袁偉壯,楊逸成,劉旭玲,何曉恩,惠 媛,劉雨菁,李 盈,趙 衛(wèi)
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抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)發(fā)生機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
袁偉壯1,2,楊逸成1,2,劉旭玲1,何曉恩1,惠 媛1,劉雨菁1,李 盈1,趙 衛(wèi)1
在各類病原體特別是病毒的感染中,抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)(Antibody-dependent enhancement,ADE)可使原有的感染加重,引起嚴(yán)重疾病。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種病原體的感染過程中均有抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)ADE現(xiàn)象,且可能存在不同的發(fā)生機(jī)制。隨著抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)ADE現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生機(jī)制研究的不斷深入,有助于相應(yīng)病原體疫苗的改造,從而使疫苗效用最大化,對控制包括寨卡病毒在內(nèi)的病原體的感染將提供巨大幫助。本文就近年來抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)ADE發(fā)生機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,包括Fc段受體依賴、補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)、非中和抗體介導(dǎo)、病毒表面蛋白介導(dǎo)及細(xì)胞活動介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)ADE機(jī)制,同時以登革病毒、人類免疫缺陷病毒、柯薩奇病毒、埃博拉病毒、寨卡病毒及其他病原體為例進(jìn)行分類介紹。
抗體依賴性增強(qiáng)感染;機(jī)制;病原體
病原體感染產(chǎn)生的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)感染效應(yīng)(antibody-dependent enhancement,ADE)是指機(jī)體中原存在的中和抗體不僅不能防止病毒侵入人體細(xì)胞,反而可與Fc受體或者補(bǔ)體相互作用侵入單核巨噬細(xì)胞、粒細(xì)胞等,增強(qiáng)病毒在體內(nèi)的復(fù)制,引起嚴(yán)重疾病。許多病毒的感染存在此種效應(yīng),如登革病毒、人類免疫缺陷病毒、柯薩奇病毒、埃博拉病毒、丙肝病毒等[1]。ADE現(xiàn)象在1964年由Hawkes[2]首次提出,他指出將病毒置于高度稀釋的同源抗體中可能有利于多種蟲媒病毒在雞胚中的繁殖,包括日本腦炎病毒、墨累山谷腦炎病毒、格塔病毒。直至1977年,Halstead[3]將ADE現(xiàn)象與嚴(yán)重的登革病毒引起的疾病聯(lián)系起來。有證據(jù)表明細(xì)菌和寄生蟲也能產(chǎn)生抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)[4-5]。本文對抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。
雖然ADE產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制至今仍未完全被闡明,但是普遍認(rèn)為病毒對細(xì)胞感染率的增加大部分是通過 Fc受體介導(dǎo)途徑促進(jìn)靶細(xì)胞對病毒抗體復(fù)合物的攝取,其次也有研究表明存在其他機(jī)制。了解ADE產(chǎn)生的各項機(jī)制,確定病毒中與ADE相關(guān)的抗原決定簇,并進(jìn)行修飾處理,有助于研制出更安全有效的疫苗。
1.1 Fc段受體依賴的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制 目前普遍接受的是Halstead等人[6]提出來的Fc段受體依賴的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制,此外也有報道補(bǔ)體受體、β2微球蛋白和一些CD分子與ADE有關(guān)。Halstead等人[6]通過實(shí)驗首次發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒和IgG復(fù)合物與Fc段受體的相互作用是ADE的關(guān)鍵過程。Peiris等人[7]通過破壞Fc段的細(xì)胞與西尼羅病毒病毒抗體復(fù)合體混合,成功地阻礙了ADE的發(fā)生,從而說明Fc段受體與ADE的密切聯(lián)系。最近Moi等人通過高表達(dá)Fc段受體的幼倉鼠腎細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗也證明了Fc段受體與ADE的密切聯(lián)系[8]。此外,口蹄疫病毒和奧耶斯基病病毒也通過類似的實(shí)驗證明了受體介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)過程。
人類有3種Fc段受體與IgG結(jié)合,包括FcγRⅠ、FcγRⅡ和FcγRⅢ。FcγRⅠ只存在于單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞,并且與IgG有較高的親和力,相比之下FcγRⅡ和FcγRⅢ則與IgG親和力較差。其中FcγRⅠ和FcγRⅡ均有報道證明和登革病毒的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)有關(guān)。當(dāng)機(jī)體再次感染不同血清型的登革病毒時,由于體內(nèi)抗體濃度低于中和濃度,且對異型病毒親和力較低,體內(nèi)抗體不但無法中和病毒,反而可以形成感染性的免疫復(fù)合物與細(xì)胞表面的Fc區(qū)受體結(jié)合,如巨噬細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞和粒細(xì)胞,從而導(dǎo)致病毒與細(xì)胞上受體結(jié)合而增加了病毒和細(xì)胞的接觸機(jī)會,有利于病毒的入侵[9-13]。通過以上可知,受體介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)的發(fā)生是由于病毒、Fc段和抗體的相互作用。
除了Fc段受體,細(xì)胞上的其他受體也與ADE的發(fā)生有關(guān)。Takeda等人[14]通過加入CD4分子的抗體發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV病毒的ADE現(xiàn)象消失,說明CD4分子在ADE的發(fā)生也有重要的作用。Mady等人[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)登革病毒ADE現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生與非Fc段受體如β2微球蛋白、CD15和CD33有關(guān)。
1.2 補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制 病毒表面蛋白可以結(jié)合不同血清型的抗體,激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)典途徑。補(bǔ)體C1q與附著在病毒表面的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合,從而通過結(jié)合存在于細(xì)胞表面的C1q受體使病毒與細(xì)胞相互靠近,導(dǎo)致病毒開始感染[16-17]。Cardosa等人[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)在加入對病毒特異性的IgM和補(bǔ)體后,西尼羅病毒對P388D1細(xì)胞的感染加重。但是進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗證明與IgG介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)相比,西尼羅病毒的感染增強(qiáng)并不明顯。此外,Takeda等人[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV病毒的ADE現(xiàn)象也為補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo),而且與抗體介導(dǎo)的ADE相比更加明顯。Robinson等人[19]在體外實(shí)驗中加入CD4分子抗體后,發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV的補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的ADE現(xiàn)象消失,這說明補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的ADE機(jī)制依賴于細(xì)胞上的CD4分子。
1.3 非中和抗體介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制 當(dāng)針對一種病毒亞型的抗體與另一種不同病毒亞型結(jié)合時,抗體無法中和病毒,此時吞噬細(xì)胞不依賴表面Fc段作用而直接將病毒作為亞中和體吞噬進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi),并在細(xì)胞內(nèi)進(jìn)行繁殖[20-23]。
登革病毒抗體介導(dǎo)的入侵細(xì)胞可以增加感染細(xì)胞和病毒顆粒的數(shù)量,其具體的機(jī)制尚不明確。但最近的細(xì)胞實(shí)驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人的單克隆非中和抗體可以增強(qiáng)登革病毒對初級巨噬細(xì)胞的感染和病毒的轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯過程,其次初級巨噬細(xì)胞膜上的蛋白可能增加病毒和細(xì)胞之間的融合并且減少對病毒的攝取[24]。除了在登革病毒中發(fā)現(xiàn)非中和抗體介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制外,HIV[25]、柯薩奇病毒[26]等也可通過此機(jī)制產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象。
1.4 病毒表面蛋白介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制 病毒外殼表面的抗原與ADE的產(chǎn)生也有關(guān)系。Scott等人[27-28]通過針對核衣殼蛋白、基質(zhì)蛋白和S蛋白的抗體和貓感染性腹膜炎病毒混合感染證實(shí)只有抗S蛋白抗體才能誘導(dǎo)ADE現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn),另外一實(shí)驗表明加入埃博拉病毒表面糖蛋白后能增強(qiáng)水泡性口炎病毒ADE的發(fā)生,說明表面糖蛋白參與了ADE的發(fā)生。類似的實(shí)驗[29-33]表明登革病毒E蛋白、HIV病毒gp120和gp41、漢坦病毒G1和G2蛋白以及豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征病毒F蛋白都參與了ADE的發(fā)生。
1.5 細(xì)胞活動介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)機(jī)制 病毒的感染過程除了依靠與細(xì)胞的結(jié)合外,還需要其他病毒和宿主細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的蛋白質(zhì)的共同作用,抗體不能阻止感染反而能促進(jìn)感染[34]。通常在包膜病毒中,病毒并不是通過胞吞途徑實(shí)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)化過程,在西尼羅河病毒中,抗體的存在并不能影響內(nèi)化過程[35]。
病毒感染過程中出現(xiàn)的ADE現(xiàn)象能增強(qiáng)病毒產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生和增加病毒進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,然而隨著ADE現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生,在本來具有抗病毒內(nèi)在微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞如巨噬細(xì)胞,卻成為了病毒增強(qiáng)復(fù)制的場所。一些研究顯示ADE產(chǎn)生時病毒入胞是通過調(diào)節(jié)被感染細(xì)胞的正常的免疫功能這一通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的,在登革病毒的研究中,當(dāng)細(xì)胞注射含有預(yù)處理DV-2和DV-1的抗血清時,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)由外周血單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IL-4并沒有急劇升高,而是產(chǎn)生大量的PGE2[36]。PGE2是由巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的脂性細(xì)胞因子,在人體中具有抗炎和增加IgG2產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)[37]。在牛體內(nèi),PGE2是I、II型免疫反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)的重要因子,而且能調(diào)節(jié)牛白血病病毒在體內(nèi)的表達(dá)和疾病的進(jìn)展[38]。
有學(xué)者研究羅斯河病毒時發(fā)現(xiàn),病毒ADE現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生與細(xì)胞內(nèi)活動有關(guān)[39]。當(dāng)羅斯河病毒通過與鼠中Fc段受體的相互作用,而不是與細(xì)胞表面的病毒受體直接結(jié)合作用途徑感染鼠巨噬細(xì)胞后,脂多糖的刺激并不能夠激發(fā)機(jī)體抗病毒的反應(yīng),反而使TNF基因和誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶基因這些抗病毒基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB和IRF-1受到抑制,因此羅斯河病毒在體內(nèi)的復(fù)制不受影響。
2.1 登革病毒 存在ADE現(xiàn)象的最重要的病毒是登革病毒。登革病毒屬黃病毒科,是單股正鏈RNA病毒,能造成自限性疾病登革熱和危及生命的重癥登革。
登革病毒有4種不同的血清型(DENV-1-DENV-4)。登革病毒的感染會誘導(dǎo)IgG的產(chǎn)生,使得人體獲得針對這一血清型的終身免疫[40]。感染登革病毒在一定程度也獲得對其他3個血清型的交叉保護(hù)作用,可以持續(xù)數(shù)月到數(shù)年。4到20年后異型IgG滴度會下降,而再次感染后同型IgG滴度上升,這可能是因為生產(chǎn)同型IgG的記憶B細(xì)胞優(yōu)先生存的作用[41-42]。
當(dāng)一個人被一個血清型的登革病毒感染后數(shù)月或者數(shù)年后再次被不同血清型的登革病毒感染就可能會出現(xiàn)ADE現(xiàn)象。這種臨床病例比起沒有發(fā)生ADE的病人會有更嚴(yán)重的病毒血癥和臨床表現(xiàn)[23,43-44]。感染登革熱不僅僅能夠誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生中和抗體,還能產(chǎn)生非中和抗體,這意味著抗體只能部分結(jié)合病毒甚至不能中和,這可能是導(dǎo)致ADE的重要原因,當(dāng)抗體和病毒結(jié)合后在白細(xì)胞大量復(fù)制,導(dǎo)致病毒滴度的增加[22,45-46]。
2.2 人類免疫缺陷病毒 人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)是一種嗜T4淋巴細(xì)胞和嗜神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒,病毒外膜是類脂包膜,來自宿主細(xì)胞,并嵌有病毒蛋白gp120與gp41;主要攻擊人體的輔助T淋巴細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),一旦侵入機(jī)體細(xì)胞,病毒將會和細(xì)胞整合在一起終生難以消除[47]。
HIV可以通過補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)和Fc受體介導(dǎo)途徑產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象[25]。研究表明補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)途徑中,補(bǔ)體成分CR2、CR3和CR4共同參與介導(dǎo)此種效應(yīng),并能增強(qiáng)HIV對MT-2型T細(xì)胞的感染能力[48]。HIV-1的感染能激活補(bǔ)體碎片,促進(jìn)病毒與宿主細(xì)胞的相互作用,表達(dá)相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)體受體從而幫助HIV感染, Gras、GS等人[48-49]提出補(bǔ)體沉積促使病毒膜蛋白gp120靠近細(xì)胞表面CD4分子來促進(jìn)病毒的感染。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒提前暴露于非中和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)能增強(qiáng)對iDCs細(xì)胞的感染[50]。受過補(bǔ)體成分C3和C9調(diào)理作用的HIV-1病毒感染HT-29細(xì)胞的能力比單純HIV的感染能力增強(qiáng)近2倍[51]。Bouhlal等人[50]的實(shí)驗表明72%的HIV陽性個體的血清中含有增強(qiáng)病毒感染的補(bǔ)體成分,同時Robinson等人[19]也提出補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)途徑促進(jìn)HIV病毒蛋白合成和RNA的合成,同時能加速HIV逆轉(zhuǎn)酶和子代病毒的釋放,從而產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象。其中,抗艾滋病病毒抗體與非中和補(bǔ)體暴露的病毒之間的相互作用有助于HIV結(jié)合紅細(xì)胞,這將會使病毒更有效的播散到免疫功能下降的器官[52]。
2.3 柯薩奇病毒 柯薩奇病毒屬于腸道病毒,無包膜,基因組為單股正鏈RNA??滤_奇病毒有A型和B型兩類,是常見的經(jīng)呼吸道和消化道感染人體的病毒。其中B型病毒有6個血清型(B1-B6)。
對于柯薩奇B組病毒的ADE產(chǎn)生機(jī)制,Goffard等人[26]和Jarasch-Althof等人[16]分別在小鼠實(shí)驗中驗證了與異型性抗體和同型抗體有關(guān),而在人體細(xì)胞實(shí)驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)與細(xì)胞受體CAR、FcgRII和FcgRIII有關(guān),實(shí)驗中使用變異的CVB3感染小鼠可導(dǎo)致小鼠CD19+B細(xì)胞蛋白表達(dá)增強(qiáng),這意味著CVB3病毒開始復(fù)制過程??滤_奇病毒B4與IgG抗體和FcγRII and FcγRIII相互作用后可以誘導(dǎo)外周血單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IFN-a,通過這一途徑產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象[53],其次抗CV-4抗體IgG能增強(qiáng)外周血中單核細(xì)胞的體外感染,其與細(xì)胞上的受體結(jié)合后,增加了病毒與靶細(xì)胞的接觸機(jī)會。
2.4 埃博拉病毒 埃博拉病毒(EBV)屬絲狀病毒科,呈長絲狀體,基因組為單股負(fù)鏈RNA,根據(jù)基因組的差異可分為5個亞型。EBV是引起人類和靈長類動物發(fā)生埃博拉出血熱的烈性病毒,埃博拉出血熱(EBHF)是當(dāng)今世界上最致命的病毒性出血熱。
Takada和Ayato等人[17,54-55]的研究表明埃博拉病毒也能產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象。Takada等人發(fā)現(xiàn)埃博拉病毒ADE現(xiàn)象與補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的如C1q有關(guān),在加入補(bǔ)體C1q的滅活劑和加熱到56 ℃之后發(fā)現(xiàn)ADE現(xiàn)象消失,隨后加入凈化的 C1r 和 C1s 后發(fā)現(xiàn)ADE現(xiàn)象增強(qiáng),這些都表明ADE的產(chǎn)生與C1q有關(guān)并且C1q分裂出的 C1r 和C1s能夠促進(jìn)C1q介導(dǎo)的ADE現(xiàn)象。具體的機(jī)制是由于C1q識別細(xì)胞表面的C1q表位后介導(dǎo)其與抗體IgG的結(jié)合,從而增強(qiáng)埃博拉病毒表面蛋白GP與宿主細(xì)胞的結(jié)合能力而引起[55]。此外,在另外一次實(shí)驗中[54]證明Zaire型產(chǎn)生ADE的能力與其他亞型相比最強(qiáng)。
2.5 寨卡病毒 寨卡病毒首次發(fā)現(xiàn)于寨卡森林中的一只猴子。生活在亞洲和非洲部分地區(qū)的26億人存在感染寨卡病毒的風(fēng)險,受到寨卡病毒感染威脅的國家包括印度、中國、菲律賓、印度尼西亞、尼日利亞、越南、巴基斯坦和孟加拉國等多個國家。由于寨卡病毒和登革病毒在流行地區(qū)有重疊,所以同一區(qū)域同時有兩種病毒流行的概率大大增加。有報道稱體內(nèi)有登革抗體的人,在感染了寨卡病毒之后出現(xiàn)了ADE現(xiàn)象,Castanha等人和Paul等人也通過實(shí)驗證實(shí)了這種情況[56-57]。Dejnirattisai等人[58]在含有抗登革病毒抗體的體液中加入寨卡病毒后有ADE現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這些抗體能夠結(jié)合寨卡病毒但是并不能中和病毒,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象。Kawiecki等人[59]通過讓小鼠暴露于寨卡病毒而產(chǎn)生抗寨卡病毒抗體,然后抽取含有抗寨卡病毒抗體的體液對登革病毒進(jìn)行實(shí)驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)登革病毒感染產(chǎn)生了ADE現(xiàn)象。但是目前還沒有實(shí)驗證明寨卡病毒不同亞型的感染能夠引起ADE。ADE現(xiàn)象的存在可能是寨卡病毒的肆虐的一個重要原因。
2.6 其它病原體 還有多種病毒在體外實(shí)驗中能產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象,包括不同的病毒種類和亞型,比如黃熱病毒[60]、呼吸道合胞體病毒[30]、漢坦病毒[61]、格塔病毒、辛德比斯病毒[62]、流感病毒[63]、西尼羅病毒、乙型腦炎病毒、兔痘病毒[2,64]、貓傳染性腹膜炎病毒[65]、呼吸道腸道病毒[66]、狂犬病病毒[67]、口蹄疫病毒[68]、豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征病毒[69]、猴出血熱病毒[70]、阿留特(氏)病病毒等[71]。其中一些病毒與人類健康關(guān)系密切,另一些能引起動物疾病。這些病毒都能在巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)復(fù)制,誘發(fā)抗體降低中和病毒能力,造成持續(xù)性的感染并引起嚴(yán)重的病毒血癥[72]。
細(xì)菌和寄生蟲中也可能存在與ADE類似的現(xiàn)象[4-5]。Biryuko等人[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)抗瘧疾抗體在體外可以阻止瘧疾入侵紅細(xì)胞,但是卻無法在體內(nèi)起作用。進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗表明,在瘧原蟲、紅細(xì)胞和IgG中加入細(xì)胞膜上的補(bǔ)體受體的拮抗劑之后發(fā)現(xiàn)可以阻止ADE的現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn),這表明瘧原蟲的侵入與補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的ADE現(xiàn)象有很大的關(guān)系。
Weiser等人[73]認(rèn)為細(xì)菌感染也會誘導(dǎo)人體產(chǎn)生抗體,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致ADE,如肺炎雙球菌。肺炎雙球菌在體內(nèi)能產(chǎn)生IgA1蛋白水解酶,阻止免疫球蛋白對人體的保護(hù)作用。因為蛋白水解酶對人體IgA1的特異性,有實(shí)驗研制出針對肺炎雙球菌表面抗原的人類單克隆抗體,采用細(xì)菌生物群落模型黏附于呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞的方式測試單克隆抗體的功能和效應(yīng)。該實(shí)驗發(fā)現(xiàn),特異性的IgA1被IgA1蛋白水解酶水解后不能抑制細(xì)菌與宿主細(xì)胞的融合,反而能大大增強(qiáng)細(xì)菌對宿主細(xì)胞的黏附能力,而對蛋白水解酶不敏感的免疫球蛋白亞型如IgA2和IgG或者是針對不同細(xì)菌莢膜的藥物均不能產(chǎn)生此種效應(yīng)。細(xì)菌蛋白酶使能使細(xì)菌莢膜多糖的IgA1的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,產(chǎn)生能與抗原結(jié)合的Fab片段,暴露的抗體可變區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)(VH, VL)的離子電荷與由肺炎雙球菌和IgA(Fab)的復(fù)合物介導(dǎo)的細(xì)菌和宿主上皮細(xì)胞的黏附力增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)有關(guān)。通過采用基因敲除技術(shù)破壞產(chǎn)生IgA1蛋白水解酶的基因后,該突變的肺炎雙球菌并不能產(chǎn)生上述增強(qiáng)細(xì)菌對宿主細(xì)胞的黏附效應(yīng),從而證實(shí)IgA1水解酶在肺炎雙球菌ADE的產(chǎn)生發(fā)揮重要作用,這也為細(xì)菌ADE的機(jī)制作出了解釋:細(xì)菌能夠誘導(dǎo)生成抗體,而抗體并非傳統(tǒng)意義上的中和作用而是與某些酶發(fā)生相互作用使得細(xì)菌的粘附能力增強(qiáng),從而導(dǎo)致ADE現(xiàn)象[5]。
登革病毒感染過程中存在的ADE現(xiàn)象對登革病毒防治提出了挑戰(zhàn)。盡管登革病毒的感染嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康,截至今天仍未有特異的抗病毒藥物供臨床使用[74]。在實(shí)驗階段,針對登革病毒的減毒活疫苗、亞單位疫苗有一定的發(fā)展,目前多型疫苗正處于臨床前和臨床研究階段中,如四價減毒活疫苗YFV/DENV,隨著ADE產(chǎn)生機(jī)制的深入了解,加強(qiáng)對相應(yīng)的疫苗的改造和研究,使疫苗最大化的發(fā)揮效用,保護(hù)機(jī)體免受登革病毒的感染[75-77]。近期寨卡病毒的流行也給人類健康帶來巨大威脅[78],而隨著寨卡病毒ADE現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生機(jī)制的不斷深入研究,對我們今后控制包括寨卡病毒在內(nèi)的病原體的感染將提供巨大幫助,目前已有相關(guān)研究提出根據(jù)ADE產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制研制出寨卡病毒疫苗[79-80]。
越來越多的病原體被證實(shí)能產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象,不僅同種不同亞型的病原體之間能誘導(dǎo)ADE現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生,而且不同種病原體之間也能誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象,比如在含有抗寨卡病毒抗體的體液實(shí)驗中,發(fā)現(xiàn)加入登革病毒也能產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象[58]。同時有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)登革熱病毒的感染也能引起寨卡病毒ADE現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生[56-57]。目前學(xué)者們對ADE現(xiàn)象的研究主要集中于其產(chǎn)生的分子機(jī)制上,通過對分子機(jī)制的研究以求研制出控制病原體的有效方法[81]。有最新研究表明,通過對能產(chǎn)生ADE現(xiàn)象的病毒如登革熱病毒、流感病毒、HIV病毒等RNA病毒表面上的特異分子的研究[22,81-83],有學(xué)者已經(jīng)研制出能治療這些病毒感染的免疫療法,該療法目前正處于臨床試驗階段[81]。
抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)是指機(jī)體中存在的中和抗體不僅不能防止病毒侵入人體細(xì)胞,反而可以通過各種機(jī)制增強(qiáng)病毒在體內(nèi)的復(fù)制,引起一系列嚴(yán)重的疾病。現(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為病毒通過感染易感細(xì)胞使其大量復(fù)制是產(chǎn)生抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)的主要機(jī)制。細(xì)胞感染率的增加大部分是通過 Fc受體介導(dǎo)途徑促進(jìn)靶細(xì)胞對病毒抗體復(fù)合物的攝取,其次有其他研究也表明可通過其他機(jī)制造成病毒的大量復(fù)制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種病毒及細(xì)菌和寄生蟲均能產(chǎn)生抗體依賴增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)現(xiàn)象。
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Research progress on mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement
YUAN Wei-zhuang1,2, YANG Yi-cheng1,2, LIU Xu-ling1, HE Xiao-en1, HUI Yuan1, LIU Yu-jing1, LI Ying1, ZHAO Wei1
(1.BSL-3LaboratoryofSchoolofPublicHealth,SouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510515,China;2.TheFirstClinicalMedicineCollege,SouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510515,China)
In many pathogens infection, especially virus, antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE) can aggravate the infection and lead to severe diseases. In this immunopathological phenomenon, virus-specific antibodies enhance the entry of virus into monocytes, macrophages and granulocytic cells and even the replication of virus through different mechanism. This phenomenon has been reported in numerous pathogens including virus, bacteria and parasite and the mechanisms of ADE vary from different species. Further study of ADE can promote the vaccine research and development to make the most use of vaccine and prevent human body from pathogens, which will be helpful to control the spread of pathogens including Zika virus. In the present review, we review the research progress of ADE mechanism in recent years, including antibodies mediating, receptors mediating, complement mediating, viral proteins mediating and cellular mediating ADE. In addition, dengue virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Coxsackie virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and other pathogens will be illustrated respectively. This review provides insights on the different mechanism of ADE in different pathogens.
antibody-dependent enhancement; mechanism; pathogen
Zhao Wei, Email: zhaowei@smu.edu.cn
國家自然科學(xué)基金(No.31270974,No.31470271)和廣東省及廣州市防控登革熱應(yīng)急科技攻關(guān)項目(No.2013A020229004,No.201508020263)聯(lián)合資助
趙衛(wèi),Email:zhaowei@smu.edu.cn
1.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院三級生物安全實(shí)驗室,廣州 510515; 2.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣州 510515
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.07.015
R373.9
A
1002-2694(2017)05-0650-08
2016-12-07 編輯:劉岱偉
Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31270974 & 31470271), the Technologies R & D Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2013A020229004), and the Technologies R & D Program of Guangzhou (No. 201508020263)