尤彬,安榮澤,李松軍,趙俊延
(遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院第五附屬珠海醫(yī)院骨科,廣東 珠海519100)
膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷診治研究進展
尤彬,安榮澤,李松軍,趙俊延
(遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院第五附屬珠海醫(yī)院骨科,廣東 珠海519100)
骨挫傷是由一定暴力作用下導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)下骨髓水腫、出血及骨小梁斷裂,進而引起局部疼痛。骨挫傷可見于全身各部位,最常見于膝關(guān)節(jié)。過去臨床醫(yī)生對骨挫傷的認識不夠,也未引起足夠重視,常以軟組織挫傷來處理。但有些患者疼痛癥狀卻長期存在,對患者生活及工作帶來了極大影響。近年來由于MRI的普及,以及臨床醫(yī)生對骨挫傷的重視,關(guān)于膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷的研究越來越多。但膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷相關(guān)的治療方案、對關(guān)節(jié)的遠期影響等還未形成統(tǒng)一意見。鑒于此,本文就膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷的損傷病因、發(fā)病機制、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、分型、治療方案等做一概述,以期為臨床創(chuàng)傷科醫(yī)師做一參考。
膝關(guān)節(jié);核磁共振;骨挫傷;骨髓水腫
骨挫傷是由一定的暴力導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)下骨髓水腫、出血及骨小梁斷裂,松質(zhì)骨微小壓縮性損傷,進而引起局部疼痛[1]。骨挫傷還有很多其他名稱,比如骨小梁骨折、微骨折、隱性骨折等。由于骨挫傷在皮質(zhì)骨下有水腫、出血,MRI對含水物質(zhì)較敏感,故在T1加權(quán)像中呈低信號,在T2加權(quán)像中呈高信號[2]。在短時間反轉(zhuǎn)回復(fù)像(STRI)中呈高信號,圖像呈點狀或斑片狀,大片狀地圖樣或彌漫性不規(guī)則形態(tài)。骨髓水腫在脂肪抑制像中能清晰顯示。國內(nèi)有學(xué)者報道運用雙能量CT(DECT)掃面患膝,生成虛擬去鈣(VNCa)圖像,并對VNCa圖像上每個分區(qū)單獨評級,可明確診斷骨挫傷。該方法對不能行MRI檢查者有重要意義[3]。膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷往往伴隨其他器官的損傷,如半月板、交叉韌帶、側(cè)副韌帶等組織的損傷,特別與前交叉韌帶(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)損傷相關(guān)性最大[4]。
Mink等[5]于1989年對大量膝關(guān)節(jié)外傷患者影像資料進行統(tǒng)計分析后將膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷由輕至重分為4類:骨挫傷、軟骨骨折、應(yīng)力性骨折、脛骨近端股骨遠端骨折。并對這4種損傷特點進行總結(jié)。骨挫傷患者均有急性外傷史,常見于軟骨下骨,MRI表現(xiàn)為非線性彌散性病灶。應(yīng)力性骨折患者往往有較長的病史,不常見于軟骨下骨,在T1加權(quán)像中較骨挫傷范圍更大,且信號更強。軟骨骨折分為兩類:(1)部分軟骨塌陷,并未波及到松質(zhì)骨髓腔;(2)軟骨塌陷,并波及到松質(zhì)骨髓腔。MRI可見膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨質(zhì)微小的信號改變。股骨髁或脛骨平臺骨折MRI可見明顯線性信號改變,往往波及關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面。
Lynch等[6]于1989年通過研究大量影像學(xué)資料后將骨挫傷分為3型。Ⅰ型:彌漫型,T1加權(quán)像呈彌散、網(wǎng)狀的低信號位于干骺端,T2加權(quán)像表現(xiàn)為高信號;Ⅱ型:合并軟骨與軟骨下骨之間骨皮質(zhì)的連續(xù)性中斷信號;Ⅲ型:緊貼皮質(zhì)下區(qū)的T1加權(quán)像局限性的信號減低區(qū),而T2加權(quán)像信號無改變。Vellet等[7]于1991年對骨挫傷基于MRI影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)分為5型。Ⅰ型呈隱匿性網(wǎng)狀,T1加權(quán)像干骺端骨髓呈網(wǎng)狀圖像,低信號與關(guān)節(jié)軟骨面不相連,T2加權(quán)像可見高信號影;Ⅱ型為地圖型,表現(xiàn)為信號改變與鄰近的皮質(zhì)或軟骨下骨相連,呈地圖狀;Ⅲ型為線型,信號改變呈線性,寬度小于2 mm;Ⅳ型為軟骨壓縮型,在地圖型骨挫傷且有局部軟骨塌陷;V型為軟骨骨折,T1加權(quán)圖像上軟骨骨折邊緣有一些低信號,T2加權(quán)像上呈現(xiàn)高信號且與關(guān)節(jié)腔相通。
Bohndorf[8]于1999年根據(jù)MRI及關(guān)節(jié)鏡下直視損傷部位將膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷分為兩型。A型:關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下骨挫傷,但軟骨完整。包括兩個亞型:A1關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下骨挫傷,A2關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下壓縮性骨折。B型分為5個亞型。Terzidis等[9]根據(jù)骨挫傷部位分為2種類型:一是骨挫傷位于關(guān)節(jié)端一側(cè)的松質(zhì)骨內(nèi);第二種類型是關(guān)節(jié)兩端對應(yīng)部位均有骨挫傷表現(xiàn),稱為對吻性骨挫傷。前者約占骨挫傷的77.4%,后者約占22.6%。
膝關(guān)節(jié)骨挫傷的分型有多種,目前尚未形成統(tǒng)一分型。這些分型對骨挫傷的治療、研究有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
Shea等[10]通過回顧性研究大量患者MRI發(fā)現(xiàn)骨挫傷常發(fā)生于脛骨髁間嵴及股骨外側(cè)髁。骨挫傷的常見原因是關(guān)節(jié)囊及韌帶的牽拉力、垂直擠壓、直接暴力、應(yīng)力損傷、剪切暴力等[11]。主要病理學(xué)改變是骨髓水腫、病變區(qū)出血、骨小梁斷裂[12]。骨挫傷的形式各異,骨小梁出血灶呈點狀、斑片狀或散在分布于骨質(zhì)中。直接暴力所致骨挫傷往往造成著力處骨小梁斷裂,繼而發(fā)生廣泛滲出,可合并肌腱、關(guān)節(jié)囊、韌帶損傷。撕脫性暴力所致骨挫傷可導(dǎo)致肌腱或韌帶附著點骨質(zhì)水腫、出血。應(yīng)力損傷性骨挫傷特點為:應(yīng)力作用的方向與骨小梁斷裂的方向垂直。剪切損傷特點為骨挫傷的出血點和水腫灶呈斜行,且邊界清晰。
近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷合并傷研究很多。通過骨挫傷與膝關(guān)節(jié)韌帶半月板損傷的關(guān)系,可為臨床醫(yī)師判斷膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷程度及預(yù)后提供參考,并可減小漏診率。膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下鈍性損傷常伴交叉韌帶及半月?lián)p傷[13],可激活化學(xué)性炎癥反應(yīng),刺激韌帶、軟骨、半月板、軟骨下骨細胞釋放炎性細胞因子。同時關(guān)節(jié)腔積液也可能增加,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)疼痛。有些學(xué)者認為ACL損傷患者中70%~80%伴有骨挫傷[14]。
MRI評估ACL斷裂主要依據(jù)信號改變,靈敏度高達94%,特異性接近100%[15]。某些情況下膝關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)腔水腫掩蓋了ACL斷裂,使得評估困難。有學(xué)者對30例患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)漏診了4例ACL損傷,漏診率為13%,故除了MRI另外一些輔助癥狀可幫助診斷ACL損傷[16],MRI鑒別診斷ACL部分?jǐn)嗔押屯耆珨嗔延行├щy。Patel等[17]通過大量病例研究后得出結(jié)論:不伴骨挫傷的膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷,ACL往往是部分?jǐn)嗔?。ACL完全斷裂時伴有脛骨平臺外側(cè)骨挫傷可達94%,股骨髁骨挫傷可達91%。特定解剖部位的骨挫傷往往伴ACL損傷,表明骨挫傷是膝關(guān)節(jié)韌帶損傷的輔助標(biāo)志[18]。同時他們也研究了一些20歲以下的青年特定解剖部位的骨挫傷有28%并未伴ACL損傷。故認為青年與成年人骨挫傷的機制是一樣的,但由于青年的ACL更松弛,所以ACL不容易損傷。
有學(xué)者通過兩名經(jīng)驗豐富的影像學(xué)醫(yī)師對39例患者的MRI進行讀片[19],這些患者均已行膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查證實ACL損傷,發(fā)現(xiàn)脛骨平臺前側(cè)骨挫傷分別為46%和50%。因此他們得出結(jié)論:如果脛骨平臺前側(cè)發(fā)生骨挫傷,且外側(cè)半月板后角有移位,同時出現(xiàn)ACL損傷的可能性極大。他們同時也指出骨挫傷的部位與診斷ACL完全斷裂還是部分?jǐn)嗔褵o相關(guān)性。因為在ACL完全斷裂與部分?jǐn)嗔训膬山M患者中骨挫傷的發(fā)生機率差別不大。
國內(nèi)外對于膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷治療方法各異。骨挫傷的愈合時間各家報道不一,從3~12個月不等。目前骨挫傷的主要治療方法是藥物消腫止痛、石膏制動、臥床休息、避免早期負重及應(yīng)力性骨折的發(fā)生[20]。有些學(xué)者采取保守治療后進行MRI隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)MRI的骨髓水腫信號逐漸消散[21],但沒有確切證據(jù)可證實長時間石膏制動可加速骨挫傷愈合[22]。Rangger等[23]認為未合并韌帶損傷的單純性骨挫傷通過石膏制動休息短期療效滿意。Vincken等[24]通過研究認為骨挫傷后石膏制動很可能會加速關(guān)節(jié)退變。故膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷是否需石膏外固定及固定時間的長短還未達成共識,需大量病例資料進行前瞻性研究。Bilik等[25]認為關(guān)節(jié)腔積血應(yīng)盡早行關(guān)節(jié)鏡探查,若發(fā)現(xiàn)有合并損傷可一并修復(fù)。有學(xué)者認為雙磷酸鹽藥物治療效果較好[26],可以明顯緩解疼痛癥狀及促進功能恢復(fù),但具體機制仍然不清楚。Vulpiani[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)體外沖擊波(ESWT)治療骨挫傷早期階段可減少骨髓水腫和疼痛,促進損傷愈合。其機制可能為:ESWT可誘導(dǎo)組織新生血管,促進細胞因子表達,包括血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)、內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、增殖細胞核抗原(PCNA),并且促進細胞增殖和成骨[28]。D'Agostino等[29]認為ESWT能夠控制炎性過程,并促進骨細胞修復(fù),以及活化許多成骨細胞,以及新生血管形成。國內(nèi)有人在關(guān)節(jié)鏡或C臂下以克氏針于骨挫傷部位鉆孔減壓,術(shù)后疼痛有所緩解,復(fù)查MRI骨髓水腫范圍明顯減小[30-31]。
膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷后可能會導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變和骨質(zhì)硬化[32],進而發(fā)生骨關(guān)節(jié)炎。骨挫傷及關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷會導(dǎo)致細胞外基質(zhì)發(fā)生變化[33]。有學(xué)者認為,骨挫傷修復(fù)后,原先富有彈性的軟骨下骨被新生骨取代,順應(yīng)性降低,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨負荷增大,容易引發(fā)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變。Ⅱ型膠原羧基端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)是Ⅱ型膠原纖維的降解產(chǎn)物,廣泛存在于關(guān)節(jié)液中,是骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的標(biāo)志物之一。孫國靜等[34]通過提取關(guān)節(jié)液分析化學(xué)成分發(fā)現(xiàn)骨挫傷后膝關(guān)節(jié)液中Ⅱ型膠原羧基端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)含量較正常關(guān)節(jié)液升高??赏茰y膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎關(guān)系密切,但還需進一步研究證實。
膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷是近年才被人們重視,大量文獻證明膝關(guān)節(jié)遭受暴力打擊時可造成骨髓水腫、出血、骨小梁斷裂。雖然近年國內(nèi)外對膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷的研究取得了很大的進步。國內(nèi)外公認MRI可明確診斷膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨挫傷。但對骨挫傷的損傷機制、病理轉(zhuǎn)歸、治療及預(yù)后等諸多問題還不十分清楚,還需進一步研究。
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Progress of study on diagnosis and treatment of bone contusion around knee joint.
YOU Bin,AN Rong-ze,LI Song-jun,ZHAO Jun-yan.Department of Orthopaedics,Zhuhai Hospital,the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,Zhuhai 519100,Guangdong,CHINA
Bone contusion is caused by direct or indirect violence,bone marrow edema,bleeding and trabecular bone fracture,which can lead to local pain.Bone contusion can be found in all parts of the body,mostly in the knee joint. In the past,as the doctors didn't know enough about the bone contusion and did not pay enough attention to it,the bone contusion was often treated as soft tissue contusion in clinical treatment.This leads to that some patients still had painsymptoms in a long time after treatment,exerting a great impact on the patient's life and work.In recent years,due to the popularity of MRI and the doctor's attention to bone contusion,more and more researches on bone contusion were conducted.But the opinions on treatment options related to bone contusion around knee joint and the long-term impact on the joint are not yet uniform.This article focuses on the cause of bone contusion around knee joint,pathogenesis,diagnostic criteria,classification,treatment,in order to provide a reference for doctors.
Knee joint;Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI);Bone contusion;Bone marrow edema
R684
A
1003—6350(2017)02—0277—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.02.035
2016-08-06)
貴州省科學(xué)技術(shù)基金(編號:LKZ【2013】43);廣東省珠海市科技計劃醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生項目(編號:2015A1028)
安榮澤。E-mail:anrongze1955@163.com