袁浩然+史永照
摘 要 濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, FVPTC)是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)中常見的亞型。FVPTC又可分為包膜型FVPTC和非包膜型FVPTC,不同分型的FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)及分子生物學(xué)特性各不相同,如包膜型FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)類似于濾泡型甲狀腺瘤或?yàn)V泡型甲狀腺癌,而非包膜型FVPTC類似于經(jīng)典型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌。由于FVPTC特殊的病理特點(diǎn),術(shù)前超聲、細(xì)針吸引細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查及術(shù)中冰凍切片檢查均難確診,目前對(duì)其診斷及分型主要依靠術(shù)后病理切片的HE染色,結(jié)合基因檢測(cè)將有助于診斷。然而,學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)、分子生物學(xué)特性以及治療方案的觀點(diǎn)尚不統(tǒng)一。因此,對(duì)FVPTC有待深入研究,并制定科學(xué)合理的精準(zhǔn)化治療方案。
關(guān)鍵詞 濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;診斷;病理;分子生物學(xué)特性
中圖分類號(hào):R736.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2017)04-0004-06
The clinical diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and its research progress of molecular biology
YUAN Haoran, SHI Yongzhao(Department of Thyroid-Breast Surgery of Shanghai Fifth Peoples Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China)
ABSTRACT The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma(FVPTC)is the common subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC). The FVPTC can be further divided into encapsulated and nonencapsulated FVPTC. Different subtypes of FVPTC have different clinical manifestations and molecular biological characteristics, such as the clinical manifestation of encapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of follicular thyroid adenoma or follicular thyroid carcinoma while nonencapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis of FVPTC by preoperative ultrasonography and fine needle attract cytology(FNAC)as well as intraoperative frozen section examination due to the special pathological characteristics of FVPTC. At present, the diagnosis and classification of FVPTC mainly rely on the postoperative pathological staining with HE, and combined with genetic testing can assist the diagnosis. However, the ideas of clinical manifestations, molecular biological characteristics and the treatment of FVPTC are unified in academic circles. The further research is needed for FVPTC, and the plan of scientific and reasonable accurate treatments should be made.
KEY WORDS follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; diagnosis; clinicopathology; molecular biology
近年來(lái),隨著發(fā)病率的不斷上升[1-2],甲狀腺癌已成為發(fā)病率最高的內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,同時(shí)也成為頭頸部最常見的惡性腫瘤[3]。甲狀腺癌中最常見的是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC),占70%~80%[4-5],其主要類型是經(jīng)典型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(classical papillary thyroid carcinoma,CPTC)。此外,依據(jù)2004年世界衛(wèi)生組織甲狀腺和甲狀腺旁腺腫瘤分類,PTC還包括15個(gè)亞型[6],按腫瘤侵襲性可分為高危和低危兩大組。濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)VPTC)是PTC中除CPTC外最為常見的亞型,占PTC的9%~22.5%[7-9],亦有占41%的報(bào)道[10]。FVPTC屬于低危組,并具有多個(gè)亞型。
FVPTC由Crile和Hazard[11]于1953年首先報(bào)道,近年來(lái)臨床診斷率逐年上升。多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道FVPTC的男女人數(shù)發(fā)病比例與CPTC相似,為1∶3~4,同時(shí),F(xiàn)VPTC的平均發(fā)病年齡與CPTC也無(wú)差異[8,12]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道FVPTC的平均發(fā)病年齡更大,可能因?yàn)镕VPTC前期漏診較多,人為延長(zhǎng)了患者的平均發(fā)病年齡,也可能影響了FVPTC腫瘤直徑大小以及腫瘤分期。Chang等[13]和Yuksel等[14]報(bào)道的FVPTC的腫瘤大小相似,而Burningham等[15]和Yu等[12]報(bào)道的FVPTC的腫瘤直徑更大。對(duì)于FVPTC與CPTC腫瘤分期的比較,Lin等[8]研究認(rèn)為兩者之間無(wú)明顯區(qū)別,而Burningham等[15]研究認(rèn)為FVPTC比CPTC腫瘤有更高的臨床分期。
1 FVPTC診斷及分型
1.1 病理分型
一般認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)VPTC兼有CPTC和濾泡型甲狀腺癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)TC)的病理特點(diǎn),腫瘤組織大部分或全部由濾泡結(jié)構(gòu)組成,腫瘤細(xì)胞具有CPTC特征性的細(xì)胞核,而CPTC特征性的分支狀乳頭結(jié)構(gòu)則不明顯或缺乏。依據(jù)有無(wú)包膜,F(xiàn)VPTC可分為包膜型(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,EFVPTC)和非包膜型(nonencapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,NFVPTC)或稱浸潤(rùn)型(infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma)[16]。EFVPTC腫瘤境界比較清楚,有完整包膜包繞,臨床表現(xiàn)類似于濾泡型甲狀腺瘤(follicular thyroid adenoma,F(xiàn)TA)或FTC[9,17]。LiVolsi等[18]根據(jù)EFVPTC有無(wú)血管浸潤(rùn)、病灶內(nèi)有無(wú)典型乳頭狀癌核型特征以及分布方式(彌漫、多發(fā))又可細(xì)分為多個(gè)亞型。而Walts等[16]認(rèn)為將此型稱作局限性較好型FVPTC(well circumscribed FVPTC)比較合適。NFVPTC則部分有包膜或完全沒包膜,常呈侵襲性生長(zhǎng),臨床表現(xiàn)類似于CPTC[17]。此外,Howitt等[19]則將 FVPTC分為EFVPTC、部分包膜型或局限性較好型(PE/ WC)和浸潤(rùn)型。Gupta等[20]則將FVPTC分為包膜型、非包膜型和彌漫型。Smith等[21]和LiVolsi等[18]將甲狀腺濾泡性腺瘤合并微小乳頭狀癌也歸為其亞型之一。
1.2 石蠟切片HE染色
FVPTC的病理學(xué)診斷主要依靠石蠟切片HE染色。一般對(duì)于PTC的診斷主要依據(jù)腫瘤細(xì)胞特征性的細(xì)胞核、沙礫體、乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)等,其中特征性的細(xì)胞核包括增大、增長(zhǎng)和重疊的細(xì)胞核以及毛玻璃狀核、核溝、核內(nèi)假包涵體等。沙礫體是診斷PTC的重要特征,由細(xì)胞壞死后鈣鹽沉積所致。特征性細(xì)胞核的診斷意義超過乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)。在某些情況下,即使沒有乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),如果細(xì)胞具有乳頭狀癌特征性的征象,也診斷為乳頭狀癌。在此基礎(chǔ)上,Chan[22]提出了EFVPTC的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)于FVPTC的診斷同樣具有很高的借鑒價(jià)值。①核卵圓形,而非圓形;②核排列擁擠、紊亂、缺少極性;③核空亮、透明(不應(yīng)僅限于腫瘤的中心部位,此處由于固定延遲,人為造成的核脹大很常見),或有明顯的核溝;④砂粒體出現(xiàn)。如果以上4個(gè)指標(biāo)缺少1個(gè),必須具備以下4個(gè)或4個(gè)以上的輔助特征才能診斷:①發(fā)育不全的乳頭;②明顯拉長(zhǎng)、不規(guī)則形狀的濾泡;③膠質(zhì)深染;④出現(xiàn)少見的假性核內(nèi)包涵體;⑤濾泡腔內(nèi)出現(xiàn)多核組織細(xì)胞。雖然有40%~60%的PTC病理可檢出砂粒體,但FVPTC則較少見砂粒體[23],同時(shí)FVPTC乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)也少見,因此需要連續(xù)多次切片才能觀察到這些結(jié)構(gòu)。但在某些情況下,由于FVPTC腫瘤組織特征性的細(xì)胞核僅出現(xiàn)在局部,甚至細(xì)胞核特征不明顯,石蠟切片同樣難以診斷[24],需要借助腫瘤分子生物學(xué)測(cè)定,如BRAF及RAS的表達(dá)[25]。
1.3 細(xì)針吸引細(xì)胞學(xué)及冰凍切片檢查
細(xì)針吸引細(xì)胞學(xué)(fine-needle aspiration cytology,F(xiàn)NAC)檢查是甲狀腺腫瘤術(shù)前良惡性診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[26]。雖然有學(xué)者對(duì)此進(jìn)行了研究,但相比于CPTC,F(xiàn)NAC傳統(tǒng)細(xì)胞學(xué)檢測(cè)對(duì)于FVPTC的誤診率較高[24,27]。Jain等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)NAC對(duì)PTC的診斷敏感度為58%~93%,而對(duì)FVPTC的診斷敏感度僅為9.8%~37.0%。Mallik等[29]利用FNAC鑒別甲狀腺癌時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)NAC細(xì)胞涂片中的黑色及蒼白的腦狀核形是鑒別FVPTC與濾泡型腫瘤(follicular neoplasm,F(xiàn)N)的有效指標(biāo),但是29.4%的FVPTC同時(shí)缺乏這2種核細(xì)胞。Shih等[30]同樣利用FNAC診斷FVPTC,認(rèn)為微濾泡團(tuán)、單層合體團(tuán)、核溝、包涵體等指標(biāo)有助于診斷,但這些指標(biāo)均為非特異性,分析時(shí)波動(dòng)性較大。FNAC診斷的靈敏度較低,主要是因?yàn)镕VPTC細(xì)胞學(xué)形態(tài)與FTA/FTC等有重疊[9],且具備PTC的核型特征的病灶常位于腫瘤包膜附近,而穿刺取樣常位于腫瘤的中心[18]。
針對(duì)FNAC傳統(tǒng)細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的局限性,一些學(xué)者另辟蹊徑,采用FNAC結(jié)合基因分析方法有效提高了FVPTC的診斷和分型準(zhǔn)確性。Adeniran等[31]認(rèn)為與單純細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查相比,用FNAC進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)分析結(jié)合BRAF檢測(cè)可極大提高術(shù)前PTCs的鑒別診斷效率。Marchetti等[32]將單獨(dú)FNAC檢測(cè)與FNAC結(jié)合BRAF檢測(cè)相比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTCs的正確診斷率分別為62%和82%。同時(shí),F(xiàn)NAC結(jié)合BRAF檢測(cè)有利于為患者制定更好的術(shù)式及預(yù)后評(píng)估[31]。Suster等[24]認(rèn)為病理檢測(cè)術(shù)中冰凍切片F(xiàn)VPTC的靈敏度很低。Lin等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于FVPTC缺乏乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),極大限制了術(shù)中冰凍切片檢測(cè)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。
1.4 超聲檢查
超聲檢查是甲狀腺腫瘤的首選檢查方法,但對(duì)于FVPTC的誤診率較高,常呈相對(duì)良性表現(xiàn)[33],如常將FVPTC尤其是EFVPTC誤診為甲狀腺腺瘤或增生結(jié)節(jié)。但超聲對(duì)NFVPTC的表現(xiàn)與CPTC相似,顯示出典型惡性的征象[9]。具有較大意義的超聲診斷要點(diǎn)包括形態(tài)與邊界、微小鈣化和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等。①形態(tài)與邊界。NFVPTC超聲形態(tài)一般不規(guī)則,邊界模糊、成角及毛刺,但EFVPTC具有相對(duì)完整的包膜。Kim等[33]觀察到腫瘤形態(tài)規(guī)則,呈卵圓形,邊界清晰,具有良性腫瘤特征。Salajegheh等[34]和Yoon等[9]認(rèn)為腫瘤微小分葉狀的邊緣是可疑征象,常提示惡性。同時(shí),Jeh等[35]和Moon等[36]認(rèn)為FVPTC有沿著正常組織水平生長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),因此縱橫比<1。②微小鈣化。微小鈣化即病理中的砂礫體。Khoo等[37]認(rèn)為,單獨(dú)利用微小鈣化這一超聲征象預(yù)測(cè)甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié),其特異度為96.74%,敏感度為24.30%。Choi等[38]認(rèn)為微小鈣化對(duì)于診斷PTC的特異度可達(dá)100%。雖然Yoon等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于CPTC較高的顯示率,F(xiàn)VPTC的微小鈣化很少見,但微小鈣化依舊有重要的診斷價(jià)值。③淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。Weber等[39]報(bào)道頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是PTC的主要轉(zhuǎn)移途徑,發(fā)生率為40%~64%。Yoon等[9]則發(fā)現(xiàn)FVPTC的區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率明顯低于CPTC。有研究[40]認(rèn)為FVPTC的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值很高,對(duì)比于FVPTC甲狀腺病灶內(nèi)很少出現(xiàn)的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶常表現(xiàn)為發(fā)育良好的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),并伴有囊性變,超聲常顯示為高回聲伴微小鈣化和囊性變。因此,鑒于FVPTC這一特殊表現(xiàn),如果頸部淋巴結(jié)超聲提示PTC,而甲狀腺內(nèi)無(wú)PTC惡性征象,則應(yīng)考慮可能為FVPTC。
2 FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)
一般認(rèn)為FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)類似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)更類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更類似于CPTC。有研究將FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)與CPTC進(jìn)行對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)前者更類似于FTC,發(fā)生血管、包膜以及腺外侵犯的比例較少,同時(shí)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率也較低,而遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率較高[13,28]。Burningham等[15]的研究顯示,F(xiàn)VPTC與CPTC在包膜浸潤(rùn)、血管侵犯、腫瘤多灶性、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率方面相似。同樣,Ozdemir等[41]研究后則認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)VPTC患者的多灶性及頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率與CPTC相似,而包膜浸潤(rùn)較少。
Liu等[17]通過研究FVPTC的不同亞型發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率約為5%,而NFVPTC則為65%,因此認(rèn)為前者的臨床表現(xiàn)更類似于FTC/FTA,幾乎沒有轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而后者類似于CPTC,具有較高的轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Liu等[42]同樣認(rèn)為EFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)較好,侵襲性較低。但Baloch等[43]則報(bào)道了EFVPTC出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處骨轉(zhuǎn)移的病例。Ivanova等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),彌漫型FVPTC分布彌漫,病灶多發(fā),容易發(fā)生血管及腺外侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。Gupta等[20]同樣認(rèn)為彌漫型FVPTC侵襲能力強(qiáng)。Howitt等[19]將FVPTC分為包膜型、部分包膜型或PE/WC型和浸潤(rùn)型,發(fā)現(xiàn)PE/WC型與包膜型臨床表現(xiàn)相似。
3 FVPTC的分子生物學(xué)研究
為了更好的理解FVPTC的發(fā)病機(jī)制,不少學(xué)者對(duì)FVPTC進(jìn)行了分子生物學(xué)研究。一般認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)VPTC的基因改變類似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的基因改變更類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更類似于CPTC??梢奆VPTC及其分型的分子表型與臨床表現(xiàn)相一致,反映其組織病理學(xué)特性和侵襲特性。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),約80%的PTC存在基因改變,主要包括BRAF點(diǎn)突變、RAS點(diǎn)突變、RET基因突變、RET/ PTC基因重排、PAX8/PPAR基因重排等,并且一些基因突變似乎相互排斥[31]。其中PTC中BRAF突變最為常見,占45% ~80%[31,45],RAS突變和RET/PTC重排分別占15%和15%[19]。FTC和FTA則缺乏BRAF突變和RET/PTC易位,而RAS突變以及PAX8/PPAR重排更頻繁,其中約45%的FTC存在RAS突變,約35%的FTC存在PAX8/PPAR重排[19]。
研究認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)VPTC的分子改變更類似于FTC/FTA,BRAF突變率較低且RAS和PAX8/PPAR突變率較高,而非類似CPTC。盡管如此,學(xué)者們的研究結(jié)果也各不相同。BRAF基因是RAF基因家族的一員,BRAF V600E突變常見于CPTC等,并不存在于FTC/FTA和甲狀腺良性腫瘤中,其與CPTC的侵襲特性以及較差預(yù)后相關(guān),如腺外浸潤(rùn)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、對(duì)放射性碘劑治療的抵抗以及腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等[31]。Walts等[16]和Min等[46]分別報(bào)道FVPTC中BRAF V600E突變率分別為34%和47. 6%。Chakraborty等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)BRAF基因突變與PTC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移特性顯著相關(guān),而且CPTC的BRAF基因突變率更高于FVPTC,因此CPTC侵襲力更高,而FVPTC較低。Castro等[48]和Rivera等[49]認(rèn)為RAS突變與FVPTC腫瘤較大的體積顯著相關(guān)。Guney等[50]認(rèn)為NRAS密碼子61的點(diǎn)突變和PAX8-PPAR的基因重排在FVPTC的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,且并未發(fā)現(xiàn)BRAF突變。
同時(shí),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC的分子表型類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC的基因改變更類似于CPTC。Rivera等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC的BRAF和RAS突變類似于FTC/FTA,缺乏BRAF突變,RAS突變率較高為36%,PAX8/PPAR重排發(fā)生率為4%,而NFVPTC的BRAF和RAS基因改變更類似于CPTC,BRAF突變率較高為26%,RAS突變率較低為10%,RET/PTC重排發(fā)生率為10%,與Liu等[42]的研究結(jié)論一致。Gupta等[20]建議將彌漫型FVPTC單獨(dú)分出,發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC和NFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)和基因表型更類似于FTA和FTC,而彌漫型FVPTC更類似于CPTC。Howitt等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)PE/WC型與包膜型臨床表現(xiàn)及分子特征相似。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC中最常見的是NRAS密碼子61突變[51]。Lee等 認(rèn)為RAS基因突變比BRAF基因診斷效能更高。Rivera等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NFVPTC的RAS突變率為36%,而浸潤(rùn)型FVPTC為10%,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Howitt等[19]認(rèn)為EFVPTC和PE/WC型RAS突變率相似。而Gupta等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和彌散型FVPTC三者之間RAS突變率無(wú)顯著區(qū)別。關(guān)于各型FVPTC的BRAF突變研究同樣存在分歧。Eloy等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC和NEFVPTC的BRAF V600E突變率分別為8. 3%和25%,與Walts等[16]的研究結(jié)果類似。而Gupta等[20]和Lee等[25]均未觀察到EFVPTC與浸潤(rùn)型FVPTC的BRAF V600E突變率有顯著差異。
鑒于基因檢測(cè)的優(yōu)勢(shì),不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為BRAF基因檢測(cè)有助于術(shù)前診斷FVPTC。Chakraborty等[47]和Adeniran等[31]認(rèn)為,形態(tài)學(xué)評(píng)估結(jié)合FNA獲取的組織進(jìn)行BRAF基因檢測(cè)不僅有利于術(shù)前診斷,更有利于為患者制定治療方案。
4 FVPTC的臨床處理及預(yù)后
由于FVPTC的術(shù)前確診及分型比較困難,目前臨床上多數(shù)患者的治療采用CPTC的治療方案。Yu等[12]通過比較21 796例CPTC患者和10 740例FVPTC患者的治療效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)不一樣,但遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后極好,類似于CPTC。Lin等[8]的研究同樣提示兩組患者臨床預(yù)后相似。Burningham等[15]認(rèn)為對(duì)于FVPTC的治療應(yīng)該與CPTC相似。
即便如此,術(shù)前應(yīng)該科學(xué)有效的確診FVPTC并分型,根據(jù)FVPTC的不同亞型,制定更為科學(xué)合理的精準(zhǔn)化治療方案,提高患者預(yù)后。一般對(duì)于未侵犯的EFVPTC以及BRAF V600E未突變的患者,只需采取腺葉切除術(shù),對(duì)于出現(xiàn)侵犯的EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和BRAF V600E突變患者,可采取包括全甲狀腺切除術(shù)、頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃、內(nèi)分泌治療及術(shù)后131I治療在內(nèi)的規(guī)范化治療。
Liu等[42]認(rèn)為,對(duì)于未出現(xiàn)侵犯的EFVPTC患者,可以只行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù)并保存甲狀腺功能,減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。但仍有部分EFVPTC具有惡性潛質(zhì)、發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道[43],因此行腺葉切除的同時(shí)行中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)比較穩(wěn)妥。Howitt等[19]認(rèn)為,對(duì)于FVPTC中非侵犯性包膜型或PE/WC型只需采取腺葉切除術(shù)。Adeniran等[31]認(rèn)為,術(shù)前細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷可疑且有BRAF V600E突變患者,應(yīng)采取全甲狀腺切除加頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃,對(duì)于細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷可疑且無(wú)BRAF V600E突變患者,則行腺葉切除,對(duì)于細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷不確定且無(wú)BRAF V600E突變患者,在無(wú)其他危險(xiǎn)性因素情況下,可隨訪6~12個(gè)月后再行檢測(cè)。
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