表達(dá)水平,5個(gè)拷貝的缺氧反應(yīng)元件(HRE)作為一種增強(qiáng)子,經(jīng)常被應(yīng)用于治療載體的構(gòu)建。Wang等[11]證明5HRE調(diào)控的TSST-1基因的表達(dá)在缺氧微環(huán)境下能夠明顯上調(diào)。因此,作為增強(qiáng)子,5HRE可以很好地在缺氧微環(huán)境下上調(diào)目的基因的表達(dá)。分子靶向性基因治療在腫瘤的治療中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,使用腫瘤特異性啟動(dòng)子調(diào)控治療載體的表達(dá),使得腫瘤的靶向性基因治療成為可能。hTERT啟動(dòng)子,由于其在大多數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá),而在正常細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)[13-16],使得它在治療載體的構(gòu)建中成為一種有用的調(diào)控元件。Hashimoto等[16]構(gòu)建了一種hTERT啟動(dòng)子調(diào)控的溶菌細(xì)胞腺病毒載體,可以有效地特異性殺傷人腫瘤細(xì)胞,而對(duì)人正常的體細(xì)胞沒(méi)有作用。上述數(shù)據(jù)表明,在腫瘤的基因治療過(guò)程中,腫瘤特異性的hTERT啟動(dòng)子為我們提供了一種新途徑。
圖4 各組種植瘤中CDX2,Ki-67的表達(dá)Figure 4 Immunohistochemical staining of CDX2,Ki-67 expression in tumor specimens
與5Hh/LoVo和LoVo組比較,*P<0.05;與hC/LoVo組比較,#P<0.05圖5 各組種植瘤中CDX2,Ki-67的表達(dá)Figure 5 Expression of CDX2,Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues
基于以上思路,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)治療載體在腫瘤細(xì)胞中特異性和高效性的表達(dá),本課題組前期構(gòu)建了增強(qiáng)子5HRE和啟動(dòng)子hTERT雙靶向聯(lián)合調(diào)控抑癌基因CDX2表達(dá)的慢病毒表達(dá)載體5HhC及其對(duì)照載體,已在體外對(duì)該載體的靶向性及高效性進(jìn)行了鑒定,并且驗(yàn)證了該治療載體對(duì)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞LoVo在體外增殖的抑制作用[6-8]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,hC/LoVo組與5HhC/LoVo組腫瘤生長(zhǎng)相對(duì)LoVo、5Hh/LoVo組明顯減慢,且二者最終種植瘤質(zhì)量小于后者,提示抑癌基因CDX2在LoVo細(xì)胞中的過(guò)表達(dá)能夠抑制移植瘤的生長(zhǎng),而5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤生長(zhǎng)速度、種植瘤質(zhì)量亦與hC/LoVo組具有明顯差異,提示由于治療載體5HhC中5HRE增強(qiáng)子的作用,使得其可以利用腫瘤內(nèi)部缺氧的特性,增強(qiáng)治療載體下游的抑癌基因CDX2的表達(dá),從而使其具有更好的抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用。此外,通過(guò)免疫組化法檢測(cè)了移植瘤中CDX2和Ki-67的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示5HhC/LoVo組種植瘤中CDX2高表達(dá),其表達(dá)量明顯高于其他三組,而該組中增殖細(xì)胞核抗原Ki-67的表達(dá)明顯低于其他三組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究結(jié)果與前期體外實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果一致,與理論分析相符。
綜上,本實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了前期構(gòu)建的治療載體5HhC可以有效抑制裸鼠皮下結(jié)腸癌移植瘤的生長(zhǎng),由此可見(jiàn)CDX2在結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)病中起重要作用,并可能成為基因治療潛在的侯選靶點(diǎn),同時(shí),該雙靶向治療載體以其高效、特異等優(yōu)點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)出了很高的潛在的發(fā)展前景,相信隨著對(duì)該載體的深入研究,可以為探討結(jié)腸癌治療的新途徑提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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Effects of regulation of CDX2 gene by 5HRE enhancer and hTERT promoter on growth of colorectal transplanted tumors in nude mice
QI Jie1,ZHENG Jianbao2,SUN Xuejun2,WANG Xiaolong3,YU Junhui2,WU Yunhua2,GAO Qi2,WANG Kai2,HE Sai4*
(1DepartmentofVascularDisease,ShaanxiProvincialHospital,Xi’an710068,China;2DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofXi’anJiaotongUniversity;3DepartmentofSurgicalOncology,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofXi’anJiaotongUniversity;4DepartmentofBreastCancer,ShaanxiProvincialTumorHospital;*Correspondingauthor,E-mail:hesai.2006@stu.xjtu.edu.cn)
ObjectiveTo verify the effect of pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(5HhC)containing the tumor suppressor gene CDX2 regulated by the hypoxia-induced enhancer(HRE)and the hTERT promoter on growth of colorectal transplanted tumors in mude mice.MethodsThe LoVo cells with stable expression of pLVX-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG (hC),pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-3FLAG(5Hh)and pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG(5HhC)were obtained by transfection technique,named as hC/LoVo,5Hh/LoVo and 5HhC/LoVo.A xenograft tumor model was established and tumor growth was observed.The expression of CDX2 and Ki-67 protein in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe xenograft tumor models of human colorectal carcinoma cells in hC/LoVo,LoVo,5Hh/LoVo and 5HhC/LoVo groups were established successfully.The tumor volume in 5HhC/LoVo group was significantly smaller than in the other three groups at every time point(P<0.05).At the termination of observation,the tumor weight in 5HhC/Lovo group was significantly smaller than in hC/LoVo,LoVo and 5Hh/LoVo groups respectively[(0.20±0.16)gvs(0.34±0.21)g,(0.61±0.19)g,(0.55±0.27)g,P<0.05].The expression of CDX2 protein by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues in 5HhC/LoVo group[(87±7)%]were higher than that of hC/LoVo[(55±4)%],LoVo[(15±3)%]and 5Hh/LoVo[(17±5)%],respectively(P<0.05),while the expression of Ki-67 protein in tumor tissues in 5HhC/LoVo group was lower than in the other three groups[(7±7)%vs(13±2)%,LoVo(38±5)% and 5Hh/LoVo(85±9)%,P<0.05].ConclusionThe gene therapy vector 5HhC may induce the growth of colorectal transplanted tumors in mude mice.
gene therapy vector; colon cancer; nude mice; xenograft tumor; CDX2; Ki-67
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81101874,81172362);陜西省科學(xué)技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2016SF-015);陜西省科技統(tǒng)籌創(chuàng)新工程計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013KTCQ03-08)
祁杰,女,1983-09生,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail:qijie_1983@163.com
2016-12-19
R735.35
A
1007-6611(2017)03-0246-05
10.13753/j.issn.1007-6611.2017.03.010
山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2017年3期