徐成斌,董興,黃野,田丹,孫學(xué)凱
(1.遼寧大學(xué) 環(huán)境學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110036;2.沈陽(yáng)大學(xué) 信息工程學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110044;3.中國(guó)科學(xué)院 沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所 大青溝沙地生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)站,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110016)
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城市污泥土地利用的淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn)探析
徐成斌1,董興1,黃野1,田丹2,孫學(xué)凱3
(1.遼寧大學(xué) 環(huán)境學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110036;2.沈陽(yáng)大學(xué) 信息工程學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110044;3.中國(guó)科學(xué)院 沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所 大青溝沙地生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)站,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110016)
科學(xué)合理地處置城市污泥業(yè)已成為中國(guó)當(dāng)前亟待解決的重要環(huán)境問(wèn)題.剩余污泥土地利用是一種最具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ奶幹梅绞剑俏勰嘀泻卸喾N重金屬、有機(jī)污染物、養(yǎng)分元素等,土地利用后能否產(chǎn)生淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn),是否對(duì)土壤、地下水甚至人體健康產(chǎn)生危害存在較大爭(zhēng)議.為此,本文對(duì)污泥土地利用后重金屬、有機(jī)污染物以及養(yǎng)分的淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了論述,并對(duì)污泥土地利用的未來(lái)發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行了展望.
城市污泥;淋溶;土地利用;環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
隨著中國(guó)城市化的迅速發(fā)展,污水處理廠(chǎng)不斷修建,中國(guó)城市污水處理廠(chǎng)剩余污泥的產(chǎn)量日益增加[1].據(jù)中國(guó)水網(wǎng)/中國(guó)固廢網(wǎng)研究院發(fā)布的《中國(guó)污泥處理處置市場(chǎng)分析報(bào)告(2013版)》可知,近些年,中國(guó)的污泥產(chǎn)生量大幅提升,目前城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠(chǎng)濕污泥(含水率80%)產(chǎn)生量已超過(guò)3×107t/a.剩余污泥是污水 處理過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的沉淀物,含有各種有機(jī)污染物、重金屬、病原微生物、無(wú)機(jī)顆粒等,在剩余污泥的處置過(guò)程中如不能有效去除各種污染物質(zhì)就會(huì)造成二次污染[2].因此,污泥有效利用和安全處置是經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)重要部分[3].現(xiàn)階段,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)污泥的處理方式主要有土地利用、建材利用、焚燒、填埋、污泥干化與消化等[4].由于城市污泥中富含氮、磷等養(yǎng)分以及多種有機(jī)質(zhì),將城市污泥施入土壤可以改善土壤的理化性狀[5].Tejada等[6]研究施用污泥的土壤發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤孔隙度增加,土壤表面板結(jié)和地表徑流減少.Cheng等[7]研究認(rèn)為,施用污泥可增加土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量,增強(qiáng)土壤團(tuán)聚體的穩(wěn)定性和保水保肥能力.Kimberley等[8]研究結(jié)果表明,施用適量污泥會(huì)顯著促進(jìn)松樹(shù)生長(zhǎng),施用5年后松樹(shù)的最大枝條直徑較未施用污泥的最大枝條直徑大1 cm.另有研究表明,向沙質(zhì)土壤中施入污泥,可提高草本植物的生物量[9].因此,對(duì)城市污泥的資源化利用業(yè)已成為環(huán)境科學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)等諸多領(lǐng)域的重要研究熱點(diǎn)[10].
城市剩余污泥在長(zhǎng)期施用或過(guò)量施用時(shí),往往會(huì)對(duì)土壤及地下水產(chǎn)生一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此污泥土地利用已經(jīng)引起廣大學(xué)者們的高度重視.研究表明,施用污泥中含有一定量的重金屬,會(huì)在土壤中產(chǎn)生一定的累積,造成環(huán)境污染[11],并能直接或間接途徑進(jìn)入食物鏈,對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生危害.城市污泥中含有多種有機(jī)污染物,在環(huán)境中具有生物累積效應(yīng)以及放大效應(yīng),由于有機(jī)污染物具有“三致”作用,長(zhǎng)期累積對(duì)人體有毒害作用[12].此外,長(zhǎng)期施用污泥或者過(guò)量施用污泥時(shí),土壤中的氮、磷等無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)會(huì)有淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致地下水富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的加速,嚴(yán)重的將會(huì)導(dǎo)致地下水的污染[13].因此,探討污泥土地利用的淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)中國(guó)城市剩余污泥的合理處置與資源化利用具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義.
城市污水處理廠(chǎng)污泥中含有多種重金屬成分,根據(jù)污水來(lái)源和污水處理方式工藝的不同,污泥中的重金屬種類(lèi)及含量也略有不同.一般情況下,污泥中主要含有的重金屬有Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg、Cr、Ni、As等[14-15],其中Cu和Cr的含量高于Pb、As和Cd的含量[16].目前有關(guān)施用污泥后重金屬淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究中Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、Cr受到較多關(guān)注,但由于污泥中重金屬在土壤中的遷移與污泥中重金屬的組成、土壤的性質(zhì)以及施用污泥方式等因素相關(guān),因此對(duì)施用污泥后重金屬的遷移淋溶的研究結(jié)果不盡相同[17].黃麗榮等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施用污泥量的增加使土壤有效態(tài)的重金屬Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的含量隨之增加,但土壤中不同重金屬含量增加的幅度不同.王新等[19]向草坪草施用污水處理廠(chǎng)污泥,研究結(jié)果表明,土壤中重金屬的含量增加,土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別在0.2~0.5、25~50、27~42、25~43 mg/kg內(nèi)波動(dòng)變化,并且隨著施入污泥量的增加,每種重金屬含量都會(huì)有不同程度的提高.Sukreeyapongse等[20]通過(guò)對(duì)污泥施用的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)污泥施用后會(huì)促進(jìn)土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的釋放量,并且隨著pH值的下降會(huì)提高重金屬的釋放速率,各重金屬釋放速率表現(xiàn)為Cd>Pb>Cu.而傅華等[21]的研究表明,當(dāng)污泥施用量控制在4.0~8.0 t/hm2時(shí),黑麥草地表層土壤(0~20 cm)中Cu、Zn和Fe的含量升高,而其余重金屬元素的含量與對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異,并未對(duì)土壤造成污染.付新梅等[22]模擬土柱淋溶實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,Cu元素在污泥施入后含量明顯升高,特別是在pH4.5的酸性條件下,Cu元素會(huì)向下遷移,由此可見(jiàn)Cu對(duì)土壤及地下水的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn).Madrid等[23]則認(rèn)為,重金屬元素在污泥中比例很大,但由于土壤對(duì)重金屬具有一定的固定能力,因此施用污泥對(duì)重金屬遷移方面不會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害.Fonseca等[24]研究了幾種重金屬在壤質(zhì)砂土中不同的吸附能力,得出Cu≈Zn>Cd>Pb>Cr.由此可見(jiàn),施用適量城市污泥后,短期內(nèi)重金屬淋溶的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小,長(zhǎng)期使用或者在酸雨多發(fā)的地區(qū)應(yīng)考慮重金屬對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的危害.
多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)、多氯聯(lián)苯(PCBs)和有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥(OCPs)是幾種常見(jiàn)的持久性有機(jī)污染物[25].在城市污泥中,以上有機(jī)污染物均可以普遍檢測(cè)到[26],其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)一般達(dá)到ng/kg甚至mg/kg(污泥干重)級(jí)別[27-28].Cai等[29]對(duì)中國(guó)9個(gè)城市11個(gè)污水處理廠(chǎng)取得的污泥進(jìn)行研究分析,共檢測(cè)到44種半揮發(fā)性有機(jī)組分,在這些有機(jī)污染物中PAHs是含量最多的有機(jī)污染物,PAHs干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在1.4~7.9 mg/kg.在污泥施入土壤后可能會(huì)引起土壤中殘留有機(jī)污染物通過(guò)淋溶至地下水中,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生影響和危害.
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),人們普遍認(rèn)為PAHs等這類(lèi)有機(jī)污染物疏水性強(qiáng)、水溶性低,其活性與遷移能力十分微弱[30],但是,這類(lèi)有機(jī)污染物的有機(jī)碳-水分配系數(shù)高,可被土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)強(qiáng)烈吸附,特別是土壤和污泥中的溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)能夠通過(guò)吸附、分配、氫鍵、共價(jià)鍵、電荷轉(zhuǎn)移、范德華力等多種方式與有機(jī)污染物結(jié)合,如結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)與胡敏酸(humic acid,HA),它們的疏水部分是與疏水性有機(jī)污染物結(jié)合的主要部位,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致有機(jī)污染物在環(huán)境中更大范圍遷移和擴(kuò)散[31].目前,許多學(xué)者探討溶解性有機(jī)碳對(duì)有機(jī)污染物遷移轉(zhuǎn)化等環(huán)境行為的影響,以及有機(jī)污染物在環(huán)境中最終歸宿的問(wèn)題[32-34].近來(lái)有研究表明,土壤中PAHs與溶解性有機(jī)碳有相似的淋出規(guī)律[35].Yu等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腐殖酸溶液可顯著提高PAHs的遷移性.韋婧等[37]通過(guò)室內(nèi)土柱淋溶實(shí)驗(yàn)探討溶解性富里酸對(duì)土壤中多環(huán)芳烴遷移的影響,結(jié)果表明,富里酸提取的溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)在土壤中具有較強(qiáng)的遷移能力,在溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)持續(xù)淋溶條件下,菲、芘以及苯并[a]芘在淋出液中的濃度明顯提高,并有少量二苯并[a,h]蒽淋出,溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)可作為載體提高 PAHs在土壤中的遷移性,進(jìn)而增加PAHs這類(lèi)有機(jī)污染物向深層土壤和地下水遷移的可能性.可見(jiàn),在施用城市污泥后,土壤和污泥中所含的PAHs等持久性有機(jī)物會(huì)在可溶性有機(jī)物的作用下產(chǎn)生遷移,具有一定淋溶風(fēng)險(xiǎn).Oleszczuk和Baran[38]通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)施污泥后的植物中2~3環(huán)芳香烴含量明顯增加,但其含量對(duì)于人體健康暫不能產(chǎn)生影響.趙毅等[39]采用RBCA(risk based corrective action)模型對(duì)有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥污染場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,結(jié)果表明,土壤表層有機(jī)污染物的濃度最大,隨著土層加深,濃度逐漸減小,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考慮有機(jī)污染物遷移至地下水的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).這一評(píng)價(jià)分析為城市剩余污泥的土地利用可行性提供重要參考.
城市污泥中富含各種氮、磷等養(yǎng)分,土地利用后可對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)加以改善.一般情況下,污泥土地利用后土壤中氮、磷等養(yǎng)分的含量會(huì)顯著提高[40].城市污泥中含有大量可被植物吸收的速效氮、速效磷,有研究表明,土壤中速效氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分的含量會(huì)隨污泥施用量的增加而提高,其效應(yīng)可以持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間[41].此外,污泥中的有機(jī)氮、有機(jī)磷可在施入土壤后進(jìn)行礦化,進(jìn)而能夠保持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的肥效,對(duì)土壤培肥具有良好的作用[42].但是,污泥施用過(guò)量或長(zhǎng)期施用時(shí),土壤中氮、磷等養(yǎng)分會(huì)大量累積并存在流失風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以及對(duì)地表水、地下水產(chǎn)生危害,因此,城市污泥中養(yǎng)分的淋溶問(wèn)題也備受關(guān)注.
Kidd等[43]探究了長(zhǎng)期(10年)施用污泥的土壤及滲漏液中的磷含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)施污泥土壤中水溶性磷濃度比未施污泥的濃度高出8倍以上.李霞等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在施用污泥后的土壤中,磷在0~20 cm內(nèi)變化明顯,這與表層土壤對(duì)于磷的容納能力有一定關(guān)系,并且磷在土壤中遷移性較弱,在40 cm以下土壤中磷含量與施用污泥前無(wú)明顯差異.由此可見(jiàn),施用城市污泥后磷素污染的潛在環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小.而對(duì)于另外一種重要養(yǎng)分氮素來(lái)說(shuō),特別是以硝態(tài)氮形態(tài)存在的氮素,由于其難以被土壤顆粒吸附,存在淋溶的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大.Oladeji等[45]研究了礦區(qū)修復(fù)場(chǎng)地長(zhǎng)期施用污泥對(duì)地下水中氮含量的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)硝態(tài)氮有淋溶現(xiàn)象,并且地下水中硝態(tài)氮含量增加.Correa等[46]對(duì)使用污泥修復(fù)的土壤中硝態(tài)氮的淋失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行研究,指出當(dāng)施用污泥量在(0.5~8.0)×103kg/hm2時(shí),地下水中硝態(tài)氮存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低.張亞欣等[47]研究了科爾沁沙質(zhì)草地氮素添加對(duì)硝態(tài)氮淋溶的影響,結(jié)果表明,在氮添加處理?xiàng)l件下,土壤層次為20 cm 和40 cm處的淋溶量分別是對(duì)照的1.96和1.39倍,氮添加能夠促進(jìn)土壤中的硝態(tài)氮向深層次淋溶,具有增加硝態(tài)氮向地下水淋失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).此外,氮磷的淋失與降雨量、土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)及其類(lèi)型、污泥類(lèi)型和施用量等因素相關(guān)[48-49],因此,污泥土地利用的方式、污泥的施入量等諸多問(wèn)題還需要深入研究和探討.
城市污泥中含有多種能夠促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和微量元素,同時(shí)也包含可改善土壤性質(zhì)和生物學(xué)特性的多種有機(jī)質(zhì)及腐殖質(zhì),有較高的土地利用價(jià)值,因此,國(guó)內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者將城市污泥作為土壤改良劑應(yīng)用于退化的土壤,以增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和提高土壤肥力,城市污泥不僅得到資源化利用,而且在改良土壤方面也發(fā)揮著重要作用.但是,城市污泥中含有的重金屬、病原體和有機(jī)污染物等有害物質(zhì),可能會(huì)淋溶到地下水,進(jìn)而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境與人類(lèi)健康造成潛在危害,目前已經(jīng)成為城市污泥在土地利用方面的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重弊端.因此,需要在以下幾個(gè)方面做出努力:1)選擇適合用于剩余污泥土地利用的土壤或生態(tài)系統(tǒng),如中國(guó)北方地區(qū)的樟子松人工林、草地等退化沙地生態(tài)系統(tǒng),不僅可為貧瘠的沙質(zhì)土壤提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)源和能源,而且能夠降低城市污泥中有毒有害物質(zhì)帶來(lái)的食物鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高城市污泥資源化利用率;2)摸索污泥土地利用的施入方式,針對(duì)污泥的施用量、施入時(shí)間、污泥與其他物料的配比等方向開(kāi)展研究,科學(xué)合理地進(jìn)行污泥有效利用,降低其環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn);3)分析污泥土地利用后有機(jī)污染物、重金屬等的遷移規(guī)律,綜合評(píng)價(jià)施用污泥的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn),為城市污泥資源化利用的可行性論證提供科學(xué)依據(jù).
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(責(zé)任編輯:趙藏賞)
A review on leaching risk of land application of urban sewage sludge
XU Chengbin1,DONG Xing1,HUANG Ye1,TIAN Dan2,SUN Xuekai3
(1.College of Environmental Science,Liaoning University,Shenyang 110036,China;2.College of Information Engineering,Shenyang University,Shenyang 110044,China;3.Daqinggou Ecological Station,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China)
In our country,dealing with sewage sludge scientifically and reasonably has become an important and urgent environmental problem.Land application of urban sewage sludge is the most promising way of the disposal.However,sludge contains a variety of heavy metals,organic contaminants and nutrients.It remains unclear whether these pollutants in the sludge may leach into soil and groundwater,and cause harm to human health.In this paper,the risk of heavy metals,organic contaminants and nutrients after the sludge land use were reviewed.The problems in the future development about land application of urban sewage sludge were pointed out.
urban sludge;leaching;land application;environmental risk
10.3969/j.issn.1000-1565.2017.01.012
2016-06-30
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41401262);國(guó)家“十二五”科技重大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)子課題(2012ZX07202003-05);遼寧省教育廳一般項(xiàng)目(L2015202);2016年遼寧省級(jí)本科教改立項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目;遼寧省博士科研啟動(dòng)基金計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201501131)
徐成斌(1980—),男,遼寧大連人,遼寧大學(xué)副教授,主要從事環(huán)境污染與防治、環(huán)境工程研究.E-mail:xuchengbin80@163.com
孫學(xué)凱(1980—),男,遼寧沈陽(yáng)人,中國(guó)科學(xué)院沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所工程師,主要從事碳氮養(yǎng)分循環(huán)、植被生態(tài)恢復(fù)與環(huán)境污染控制的研究.E-mail:sunxuekai@iae.ac.cn
X53;X705
A
1000-1565(2017)01-0080-06