, , ,
(Department of Radiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking UnionMedical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China)
·綜述·
Progresses of interventional treatment in biliary stenosis
ZHOUKang,SHIHaifeng,JINZhengyu,PANJie*
(DepartmentofRadiology,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,PekingUnionMedicalCollegeHospital,Beijing100730,China)
Interventional therapy is an important treatment for biliary stenosis. The treatment methods are different according to the different causes. Conventional interventional therapy include biliary drainage, balloon dilatation and stent implantation. There are some new treatment methods such as radiofrequency catheter ablation and biliary stent loaded with125I seeds. The applications of interventional therapy in biliary stenosis were reviewed in this article.
Interventional therapy; Biliary stenosis; Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography; Stents
膽道狹窄可由胰腺癌、膽管癌、轉(zhuǎn)移癌、慢性胰腺炎及術(shù)后損傷等疾病引起,主要病癥為黃疸,其次為肝功能失代償、膽管硬化、疼痛、皮膚瘙癢及化膿性膽管炎等。傳統(tǒng)介入治療方法為導(dǎo)管引流、球囊擴張、支架植入等,近年來新出現(xiàn)的膽道內(nèi)射頻消融、支架聯(lián)合放射性125I粒子植入等方法,現(xiàn)已逐漸在臨床應(yīng)用。本文就介入治療在不同病因引起的膽道狹窄性疾病中的應(yīng)用進行綜述。
惡性疾病導(dǎo)致的膽道狹窄占70%~90%[1-2],常見惡性病變?yōu)槟懝馨┖鸵阮^癌[3-4],其次為膽囊癌、胃癌、肝轉(zhuǎn)移癌和肝門部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。根據(jù)惡性膽道狹窄能否手術(shù),其介入治療方法不同。
1.1可手術(shù)的惡性膽道狹窄 介入治療的目的在于術(shù)前減小膽道系統(tǒng)壓力,降低血清膽紅素水平,恢復(fù)正常肝功能。經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道造影術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, PTC)和引流為最佳選擇。PTC采用21G細針穿刺系統(tǒng)于超聲或X線透視引導(dǎo)下實施,肝右葉膽管穿刺由右側(cè)腋中線入路,肝左葉膽管穿刺由劍突下入路;只需置入外引流,內(nèi)引流有逆流感染引發(fā)膽管炎的風(fēng)險[5]。對于膽道感染患者,對比劑的注入壓力不能過高,以防發(fā)生菌血癥;可于膽道主干內(nèi)置入多邊孔豬尾引流管,并固定于患者皮膚上。如無法行超聲內(nèi)鏡,可通過PTC路徑行病灶組織學(xué)活檢。
PTC并發(fā)癥包括出血、化膿性膽管炎、菌血癥、腹膜炎、膽瘺及氣胸等。有研究[6]報道,根據(jù)2012年介入放射學(xué)會指南,不需進一步治療或僅需對癥支持治療的PTC輕微并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為2%;需采取進一步治療措施,或致患者住院時間48 h以上的嚴重并發(fā)癥,如菌血癥發(fā)生率為2.5%,出血為2.5%,嚴重炎癥(膿腫、腹膜炎、膽管炎和胰腺炎的總發(fā)生率)為1.2%;死亡率為1.7%。PTC操作相關(guān)死亡率為0.6%~5.6%[7-8]。Uberoi等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受PTC治療的患者于住院期間的死亡率為19.8%(121/610)。Tapping等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PTC操作相關(guān)的死亡率為2%。
1.2無法手術(shù)的惡性膽道狹窄
1.2.1 膽道支架植入 對于無法手術(shù)的惡性膽道狹窄,以姑息治療膽道支架植入術(shù)為主,膽道引流保留了患者的正常肝功能使其能接受放化療,膽道支架可讓膽汁通過正常生理通道進入腸道,從而保證了患者的生存質(zhì)量。研究[11]表明,惡性膽道狹窄患者行膽道支架的死亡率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較手術(shù)更低。肝門部腫瘤引起的惡性膽道狹窄,可采取PTC同時穿刺左右兩側(cè)肝內(nèi)膽道,置入2個支架呈“Y”型;如雙側(cè)路徑不成功,也可從一側(cè)入路,置入2個支架呈“7”型。Vienne等[12]認為姑息治療肝門區(qū)域惡性膽道狹窄的有效標(biāo)準為引流體積超過肝體積的50%,30天內(nèi)血清膽紅素下降超過50%。首先應(yīng)用于臨床的膽道支架是塑料支架[13],隨后為自膨式金屬支架(self-expandable metal stents, SEMS)[14]。
塑料支架材質(zhì)分為聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)、聚氨酯(polyurethane, PU)和聚四氟乙烯,不同材質(zhì)患者的死亡率和發(fā)病率相似[15]。Cheon等[16]采用PU與PE支架治療肝門部膽道梗阻的隨機對照研究表明,PU支架的移位發(fā)生率低于PE支架(5% vs 29%),兩者通暢時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.032)。Kadakia等[13,16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)10F的塑料支架比8F通暢時間更長,但11.5F和12F與10F相比無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。
SEMS是由不同的金屬如不銹鋼、鉑、鎳、鈦或合金制成的金屬網(wǎng)狀圓柱體,具有一定的支撐力以保持形狀并可撐開狹窄段。塑料支架的不足為其孔徑的限制導(dǎo)致通暢時間有限,而SEMS的輸送器直徑為6F~7F,支架展開后的孔徑可達30F,可顯著增加通暢時間。研究[17-19]表明與塑料支架相比,SEMS不易堵塞,且在技術(shù)成功率、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。
不覆膜SEMS可附著于膽道壁,減少膽道移位的發(fā)生,但腫瘤組織可沿金屬網(wǎng)格空隙向腔內(nèi)生長,導(dǎo)致再狹窄,需再置入支架。其6個月再狹窄率為20%~50%[20]。覆膜SEMS是于SEMS表面覆蓋一層薄膜,成分為聚四氟乙烯、含氟乙烯—丙烯或硅膜。其優(yōu)勢為腫瘤組織無法沿金屬網(wǎng)格向內(nèi)生長,再狹窄的發(fā)生率減少,且支架可再回收利用;不足為支架移位的風(fēng)險增加。Kahaleh等[21]對101例膽道腫瘤患者植入半覆膜SEMS Wallstents支架,僅3例于術(shù)后12個月出現(xiàn)支架堵塞,且原因并非腫瘤向內(nèi)生長。Zhu等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),125I粒子置入聯(lián)合膽道支架組患者生存時間長于普通SEMS組(7.4個月vs 2.5個月)。
1.2.2 膽道內(nèi)射頻消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA) RFA是一種通過高頻變向電流產(chǎn)熱而使局部腫瘤消融的技術(shù),其導(dǎo)管頭端有2個電極,直徑為8F,工作長度為90 cm,消融區(qū)長度約(25±3)mm,消融范圍與輸出能量、消融時間相關(guān)[23]。Mizandari等[24]對39例惡性膽道狹窄通過PTC途徑行RFA發(fā)現(xiàn),所有患者術(shù)后均于消融區(qū)域置入不覆膜SEMS。崔雄偉等[25]對33例惡性膽道梗阻患者行RFA聯(lián)合膽道金屬支架植入治療發(fā)現(xiàn),患者術(shù)后1、2、3個月生存率分別為96.97%、81.82%、75.76%。
良性膽道狹窄是指各種非惡性腫瘤原因所致的膽道局限性狹窄。良性膽道狹窄可致膽汁排除流體動力學(xué)改變,膽管炎反復(fù)發(fā)作,繼發(fā)膽道結(jié)石甚至膽汁性肝硬化。研究[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)良性膽道狹窄的主要原因為醫(yī)源性損傷,約占95%;其次為炎性病變,如慢性胰腺炎,硬化性膽管炎,IgG4相關(guān)膽管炎等。內(nèi)引流和球囊擴張是首選治療方法,行PTC后,通過0.035 in導(dǎo)絲于狹窄段置入直徑為8~10 mm的球囊;待其擴張后,可置入一直徑8~16F的外/內(nèi)引流導(dǎo)管以支撐狹窄段,直至狹窄解除[27]。通過內(nèi)鏡途徑置入多個塑料支架可保證較好的膽管開通時間,PE塑料支架較Teflon支架優(yōu)秀,應(yīng)避免使用不覆膜SEMS,而全覆膜和半覆膜SEMS支架的療效和并發(fā)癥并不確切[15]。Perri等[28]對17例良性膽道狹窄患者行全覆膜SEMS植入術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)不帶凸緣的支架移位率為100%,術(shù)后6個月狹窄治愈率為43%;而帶凸緣的支架移位率為40%,術(shù)后6個月狹窄治愈率為90%;所有支架均成功回收。Khan等[29]對22個研究及1 298例患者行meta分析表明,覆膜SEMS對良性膽道狹窄的治愈率為83%,和多個塑料支架置入效果相當(dāng),但其操作成功率更高。
介入治療在膽道狹窄的治療中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,對于可手術(shù)的惡性膽道狹窄,外引流為最佳選擇;對于無法手術(shù)的惡性膽道狹窄,以姑息治療為目的的膽道支架植入術(shù)為主,RFA、支架聯(lián)合放射性粒子植入[30]等新方法有較好的應(yīng)用前景,但遠期療效仍需進一步觀察。對于良性膽道狹窄,以球囊擴張,引流管或支架支撐狹窄段為主要的治療方法。
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周慷(1982—),男,重慶人,博士,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:介入治療學(xué)。E-mail: zhoukangpumch@aliyun.com
潘杰,中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院放射科,100730。
2017-03-28
2017-07-02
膽道狹窄的介入治療進展
周 慷,石海峰,金征宇,潘 杰*
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院放射科,北京 100730)
介入治療是膽道狹窄的重要治療方法,根據(jù)不同的病因所采取的方法不同,傳統(tǒng)方法為導(dǎo)管引流、球囊擴張、支架植入等,近年來新出現(xiàn)的膽道內(nèi)射頻消融、支架聯(lián)合放射性125I粒子植入等方法,現(xiàn)已逐漸在臨床應(yīng)用。本文就介入治療在膽道狹窄性疾病中的應(yīng)用進行綜述。
介入治療;膽道狹窄;經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道造影術(shù);支架
R657.46; R816
A
1672-8475(2017)08-0509-04
E-mail: markpan6885@sina.com
10.13929/j.1672-8475.201703048