徐 程 卿 濤 蔡楓瑜 唐程翔
健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中的產(chǎn)出結(jié)果及其社會(huì)價(jià)值研究:文獻(xiàn)綜述※
徐 程1卿 濤2蔡楓瑜3唐程翔4
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論和研究方法的發(fā)展,以及人們對(duì)健康的認(rèn)識(shí)和醫(yī)學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中的產(chǎn)出結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)研究無論在廣度上還是深度上都得到了擴(kuò)展和加強(qiáng)。本文在介紹近年來基于偏好理論和可行能力理論的產(chǎn)出結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)體系和方法前沿研究的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)總結(jié)和分析了有關(guān)選擇建模及其實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和工具的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用研究,為我國未來開展全面深入的健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)研究提供了依據(jù)和借鑒。
健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià);可行能力理論;質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年;離散選擇實(shí)驗(yàn);ICECAP
健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)作為決策者合理配置資源的重要依據(jù),相關(guān)研究目前得到了世界各國的廣泛重視和應(yīng)用。近年來,隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)、行為科學(xué)以及經(jīng)濟(jì)和管理科學(xué)的發(fā)展,研究的內(nèi)容越來越豐富,研究的角度也越來越廣,健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)研究不再局限于歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國家,已開始廣泛用于研究亞洲、非洲和南美等發(fā)展中國家的健康經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。
根據(jù)產(chǎn)出結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)方法不同,健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)主要包括成本-效果分析(Cost-Effectiveness Analysis,CEA)①成本效用分析(Cost-Utility Analysis,CUA)本質(zhì)上也是一種CEA,CUA和CEA唯一的差別僅在于前者測量了健康的多個(gè)構(gòu)面、維度,故本文對(duì)兩種評(píng)價(jià)方法不做區(qū)分和成本-效益分析(Cost-Benefit Analysis,CBA)。隨著人們對(duì)健康認(rèn)識(shí)以及醫(yī)學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,健康產(chǎn)出結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)無論在廣度上還是深度上都在不斷加強(qiáng)。相關(guān)的評(píng)價(jià)體系從單一的疾病角度評(píng)價(jià)客觀的臨床生理指標(biāo),擴(kuò)展到多維度的心理、社會(huì)、環(huán)境以及精神信仰等主觀感受,相關(guān)的理論也層出不窮。相比之下,健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中有關(guān)成本測量問題雖然仍然存在某些爭議,有關(guān)的測算方法也在不斷改進(jìn),但是近年來的相關(guān)研究并不多。因此,本研究重點(diǎn)總結(jié)和分析用于開展健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的產(chǎn)出結(jié)果的理論、方法和工具的前沿研究,以為我國深入開展健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)提供依據(jù)和借鑒。
CBA研究主要基于福利理論(Welfarism),通過運(yùn)用市場的顯示偏好(Revealed Preference)或聲明偏好(Stated Preference)數(shù)據(jù)及相關(guān)方法測算WTP,以貨幣價(jià)值的形式評(píng)價(jià)健康給社會(huì)和個(gè)人帶來的整體收益,涵蓋了健康結(jié)果以及非健康結(jié)果的總體收益[1]。
1.1 傳統(tǒng)的WTP評(píng)價(jià)工具傳統(tǒng)的WTP評(píng)價(jià)工具主要運(yùn)用依賴市場數(shù)據(jù)的顯示偏好方法,根據(jù)人們通過市場選擇提供的證據(jù),反映出人群對(duì)病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的WTP或受償意愿(Willingness to Accept,WTA),指導(dǎo)政府制定和評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境、安全和健康等公共政策。但是,這種方法主要探討統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上的生命價(jià)值(Value of a Statistical Life,VSL),而由于個(gè)體差異,這些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的價(jià)值如何應(yīng)用在不同人群,尤其是瀕臨病死等特殊人群,尚不確定[2]。另外,由于健康與衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的特殊性,通常無法取得市場數(shù)據(jù),或者由于市場數(shù)據(jù)的局限,無法有效控制真實(shí)世界中相互關(guān)聯(lián)和反饋的各種變量,導(dǎo)致結(jié)論存在偏差。因此,WTP的研究經(jīng)常采用聲明偏好法,即采用事前評(píng)估的方法[3-4],主要包括權(quán)變?cè)u(píng)價(jià)法(Contingent Valuation Method,CVM)和選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)法(Choice Experiments Method,CEM)。CVM中除了開放式的調(diào)查法(open ended,OE)外,還包括二分選擇(dichotomous choice,DC)和支付卡(payment card,PC)等方法。但是CVM存在順序排列和不敏感性等問題[5-6]。
1.2 離散選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)和最高最低標(biāo)度法由于傳統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)工具的局限,CEM或選擇建模(choice modeling)的方法近年來在WTP的應(yīng)用得到了飛速發(fā)展,主要包括利用離散選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)(Discrete Choice Experiment,DCE)和最高最低標(biāo)度法(Best-Worst Scaling,BWS)。這類方法是基于丹尼爾(Daniel)(1972)的隨機(jī)效用函數(shù)理論(Random Utility Theory)而構(gòu)建出的偏好提取工具[7]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種方法比權(quán)變?cè)u(píng)價(jià)法要更加靈敏[8-9],并具有很好的外部有效性[10]。
在眾多的運(yùn)用DCE模型開展健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的文章中,有關(guān)WTP的研究主要通過DCE來估算疾病治療方案或者藥物治療的偏好得到WTP[11-18]。也有研究探索其他醫(yī)療保健干預(yù)措施以及老齡人長期護(hù)理的偏好和WTP[19-20]。Prosser等[21](2013)在研究不同年齡人群流行性感冒導(dǎo)致的生命質(zhì)量中,發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)用DCE得到的WTP要高于運(yùn)用時(shí)間權(quán)衡法(Time Trade-Off,TTO)的WTP。Grutters等[22](2008)則通過DCE方法比較了WTP和WTA的差別,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)邊際WTA相比邊際WTP具有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,在實(shí)施新干預(yù)措施時(shí)推薦使用WTP進(jìn)行評(píng)估。
近年來運(yùn)用DCE來評(píng)價(jià)WTP的相關(guān)研究比十年前有所減少[23]。有研究認(rèn)為,早期使用DCE方法估算得到WTP的實(shí)證研究中,由于沒有考慮到個(gè)體對(duì)每個(gè)選擇相的不確定性,因此與隨機(jī)效用函數(shù)理論不符合,在衡量社會(huì)福利時(shí)有所偏差,并提出了新的測算方法[24]。也有研究提出,不僅DCE問卷框架的設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)影響對(duì)WTP估計(jì)[25],DCE的假設(shè)性可能因受訪者不會(huì)被其所作選擇約束而阻礙了對(duì)WTP的正確估計(jì)[26]。另外,DCE推出的意愿支付價(jià)值中假設(shè)收入的邊際效用為常數(shù)DCE,而這一假設(shè)有時(shí)并不成立[27]。最后,DCE實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)中有關(guān)費(fèi)用和選擇項(xiàng)的不同也會(huì)影響WTP的結(jié)果[28-29]。
BWS最早是在1992年的一項(xiàng)評(píng)測食品安全多個(gè)屬性的公共偏好中發(fā)展起來的,并在此領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用[30-31]。但直至2005年,隨著BWS的心理學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論得到證明,BWS才在衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)和政策研究中得到推廣[32-33]。BWS與DCE的研究方法類似,但回答B(yǎng)WS比回答DCE的認(rèn)知負(fù)擔(dān)要小很多,更簡單易于操作,通過BWS得到的結(jié)果內(nèi)容也比DCE更豐富[34-35]。因此,其應(yīng)用也越來越廣泛[36]。但目前使用BWS來進(jìn)行WTP提取的研究很少。在一篇關(guān)于評(píng)價(jià)助產(chǎn)士帶有母嬰產(chǎn)品對(duì)消費(fèi)者偏好影響的文獻(xiàn)中,Lahtinen等[37](2016)通過對(duì)215名消費(fèi)者調(diào)查并利用BWS-2方法成功進(jìn)行了意愿支付的提取,研究表明助產(chǎn)士代言能夠增加消費(fèi)者對(duì)母嬰產(chǎn)品的接受承受度并提高WTP。Marco等[38](2013)對(duì)223名酒精消費(fèi)者調(diào)查,通過BWS方法提取了頭痛綜合征患者在其他條件不變時(shí)每瓶酒避免添加亞硫酸鹽的WTP。
與CBA不同,這類研究通?;陬~外福利理論(Extra-Welfarism)。相關(guān)的健康結(jié)果通常不以貨幣形式表示,而是基于與健康相關(guān)的QOL或HR-QOL的質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年(quality adjusted life years,QALYs)。由于QALYs可以同時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)健康干預(yù)對(duì)患者的生存時(shí)間和生存質(zhì)量的影響,目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于CBA分析的研究中。
2.1 傳統(tǒng)QOL的測量及相關(guān)權(quán)重提取的研究QALYs中有關(guān)生命質(zhì)量測量除了傳統(tǒng)的病死率和患病率等疾病統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo),還包括生理、功能、社會(huì)活動(dòng)、認(rèn)知、情感、睡眠和休息、精力和活動(dòng)、健康感知和總體生命滿意度等多個(gè)維度指標(biāo)。主要工具包括歐洲五維健康量表(EuroQol -5 Dimensions, EQ-5D)、六維度健康調(diào)查簡表(the MOS item short from health survey -6 Dimensions,SF-6D)、生命質(zhì)量量表(Quality well- being scale,QWB)和健康效用指數(shù)(the health utility index,HUI)等。在計(jì)算QOL的過程中,一個(gè)重要的步驟就是提取各個(gè)維度的權(quán)重,或簡稱質(zhì)量權(quán)重②由于權(quán)重提取技術(shù)是基于期望效用函數(shù)發(fā)展出來,此權(quán)重也經(jīng)常被稱為對(duì)不同健康狀態(tài)的偏好權(quán)重,或偏好權(quán)重。傳統(tǒng)的權(quán)重提取方法主要有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)博弈法(Standard Gamble,SG)、時(shí)間權(quán)衡法(Time Trade-Off,TTO)、可視化模擬標(biāo)度法(Visual analogue scale,VAS)以及個(gè)人權(quán)衡法(Person Trade-Off,PTO)等[39]。
雖然,有關(guān)測量QOL的傳統(tǒng)工具以及相關(guān)權(quán)重提取法的理論和方法在不斷完善和改進(jìn),但是也倍受質(zhì)疑[40-42]。?sterdal[43](2009)認(rèn)為運(yùn)用個(gè)人權(quán)衡法(PTO)作為質(zhì)量調(diào)整因素來測算QALYs時(shí)違背了帕累托原則,因此缺乏規(guī)范與合理性。McCabe等[44](2006)提出新的運(yùn)用序列數(shù)據(jù)來測算健康效用函數(shù)。結(jié)果顯示這種方法比TTO和SG更合理有效。Abellan等[45](2009)通過比較分析預(yù)期理論和期望效用,發(fā)現(xiàn)其在多期健康效用的差別,提出應(yīng)用SG來衡量健康價(jià)值是不合理的。另外,這些傳統(tǒng)的基數(shù)偏好提取方法對(duì)某些人群產(chǎn)生的認(rèn)知負(fù)擔(dān)也較強(qiáng),從而限制了有代表性權(quán)重值的獲取。
2.2 基于DEC和BWS方法提取QOL權(quán)重的研究隨著選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)展,利用DCE方法來提取QOL權(quán)重變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。DCE提取QOL權(quán)重技術(shù),比傳統(tǒng)的方法更簡單、更方便,但是也存在一定限制,如一般的DCE數(shù)據(jù)無法像傳統(tǒng)方法那樣固定0值代表病死,1值代表完整的健康[46]。所以Bansback等[47](2011)結(jié)合了DCE和TTO兩種技術(shù)(DCETTO),來為EQ-5D估計(jì)健康效用的權(quán)重值,同時(shí)在調(diào)查中也單獨(dú)測試了TTO,并比較DCETTO和TTO的結(jié)果。此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了DCETTO方法能夠得到穩(wěn)定且一致的權(quán)重估值,而且是建立在與傳統(tǒng)方法相同的固定0和1標(biāo)度的基礎(chǔ)之上,DCETTO方法將能夠提供代表性人群對(duì)不同的健康偏好權(quán)重的穩(wěn)健估值。
目前,也開始有研究利用BWS的方法提取QOL權(quán)重。Ratcliffe等[48-49](2011、2016)先后應(yīng)用BWS開展了對(duì)青少年的健康狀況評(píng)估研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)BWS雙選項(xiàng)研究可用于生成在青少年人群的健康狀態(tài)值。Rudd等[50](2011)通過BWS分析了有關(guān)人文、藝術(shù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的相關(guān)研究(HASS)對(duì)于提高QOL的影響。也有研究比較了多選項(xiàng)的BWS和雙選項(xiàng)的DCE。Xie等[51](2014)在提取EQ-5D中受試者對(duì)不同健康狀態(tài)的偏好,發(fā)現(xiàn)因BWS比DCE會(huì)帶來更高的認(rèn)知負(fù)擔(dān),故DCE比BWS的可靠性會(huì)更好。
2.3 QALYs的社會(huì)價(jià)值研究在上述有關(guān)QOL測算方法的基礎(chǔ)上,健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們也在不斷探索如何衡量QALY的社會(huì)價(jià)值[52-53]。雖然,一直以來有關(guān)如何將CEA和CBA整合的探討存在很多爭議[54-55],但是由于現(xiàn)實(shí)公共政策決策的需要,大量研究試圖通過傳統(tǒng)的CVM方法將QALY貨幣化,通過測算單位QALY的WTP(WTP-Q),來為評(píng)價(jià)和選擇不同的醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目提供基礎(chǔ)[56-57]。該類研究主要針對(duì)患有不同疾病的患者開展問卷調(diào)查,將傳統(tǒng)的CVM測算WTP方法和SG或TTO等測算QALY的方法整合在一起,開展WTP-Q的分析。目前,基于DCE測算WTP-Q的研究極少[58],尚沒有相關(guān)的BWS研究。雖然WTP-Q的方法很實(shí)用,但是根據(jù)不同研究工具和測算方法的研究結(jié)果差距較大[59]。
也有研究根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)VLS方法,通過測算統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上可預(yù)防的死亡(VPF)和可預(yù)防的嚴(yán)重傷殘(VSI),結(jié)合QALY的偏好測量,來衡量健康結(jié)果的社會(huì)價(jià)值[52,59]。由于人們從自我還是社會(huì)的角度來評(píng)判健康的價(jià)值是不同的,因此如果通過個(gè)人調(diào)查得到的QALY價(jià)值無法全面體現(xiàn)和衡量給整個(gè)社會(huì)帶來的價(jià)值[60]。因此,也有研究試圖通過DCE方法測算QALY的人群權(quán)重分配以及相關(guān)的社會(huì)福利問題[61-62]。
用QALY作為評(píng)價(jià)健康產(chǎn)出結(jié)果的社會(huì)價(jià)值仍存在諸多問題。由于與健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量的測算工具所選擇的測量維度可能與干預(yù)措施的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,因此導(dǎo)致測算體系的敏感性偏低,包括測量心理健康[63]、公共衛(wèi)生項(xiàng)目等[64]。另外,由于患者具有一定承受能力,其主觀感受無法正確體現(xiàn)社會(huì)價(jià)值,而導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的偏差[65]。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為QALYs忽略了決策者應(yīng)考慮的重要因素(如公平性、國家和地方的優(yōu)先項(xiàng)目以及公眾的可接受度等),因此無法體現(xiàn)和衡量醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生服務(wù)和公共衛(wèi)生項(xiàng)目等給整個(gè)社會(huì)帶來的價(jià)值[66-67]。
可行能力的理論和方法已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于研究不平等、公平正義以及貧困等問題中[68]。近年來,由于醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生、公共衛(wèi)生以及社會(huì)關(guān)懷等干預(yù)手段越來越復(fù)雜,干預(yù)效果也不僅僅局限于健康領(lǐng)域,而是涉及了人類生存和幸福多個(gè)方面,包括也會(huì)帶來獨(dú)立性、尊嚴(yán)以及更多的社會(huì)交往能力等。因此,也有學(xué)者探索將Sen[69](1993)的可行能力理論(Capability-Approach)應(yīng)用于健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)中,開發(fā)并建立了多種測量工具,如針對(duì)老年人的廣義QOL指標(biāo)測量體系(the Investigating Choice Experiments for the Preferences of Older People Capability-Approach,ICECAP-O)和針對(duì)成年人的廣義QOL指標(biāo)測量體系(ICECAP-A)[70]?;诳尚心芰碚摰腎CECAP不僅可以從多個(gè)維度測量比較醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生干預(yù)、公共衛(wèi)生以及社會(huì)關(guān)懷等帶來的個(gè)體和群體的福祉變化,而且可以彌補(bǔ)長期以來針對(duì)QALY和WTP中有關(guān)不同人群的權(quán)重問題。因此,相關(guān)的理論和方法也逐漸被越來越多的健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們認(rèn)識(shí)、開發(fā)和推廣。
3.1 可行能力的理論研究與傳統(tǒng)的基于序數(shù)效用理論的福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不同,可行能力理論提出從功能與能力角度來評(píng)價(jià)人類的福祉,包括人類生命活動(dòng)中有價(jià)值的多維度功能與能力的組合,而不僅局限于與健康相關(guān)的QOL。同時(shí),基于可行能力理論的分析方法可以衡量不同人群之間的QOL差異。因此,該方法不僅可以更加廣泛地衡量不同醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生以及其他健康干預(yù)措施之間的差異,還可以為決策者制定公共政策、解決健康不平等問題提供理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐依據(jù)[71]。
雖然,基于額外福利理論的QALYs評(píng)估方法也借鑒了可行能力理論中不以個(gè)人的最終效用來衡量QOL的理念,但是大量的實(shí)證研究主要局限于與健康相關(guān)生命質(zhì)量的測量(HR-QOL),無法為合理配置資源提供強(qiáng)有力的理論基礎(chǔ)[72-74]。因此,近年來前沿研究開始探討如何將可行能力理論與健康的特殊性相結(jié)合,應(yīng)用在健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中,并與QALYs分析相結(jié)合[75-77]。也有學(xué)者在理論上分析了如何基于可行能力理論和額外福利理論的框架來評(píng)估可行能力集合,并測量QALYs的影子價(jià)格[78]。
3.2 針對(duì)老年人的ICECAP-O指標(biāo)體系研究Grewal等[79](2006)率先從依賴感、角色感、安全感、快樂感、控制力共5個(gè)維度的功能性活動(dòng)來測量老年人的QOL。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),個(gè)體的QOL主要受這些能力降低的限制,而不是健康下降直接導(dǎo)致的。在此基礎(chǔ)上,Coast等[80](2008)以可行能力理論為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建了針對(duì)老年人的ICEpop CAPability指數(shù)(ICECAP-O),度量健康和社會(huì)關(guān)懷對(duì)老年人QOL的影響。該研究通過調(diào)查英國指標(biāo)體系將擁有依賴感、悠閑感、安全感、快樂感、和控制能力等5個(gè)維度功能性活動(dòng)作為可行能力列表,采用BWS模型分析老年人的QOL。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擁有良好的人際關(guān)系在5個(gè)維度對(duì)可行能力測算的貢獻(xiàn)最強(qiáng),其他4個(gè)維度也均有貢獻(xiàn)。與傳統(tǒng)的與健康相關(guān)的QOL不同,QOL能夠更準(zhǔn)確地反映健康對(duì)人們的總體福利水平的影響。該評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)可以用來比較健康服務(wù)和社會(huì)關(guān)懷之間的資源配置,而不是僅僅局限于醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域。
大量的研究進(jìn)一步對(duì)ICECAP-O的可信性、有效性和可行性等進(jìn)行了研究[81-85]。Makai等[86](2015)運(yùn)用荷蘭老年人綜合服務(wù)的數(shù)據(jù)分析比較了ICECAP-O和EQ-5D的差別。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基于ICECAP-O測算成本-效益的概率要高于基于EQ-5D的結(jié)果。
Mitchell等[87](2015)也分別對(duì)澳大利亞、加拿大、英國和美國5248名健康者以及患有抑郁癥等7種慢性疾病的患者展開了ICECAP-O和EQ-5D-5L的問卷調(diào)查。研究結(jié)果顯示,不同疾病對(duì)于能力和健康的影響不同,基于能力的QOL與基于健康的QOL測量結(jié)果有顯著差異,尤其是病情比較嚴(yán)重的患者。
3.3 針對(duì)成年人的ICECAP-A指標(biāo)體系研究Al-Janabi等[88](2013)在ICECAP-O的基礎(chǔ)上,又進(jìn)一步探索構(gòu)建針對(duì)成年人的自評(píng)能力測量的指標(biāo)體系(ICECAP-A)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與影響老年人可行能力相關(guān)福利的5個(gè)維度不同,依賴性、穩(wěn)定性、成就感、自主性以及快樂感對(duì)成年人更為重要。Flynn等[89](2013)進(jìn)一步運(yùn)用BWS方法對(duì)ICECAP-A中的維度指標(biāo)進(jìn)行權(quán)重估值。通過調(diào)整異質(zhì)性后的結(jié)果顯示,依賴性和穩(wěn)定性各占22%權(quán)重,另外3個(gè)維度各占18%。Al-Janabi等[88](2013)和Keeley等[90](2012)也對(duì)ICECAP-A的有效性等進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為ICECAP-A可以用來分析不同人群的QOL。
Davis等[91](2013)和Keeley等[92](2016)也分別將ICECAP-O和ICECAP-A與EQ-5D進(jìn)行比較。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)用這兩者工具的結(jié)果有所不同,可以互為補(bǔ)充。此外,基于可行能力的測量工具也逐漸被開發(fā)運(yùn)用在不同國家的公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)[93-94]以及骨關(guān)節(jié)炎[95]、心理疾病[96]和慢性疼痛[97]等不同疾病干預(yù)手段的結(jié)果研究中。近年來,也有研究在基于可行能力理論測算QOL結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步挖掘研究充分能力和完整能力年等產(chǎn)出結(jié)果,為進(jìn)一步開展健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)提供基礎(chǔ)[87,89]。
目前,有關(guān)健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中的結(jié)果分析方法的理論和實(shí)證研究層出不窮。雖然,以QALY為代表的CEA健康結(jié)果研究目前仍廣泛應(yīng)用于健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中,但是由于其相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ)一直存在爭議,大量研究正在不斷開發(fā)和使用其他研究方法。以WTP為核心的CBA研究也隨著DCE和BWS方法不斷改進(jìn),得到了一定的推廣。然而,由于WTP方法受到支付能力等的限制,其評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果如何體現(xiàn)公平性,仍需要深入研究。以可行能力理論為基礎(chǔ)度量社會(huì)福利狀況和社會(huì)發(fā)展水平的基本思想和方法已廣泛運(yùn)用于人類發(fā)展研究中,如由聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計(jì)劃署構(gòu)建的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)(Human Development Index,HDI)等指標(biāo),以及評(píng)價(jià)公平等公共政策。由于其在健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)估的應(yīng)用才剛剛起步,相關(guān)的研究主要集中在評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系的開發(fā)以及信度和效度的檢驗(yàn)上。雖然,基于可行能力的ICECAP指數(shù)的開發(fā)具有很強(qiáng)的理論基礎(chǔ)。但是在實(shí)際操作中,反映總體福利的QOL會(huì)受到諸多因素的干擾,未來研究需要深入分析這些因素對(duì)結(jié)果影響的偏差,并進(jìn)一步將其廣泛應(yīng)用在與人類福祉和生命質(zhì)量相關(guān)的健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)研究中,為決策者提供從社會(huì)福利的角度研究和評(píng)價(jià)醫(yī)養(yǎng)結(jié)合等公共項(xiàng)目的可行依據(jù)。目前,我國尚未運(yùn)用可行能力理論開展健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的研究,因此也需要探索符合中國國情的相關(guān)研究。
DCE已廣泛應(yīng)用于WTP、QOL以及QALY的權(quán)重研究中。與DCE相比,BWS的研究雖然起步較晚,但在測算健康結(jié)果方面研究的內(nèi)容更豐富,而且更為簡單,具有實(shí)際操作性,并且已應(yīng)用在ICECAP的權(quán)重分析中。因此,有關(guān)BWS的研究方法在健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)研究中具有很大的發(fā)展空間。在今后的研究中,繼續(xù)比較DCE和BWS在估計(jì)對(duì)不同健康狀態(tài)的偏好權(quán)重上的一致性和準(zhǔn)確性將是一個(gè)值得探討的領(lǐng)域。
健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)是一個(gè)多交叉的學(xué)科,只有全面系統(tǒng)地開展多學(xué)科的交叉研究,未來健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究才能更好地為健康政策提供理論和實(shí)踐依據(jù)。因此,未來的健康結(jié)果研究,首先需要明晰健康的界定,重新認(rèn)識(shí)身體、心理和精神等多維度的關(guān)聯(lián),并深入分析健康和影響健康因素之間的關(guān)系,如人類不同生命周期中教育和社會(huì)關(guān)懷等的重要作用。其次,需要從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度重新審視健康、幸福、效用以及財(cái)富等社會(huì)價(jià)值的判斷。同時(shí),需要進(jìn)一步引進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)前沿理論和方法,包括行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等,更好地指導(dǎo)如何解決信息不對(duì)稱等問題,指導(dǎo)個(gè)體健康行為的改變以及公共政策的制定。
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Literature Review of Health Economics Evaluation:Outcome and Social Value
Xu Cheng Qing Tao Cai Fengyu Tang Chengxiang
With the development of economics and medical sciences, research topics and contents on health outcome measurements and health value have been extended and strengthened in the past decade. This paper reviews the frontier studies of health outcome measurements and health value based on Preference Theory and Capability Approach. Specifically, it summarized development and application of Choice Modeling and instruments for health evaluation. This study is helpful for researchers to carry out comprehensive health economics evaluation research in the future.
Health economics evaluation;Capability approach;QALY;DCE;ICECAP
10.12010/j.issn.1673-5846.2017.12.056
1西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)公共管理學(xué)院,四川成都 611130
2西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)工商管理學(xué)院,四川成都 611130
3福建省泉州醫(yī)學(xué)高等專科學(xué)校檢驗(yàn)預(yù)防系,福建泉州 362100
4廣州大學(xué)公共管理學(xué)院,廣東廣州 510006
國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):71473202);國家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):16BGL097)
徐程(1971-),教授,博士學(xué)位。研究方向:衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)、健康治理、公共政策與管理、醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體系