羅明堯,常謙,于存濤,孫曉剛,錢(qián)向陽(yáng),陳雷,吉冰洋,張海濤,方坤,周洲,舒暢
冠心病研究
“一站式”行胸主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)聯(lián)合冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)
羅明堯,常謙,于存濤,孫曉剛,錢(qián)向陽(yáng),陳雷,吉冰洋,張海濤,方坤,周洲,舒暢
目的:探討胸主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)(TEVAR)聯(lián)合冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)“一站式”治療冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病的安全性及其臨床策略。
方法:回顧性分析2009-04至2016-01間,在阜外醫(yī)院血管外科中心接受“一站式”TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG手術(shù)治療冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病患者20例,男性18例,平均年齡[65.2±8.5(51~82)]歲。分析“一站式”手術(shù)的實(shí)施策略及圍手術(shù)期注意事項(xiàng)。
結(jié)果:20例患者,1例植入胸主動(dòng)脈支架2枚, 19例植入胸主動(dòng)脈支架1枚,其中3例分別同期實(shí)施腹主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架植入術(shù)1例、右側(cè)髂總動(dòng)脈支架植入術(shù)1例和頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)1例;平均冠脈搭橋[2.4±0.94(1~4)]支,10例(50%)采用乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈橋。20例患者平均住院時(shí)間[22.4±11.6(8~58)]天,6例(30%)患者接受輸血治療;低心排綜合征1例(5%),采用體外膜氧合器(ECMO)輔助治療,后又因胸液多二次開(kāi)胸止血;術(shù)后30天死亡2例(10%)。17例患者(失訪1例)均獲得門(mén)診或電話隨訪,平均隨訪時(shí)間[13.4±13.6(1~49)]個(gè)月,2例患者分別于術(shù)后12個(gè)月、49個(gè)月因腦血管意外去世,15例患者臨床癥狀消失或明顯減輕,生活質(zhì)量改善,無(wú)手術(shù)相關(guān)死亡。
結(jié)論:TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG“一站式”治療冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病中期療效滿意,若需同期行去分支手術(shù)為T(mén)EVAR創(chuàng)造錨定區(qū),會(huì)增加手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù);血管成形術(shù);胸主動(dòng)脈
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2017,32:556.)
隨著吸煙、高血壓病、高脂血癥、糖尿病、肥胖等危險(xiǎn)因素的流行,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)常見(jiàn)和多發(fā)的病理改變之一,可以導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤、動(dòng)脈潰瘍、動(dòng)脈狹窄閉塞等病變。同時(shí)罹患冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)粥樣硬化性心臟病和胸主動(dòng)脈疾病的患者在臨床實(shí)踐中較為常見(jiàn)?!耙徽臼健睂?shí)施胸主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)(TEVAR)聯(lián)合冠脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)治療冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病患者,國(guó)際上僅有少量個(gè)案報(bào)道[1-4]。本文通過(guò)報(bào)道目前國(guó)際上較大一組病例,對(duì) “一站式”實(shí)施TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG治療冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病的安全性、有效性作一初步探討。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
回顧性分析2009-04至2016-01間,在阜外醫(yī)院血管外科中心接受“一站式”TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG手術(shù)治療、并能通過(guò)醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)檢索到臨床信息的冠心病合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病20例患者的臨床資料,男性18例,平均年齡[ 65.2±8.5(51~82)]歲。20例患者中,14例(70%)是由于“冠脈粥樣硬化性心臟病”入院,冠脈造影提示須行CABG手術(shù),術(shù)前完善計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)(CTA)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)合并胸主動(dòng)脈疾病,其中胸主動(dòng)脈真性動(dòng)脈瘤5例,胸主動(dòng)脈真性動(dòng)脈瘤及腹主動(dòng)脈真性動(dòng)脈瘤1例,降主動(dòng)脈假性動(dòng)脈瘤1例,降主動(dòng)脈潰瘍5例,Stanford B型夾層2例,均符合TEVAR手術(shù)的指征和條件;6例是由于胸主動(dòng)脈疾病入院,其中胸主動(dòng)脈真性動(dòng)脈瘤4例,降主動(dòng)脈潰瘍2例,擬行TEVAR手術(shù),術(shù)前CTA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)冠脈嚴(yán)重鈣化狹窄,進(jìn)而實(shí)施冠脈造影,提示符合CABG的指征和條件。本“一站式”手術(shù)的適應(yīng)癥為確診冠心病并符合CABG指征,且確診主動(dòng)脈疾病并符合TEVAR手術(shù)指征的患者,無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌者均可入選。而不滿足CABG或TEVAR指征,或因?yàn)楦鞣N原因無(wú)法耐受CABG或TEVAR手術(shù)的患者,均須排除。
1.2 方法
術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:CABG術(shù)前全套常規(guī)檢查加上主動(dòng)脈全程CTA檢查,包括血常規(guī)、血液生化指標(biāo)、凝血功能、傳染病和X線胸片、超聲心動(dòng)圖、心電圖、冠脈造影等,50歲以上患者建議檢查頸動(dòng)脈超聲,有心肌梗死病史的患者建議進(jìn)一步檢查心臟核磁共振和心肌核素掃描。由于確診冠心病,常規(guī)建議服用擴(kuò)冠、控制心率藥物,術(shù)前5~7天停用抗血小板藥物,改為低分子肝素皮下注射;由于合并主動(dòng)脈病變,患者收縮壓均須控制在120 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)以下。術(shù)前血壓、血脂、血糖的調(diào)節(jié)及其他各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備按常規(guī)進(jìn)行。
手術(shù)方法:(1)對(duì)于弓降部錨定區(qū)足夠的患者,均首先采取腹股溝小切口暴露一側(cè)股動(dòng)脈,穿刺股動(dòng)脈植入導(dǎo)絲導(dǎo)管至升主動(dòng)脈造影,證實(shí)主動(dòng)脈病變后測(cè)量錨定區(qū)直徑,選擇相應(yīng)型號(hào)的支架型人工血管,實(shí)施經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路的TEVAR手術(shù)(技術(shù)操作按常規(guī)進(jìn)行),其中合并腹主動(dòng)脈瘤的患者同期實(shí)施腹主動(dòng)脈瘤覆膜支架腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù),第二步再正中開(kāi)胸,實(shí)施體外循環(huán)或非體外循環(huán)下的CABG手術(shù);(2)對(duì)于錨定區(qū)不足的患者,則首先行正中開(kāi)胸,行升主動(dòng)脈至弓上分支動(dòng)脈的人工血管搭橋手術(shù),即側(cè)壁鉗鉗夾升主動(dòng)脈壁,近端以三分支人工血管主干與升主動(dòng)脈端側(cè)吻合,再將人工血管各分支與弓上動(dòng)脈端端吻合,借此擴(kuò)展主動(dòng)脈病變近端錨定區(qū),再實(shí)施經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路的TEVAR手術(shù)和CABG手術(shù)。兩個(gè)手術(shù)的技術(shù)操作均按常規(guī)進(jìn)行,與分期手術(shù)的操作并無(wú)不同。操作完成后,止血關(guān)胸并縫合腹股溝切口。如果CABG在體外循環(huán)下實(shí)施,須先修主動(dòng)脈病變,再實(shí)施CABG,以防體外循環(huán)期間主動(dòng)脈病變出現(xiàn)意外。
術(shù)后處理:嚴(yán)密觀察生命體征、胸液量、傷口滲血、末梢循環(huán)等,監(jiān)測(cè)心肌酶學(xué)、血?dú)夥治觥⒀R?guī)、血液生化檢測(cè)等。按照CABG術(shù)后的治療原則,建議拜阿司匹林(100 mg, QD)終身服用,部分高?;颊呓ㄗh拜阿司匹林(100 mg,QD)+氯吡格雷(75 mg, QD)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療1年,隨后拜阿司匹林(100 mg,QD)終身服用。擴(kuò)冠、降壓、降脂、降糖等其他治療視實(shí)際需要實(shí)施。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
用SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示, 采用t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 手術(shù)情況
20例患者, 11例弓降部錨定區(qū)足夠的患者直接實(shí)施常規(guī)TEVAR手術(shù),9例錨定區(qū)不足的患者在實(shí)施升主動(dòng)脈-弓上動(dòng)脈的人工血管轉(zhuǎn)流手術(shù)后,再實(shí)施TEVAR手術(shù)。主動(dòng)脈操作完成以后,進(jìn)一步實(shí)施CABG手術(shù)。其中,10例患者在體外循環(huán)輔助下實(shí)施上述操作,10例患者在非體外循環(huán)下實(shí)施手術(shù)。本組患者中,除1例植入胸主動(dòng)脈支架2枚,另19例均植入胸主動(dòng)脈支架1枚,其中3例分別同期植入腹主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架(1例)、右側(cè)髂總動(dòng)脈支架(1例)和實(shí)施頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(1例)。平均冠脈搭橋[2.4±0.94(1~4)]支,10例(50%)采用乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈橋,10例(50%)為全靜脈橋。
2.2 圍手術(shù)期情況
20例患者 (1)平均住院時(shí)間[22.4+11.6(8~58)]天;平均呼吸機(jī)輔助時(shí)間[59.7±109.7(12~488)]h,其中4例(20%)危重患者超過(guò)100 h,另16例患者平均呼吸機(jī)輔助時(shí)間為[19.1±8.0(12~44)]h;(2)平均ICU滯留時(shí)間為[5.5±8.8(1~36)]天,其中2例危重患者滯留超過(guò)20 天, 另18例患者平均滯留時(shí)間為2.7(1~7)天;(3)6例(30%)患者曾接受輸血治療;(4)20例患者術(shù)后30天死亡2例(10%),1例70歲的主動(dòng)脈弓部瘤并冠脈前降支重度狹窄患者,正中開(kāi)胸首先行升主動(dòng)脈至頭臂干、左頸總動(dòng)脈搭橋,再行主動(dòng)脈-大隱靜脈-冠脈前降支旁路移植,最后行TEVAR手術(shù),植入胸主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架2枚,由于遠(yuǎn)端瘤腔巨大且成角,支架對(duì)接不良,遠(yuǎn)端支架移位,遂緊急建立體外循環(huán),在深低溫停循環(huán)下縱行切開(kāi)主動(dòng)脈弓和降主動(dòng)脈近段瘤壁,復(fù)位支架并以瘤壁包裹縫合成形,術(shù)中大出血,輸紅細(xì)胞42單位,血漿4 000 ml,手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)(10 h),術(shù)后次日因多器官功能衰竭死亡;另1例74歲的患者因低心排綜合征、多器官功能衰竭,術(shù)后第5 天自動(dòng)出院后死亡。(5)存活的18例患者中,1例出現(xiàn)術(shù)后低心排綜合征,采用體外膜氧合器(ECMO)輔助治療,后又因胸液多二次開(kāi)胸止血處理,該患者重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室停留時(shí)間36 天,呼吸機(jī)輔助時(shí)間488 h,總住院時(shí)間58 天,最終好轉(zhuǎn)出院。其余17例患者順利恢復(fù)出院。
2.3 隨訪情況
18例存活患者中,1例失訪,17例獲得門(mén)診或電話隨訪,平均隨訪[13.4±13.6(1~49)]個(gè)月,無(wú)手術(shù)相關(guān)死亡,但1例82歲患者于術(shù)后12個(gè)月因“腦出血”死亡;1例75歲患者于術(shù)后24個(gè)月再次因“腹主動(dòng)脈瘤”入院接受腹主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)治療,該患者于第一次手術(shù)后49個(gè)月因“腦出血”死亡;1例患者術(shù)后小腿獲取大隱靜脈的切口愈合不良。其余14例患者臨床癥狀消失或明顯減輕,生活質(zhì)量改善,無(wú)其他并發(fā)癥或再次住院。
隨著人民生活水平的提高和人口老齡化的加劇,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病已經(jīng)成為臨床常見(jiàn)病[5]。該類(lèi)患者常常表現(xiàn)為全身多支動(dòng)脈狹窄閉塞、潰瘍或擴(kuò)張成瘤等。因此,對(duì)有動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化表現(xiàn)的患者合理實(shí)施主動(dòng)脈、冠脈、頸動(dòng)脈、下肢動(dòng)脈的有關(guān)篩查,有助于全面了解患者病情,制定完善的手術(shù)方案,并有效避免漏診帶來(lái)的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥[6]。
動(dòng)脈病變合并冠心病是一種常見(jiàn)病癥。其治療方式包括分期手術(shù)和同期手術(shù)兩種,二者各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),具體到每一例患者如何選擇治療策略還需考慮個(gè)體化因素。研究顯示,對(duì)于分期手術(shù)而言,先處理何種疾病需要經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)討論和權(quán)衡:若先實(shí)施主動(dòng)脈手術(shù),未處理的冠心病是導(dǎo)致圍手術(shù)期心血管事件從而增加手術(shù)死亡率的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[7];先實(shí)施CABG或者經(jīng)皮冠脈成形手術(shù),此手術(shù)操作本身以及術(shù)后的抗血小板治療則有導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈病變破裂的可能性,也可能增加死亡率[8]。隨著介入技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)聯(lián)合CABG的“一站式”手術(shù)得到了越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。
目前國(guó)際上報(bào)道“一站式”同期處理冠心病和主動(dòng)脈疾病的文獻(xiàn)仍然較少,為數(shù)不多的報(bào)道中,大多著眼于同期治療冠心病和腹主動(dòng)脈瘤,而有關(guān)TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG的報(bào)道極少。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,CABG聯(lián)合開(kāi)放性手術(shù)治療腹主動(dòng)脈瘤創(chuàng)傷巨大,薈萃分析報(bào)道其30天死亡率為3%~7.8%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為32%~53%[9,10]。鑒于腔內(nèi)治療主動(dòng)脈瘤創(chuàng)傷較小,聯(lián)合CABG可顯著降低手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷,進(jìn)而降低手術(shù)死亡率和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,如Field等[11]曾報(bào)道連續(xù)實(shí)施10例腹主動(dòng)脈瘤腔內(nèi)修復(fù)同期CABG手術(shù)的患者,30天死亡率為零。因此,腹主動(dòng)脈瘤腔內(nèi)修復(fù)手術(shù)聯(lián)合CABG治療合并冠心病的腹主動(dòng)脈瘤患者可能是一種相對(duì)更為理想的術(shù)式[12]。同理,對(duì)于胸主動(dòng)脈病變合并冠心病患者,同期實(shí)施CABG聯(lián)合主動(dòng)脈弓部人工血管替換術(shù)需要借助于深低溫停循環(huán)技術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),難度大,技術(shù)要求高,死亡率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,而“一站式”實(shí)施TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG作為一種創(chuàng)傷相對(duì)較小、效果相對(duì)較好的術(shù)式,其療效值得關(guān)注和期待,但目前仍然缺乏研究報(bào)道,本組患者通過(guò)“一站式”實(shí)施TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG,獲得了一定的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。其中對(duì)于部分錨定區(qū)不足甚至主動(dòng)脈病變累及弓部的患者,本組采取先行升主動(dòng)脈至弓部動(dòng)脈人工血管搭橋的辦法,擴(kuò)展覆膜支架近端錨定區(qū),再行TEVAR手術(shù)。該術(shù)式治療累及弓部的病變,較傳統(tǒng)的全主動(dòng)脈弓人工血管替換手術(shù)更為簡(jiǎn)便,也是目前主動(dòng)脈指南所建議的治療方式之一[13],它避免了深低溫停循環(huán),尤其是在本組患者需要同期行CABG,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的情況下,一定程度上有利于降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[14]。但總體而言,單純TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG手術(shù)手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低,而當(dāng)主動(dòng)脈病變近端錨定區(qū)不足需同時(shí)行去分支手術(shù),再行TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG時(shí),由于手術(shù)操作復(fù)雜程度和手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)顯著增加,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍然較高。本組患者年齡大,手術(shù)總時(shí)間長(zhǎng),因此乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈使用率僅為50%,考慮與獲取大隱靜脈更為快捷簡(jiǎn)便以及高齡患者乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈質(zhì)量欠佳有關(guān)。
本組患者的治療結(jié)局提示我們,同期實(shí)施TEVAR聯(lián)合CABG手術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)包括:(1)兩種疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一同消除,避免了分期手術(shù)間期的等待風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(2)患者只經(jīng)歷一次麻醉和一次手術(shù)過(guò)程,就能治療兩種疾病,心理更容易接受。不足:(1)需要能同時(shí)實(shí)施CABG聯(lián)合TEVAR手術(shù)的術(shù)者,或者兩組專(zhuān)家組成復(fù)合技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作實(shí)施,對(duì)醫(yī)院相關(guān)學(xué)科的技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)和協(xié)調(diào)配合能力要求極高;(2)該手術(shù)仍然十分復(fù)雜,開(kāi)胸手術(shù)對(duì)高齡患者是一大考驗(yàn),尤其是涉及到去分支手術(shù)行弓上分支重建的患者,技術(shù)難度高,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、時(shí)間長(zhǎng),在70歲以上高齡患者群體中需要慎重實(shí)施,即使在經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的中心,也有一定的死亡率。
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Clinical Experience for “One-stop” Performance of Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
LUO Ming-yao, CHANG Qian, YU Cun-tao, SUN Xiao-gang, QIAN Xiang-yang, CHEN Lei, JI Bing-yang, ZHANG Hai-tao, FANG Kun, ZHOU Zhou, SHU Chang.
Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China
SHU Chang, Email: Changshu@vip.126.com
Objective: To explore the safety and strategy of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) combining coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as “one-stop” performance in treating the patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and thoracic aorta disease.
A total of 20 patients
“one-stop” treatment of TEVAR combining CABG in our hospital from 2009-04 to 2016-01 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 18 male and the mean age of patients was (65.2±8.5, 51-82) years. The performance strategy and peri-operative management were studied.
Results: There were 1/20 patient received 2 stents implantation in thoracic aorta and 19 received 1 stent in thoracic aorta those including 1 case with endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1 with right iliac artery stent implantation and 1 with carotid endarterectomy at meanwhile. The average number of coronary artery bypass branch was (2.4±0.94, 1-4) and 10 (50%) patients received internal mammary artery grafting. The average in-hospital time in all 20 patients was (22.4±11.6, 8-58) days. There were 6 (30%) patients received blood transfusion; 1 (5%) having low cardiac output syndrome receivedextracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), then received the second thoracotomy for hemostasis due to excessive pleural effusion; 2 (10%) patients died at 30 days post-operation. 1 patient lost contact and 17 received clinical or telephone follow-up visit at the average of (13.4+13.6, 1-49) months; 2 patients died for cerebral hemorrhage at 12 and 49 months post-operation, the rest 15 had disappeared symptoms and improved quality of life, no operation related death occurred.
Conclusion: TEVAR combining CABG as “one-stop” performance presented good mid-term effect in treating the patients with CAD and thoracic aorta disease; in otherwise, the operative time and risk might be increased by two step performance.
Coronary artery bypass grafting; Angloplasty; Thoracic aorta
2016-12-04)
(編輯:曹洪紅)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)與健康科技創(chuàng)新工程(重大協(xié)同創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2016-I2M-1-016) ;2017年北京市科技重大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(D171100002917004)
100037 北京市,中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 國(guó)家心血管病中心 阜外醫(yī)院 心血管疾病國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 血管外科中心(羅明堯、常謙、于存濤、孫曉剛、錢(qián)向陽(yáng)、方坤、舒暢),麻醉科(陳雷),體外循環(huán)科(吉冰洋),監(jiān)護(hù)室(張海濤),檢驗(yàn)科(周洲)
羅明堯 主治醫(yī)師 博士 主要從事主動(dòng)脈疾病和外周血管疾病的臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究 Email: luomingyao@fuwai.com 通訊作者:舒暢Email: Changshu@vip.126.com
R541
A
1000-3614(2017)06-0556-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2017. 06.007