李召風++賈愛芹++孫琳+++管麗芳
[摘要] 潰瘍性結腸炎(UC)在青年女性中發(fā)病率越來越高,與生育年齡重疊。UC與妊娠相互影響,其疾病活動會增加患者的不孕率,導致不良妊娠結果等,因此,建議在病情緩解期妊娠。此外,妊娠過程中及產后如何維持疾病緩解、復發(fā)后的治療、妊娠及產褥期UC患者的診斷與檢查等問題受到廣泛關注。本文就妊娠期患者疾病緩解期的維持、活動期的治療及產褥期哺乳、用藥等問題作一綜述,為妊娠前、妊娠中及產褥期UC患者提供參考。
[關鍵詞] 潰瘍性結腸炎;妊娠;產褥期;生育率;管理
[中圖分類號] R574.62 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)01(b)-0041-04
Management of ulcerative colitis in pregnancy and puerperium
LI Zhaofeng JIA Ai'qin SUN Lin GUAN Lifang LIU Tongting
Ji'nan Military General Hospital, Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250000, China
[Abstract] The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) in young women is higher and higher, overlapping with reproductive age. UC and pregnancy affect each other, active disease may increase the risk of infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, doctors suggest delaying conception until disease remission. In addition, It has attracted our attention on how to maintain disease remission, treatment after recurrence, diagnose and examination of UC patients in pregnancy and puerperium. This article discusses the maintenance of disease remission, treatment of active UC, and the breast-feed and drugs in puerperium, in order to provide reference for woman before or in pregnancy and puerperium.
[Key words] Ulcerative colitis; Pregnancy; Puerperium; Fertility rate; Management
目前,潰瘍性結腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)發(fā)病率越來越高,且青壯年居多,與生育時期重疊[1]。UC與妊娠相互影響,尤其疾病活動狀態(tài)對妊娠期患者及胎兒的不良影響更加顯著[2]。產褥期爆發(fā)重度UC的病例較少見,發(fā)病往往病情較重,預后差,死亡率高(約13%)。規(guī)范妊娠期UC的治療對于降低UC患者妊娠風險具有重要意義。
1 潰瘍性結腸炎對妊娠的影響
1.1 對生育率影響
就整個育齡期UC女性而言,85%~90%可正常妊娠,緩解期患者生育能力與正常人無明顯差異,疾病活動期患者生育能力顯著下降[3]。Miller[4]在1986年進行的一項薈萃分析顯示,UC患者的正常妊娠率為83%,與健康患者無明顯差別。Schulze等[5]在2014年研究顯示UC患者緩解期正常妊娠率為84%,活動期患者正常妊娠率為65%。有研究表明,UC患者子女較正常人減少,可能與擔心疾病加重病情、遺傳后代、心理壓力過大等問題恐于妊娠有關[6]。同時,外科手術也會對生育率產生影響,如接受回腸肛門吻合術(ileal pouch anal anastomosis,IPAA)治療后,生育率顯著下降[7],這可能與回腸病變和腸切除術后出現的營養(yǎng)吸收障礙有關。
1.2 潰瘍性結腸炎對妊娠結局的影響
UC可導致不良分娩結局,其原因與疾病狀態(tài)有關。緩解期妊娠患者與普通人群面臨相同的妊娠風險[8],但疾病活動期患者胎兒畸胎發(fā)生率、流產率、死產率均較正常人升高。近些年一項薈萃分析顯示,UC患者可出現早產(OR=1.85,95%CI:1.67~2.05)、生長發(fā)育遲緩(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.16~1.60)、先天畸形(OR=1.29, 95%CI:1.05~1.58)、死胎(OR=1.57,95%CI:1.03~2.38)等不良妊娠結局[9]。Broms等[10]對瑞典2006~2010年間1833例UC患者進行回顧性分析發(fā)現,UC患者病情復發(fā)是導致早產、死胎、生長發(fā)育遲緩等不良妊娠的危險因素。因此,建議在UC緩解期妊娠,若妊娠前已存在貧血和營養(yǎng)不良等情況,應先補充鐵劑和維生素等改善癥狀后再考慮妊娠[11]。
2 妊娠對潰瘍性結腸炎的影響
妊娠過程中疾病的進程主要取決于妊娠時疾病的活動狀態(tài),緩解期妊娠患者與正常女性所面臨的妊娠風險無明顯差異,而活動期妊娠患者,其胎兒早產、低出生體重、剖腹分娩的風險加重[12]。研究表明,疾病緩解期受孕的患者,約2/3患者整個妊娠過程仍處于緩解期[13];而疾病活動期受孕的患者,即使予以積極的治療,多數患者妊娠期間疾病仍將處于活動期,甚至少數患者病情會加重甚至暴發(fā)[14]。對于妊娠期或產褥期初次發(fā)病的UC女性而言,一旦發(fā)病,UC病情主要為重型或暴發(fā)型,病情極為兇險,需引起高度重視,及時診治。
3 妊娠期合并潰瘍性結腸炎的診斷與檢查
結腸鏡檢查是確定妊娠期UC是否處于活動期的重要檢查手段。Cappell等[15]回顧性分析1986~2007年20例妊娠期行腸鏡檢查患者,結果顯示妊娠期結腸鏡檢查與不良妊娠結果沒有確切關系,同時妊娠3~6個月行結腸鏡檢查對分娩結果有重要意義,結腸鏡檢查并不會導致早產或胎兒先天性畸形。近期,Ludvigsson等[16]對3000例行內鏡檢查的妊娠婦女進行分析,發(fā)現妊娠期間內鏡檢查與早產(ARR,1.16)相關,但不包含SGA(ARR,1.19)、死胎(ARR,1.11)或先天性畸形(ARR,0.90),但其不良妊娠結局發(fā)生概率低,應權衡利弊。具體檢查方法及安全性見表1。
表1 妊娠期合并潰瘍性結腸炎的檢查方法及安全性
4 妊娠及產后潰瘍性結腸炎的管理
4.1 緩解期潰瘍性結腸炎的維持治療
對于妊娠期UC患者而言,維持緩解及活動期誘導緩解至關重要。根據2015多倫多妊娠期炎癥性腸病管理共識意見[17],臨床常見維持緩解藥物及藥物安全等級劃分如表2。
5-氨基水楊酸(5-ASA)類藥物在妊娠安全用藥中屬于B級,應用劑量不超過3 g/d時,相對安全[18],臨床常應用于妊娠期UC的維持緩解治療。激素在妊娠期安全用藥中屬于C級,糖皮質激素常用于中重度UC患者急性期誘導緩解,不作為維持治療[19]。硫唑嘌呤和6-巰基嘌呤都屬于嘌呤類似物,在妊娠安全用藥中屬于D級,是臨床應用于誘導緩解的另一類常見藥物[20]。甲氨蝶呤在妊娠安全用藥中屬于X級,禁止用于妊娠期UC的治療,因為該藥可在體內長期停留,建議停藥3~6個月以上考慮妊娠[21]。生物制劑在妊娠用藥中屬于B級,可以用于孕前及妊娠過程。正在使用生物制劑的患者,建議妊娠期間及產后繼續(xù)使用[22]。
4.2 妊娠期活動期潰瘍性結腸炎治療
使用5-ASA維持治療期間出現輕中度疾病復發(fā),建議采用5-ASA口服聯合直腸給藥盡快誘導緩解[23]。使用5-ASA或巰基嘌呤維持治療過程中出現疾病復發(fā),建議使用糖皮質激素誘導緩解或直接使用生物制劑。若出現糖皮質激素抵抗性復發(fā)時,建議盡快使用生物制劑誘導緩解[24]。妊娠期首選藥物治療,但在緊急并發(fā)癥發(fā)生時要盡早進行外科干預[25-26]。
4.3 分娩方式
妊娠期間疾病緩解后,由于分娩這一應激因素,病情可能復發(fā),甚至暴發(fā)。但多數學者認為,在決定分娩方式時,應將UC孕婦視為普通人,但應盡量避免會陰切開術[27]。IPAA術后及活動期肛周及直腸疾病患者應首選剖宮產手術,以降低腸梗阻發(fā)生率[28]。
4.4 產褥期管理
產褥期暴發(fā)重度UC的病例較少見,發(fā)病往往病情重,預后差,死亡率高。其原因可能與患者妊娠期間及產后情緒焦慮、體內激素水平變化、分娩這一應激因素等有關[29]。另外,2013年韓國一項薈萃分析顯示,妊娠及分娩時間與疾病初發(fā)及暴發(fā)有相關性,尤其1~2個月分娩的患者其發(fā)病率最高[30-32]。2005年Kitayama等[31]一項研究顯示,除了環(huán)孢素類藥物,產后大多數藥物對患者及嬰兒都是安全的。2004年Klement等[33]報道稱,母乳喂養(yǎng)可以降低嬰兒UC的發(fā)生率,這可能與乳汁中泌乳素水平有關[34]。但2005年Kane等[35]的一項研究顯示,母乳喂養(yǎng)可以導致疾病復發(fā),甚至暴發(fā)(OR=2.2,95%CI:1.2~3.9),這可能與妊娠期間及產后患者未規(guī)律服藥、恢復吸煙、妊娠及分娩導致體內激素水平變化有關。因此,鼓勵妊娠及哺乳期藥物維持治療。同時,妊娠期間對患者要加強心理疏導,加強營養(yǎng),戒煙戒酒,繼續(xù)藥物治療。妊娠及產褥期患者用藥及管理具體流程見圖1。
5 結論
UC病情反復,遷延難愈,多發(fā)于生育期,因而需要廣泛關注。疾病活動期妊娠會增加患者不孕率,加大不良妊娠風險。因此,孕前、妊娠過程中及產褥期維持病情緩解十分重要。盡管如此,但只要孕前將疾病有效地控制在緩解期,妊娠過程中積極與醫(yī)師溝通,疾病復發(fā)時及時給予適當的治療措施,UC女性仍能像健康人一樣妊娠和生產。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-10 本文編輯:程 銘)