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      IL?13Rα2及IL?13在膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及治療中的研究進(jìn)展

      2017-01-12 19:49:22鄒存義吳安華
      關(guān)鍵詞:親和力免疫治療膠質(zhì)瘤

      鄒存義,吳安華

      (中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110001)

      IL?13Rα2及IL?13在膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及治療中的研究進(jìn)展

      鄒存義,吳安華

      (中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110001)

      IL?13為活化Th2細(xì)胞分泌的多功能細(xì)胞因子,在炎癥性疾病中具有重要作用.其高親和力受體IL?13Rα2,作為誘導(dǎo)受體在惡性膠質(zhì)瘤中高表達(dá),與腫瘤不良預(yù)后相關(guān).膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中,IL?13Rα2與IL?13結(jié)合通過(guò)其胞內(nèi)尾端與IL?4Rα相互作用,抑制IL?4R介導(dǎo)的STAT6信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移與增殖,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡.由于IL?13Rα2在膠質(zhì)瘤中特異性高表達(dá),使其成為膠質(zhì)瘤靶向治療和免疫治療的理想位點(diǎn),且已取得了突破性進(jìn)展.IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質(zhì)瘤中作用及機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步明確,有利于為膠質(zhì)瘤治療提供充分的依據(jù).

      IL?13Rα2;IL?13;膠質(zhì)瘤;治療

      0 引言

      膠質(zhì)瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,且以高度惡性、快速進(jìn)展、彌漫性浸潤(rùn)為主要特點(diǎn),盡管治療手段不斷進(jìn)步,但以手術(shù)為主的綜合治療后中位生存期僅14.6個(gè)月[1].腫瘤分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展揭示了多種生物分子,包括細(xì)胞因子及其受體,其通過(guò)多種途徑促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,同時(shí)也為腫瘤的靶向治療和免疫治療提供了充分的理論依據(jù).2型輔助T淋巴細(xì)胞(helper T lymphocyte 2,Th2)源性細(xì)胞因子IL?13在炎性疾病、調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)及免疫微環(huán)境方面具有重要作用.其高親和力誘導(dǎo)受體IL?13Rα2在膠質(zhì)瘤中高表達(dá)且與不良預(yù)后相關(guān).雖然尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)IL?13Rα2下游明確的信號(hào)通路,但研究表明,IL?13Rα2與IL?13結(jié)合后可促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲,抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡.同時(shí),以 IL?13Rα2為目標(biāo)靶點(diǎn)的膠質(zhì)瘤靶向治療與免疫治療得到不斷發(fā)展.本文將對(duì)IL?13Rα2及IL?13在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及治療中的研究現(xiàn)狀作一綜述.

      1 細(xì)胞因子IL?13

      IL?13與IL?4主要由活化的 Th2細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞及自然殺傷細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生[2],在Th2細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)中具有重要作用.IL?13基因位于染色體5q31,具有獨(dú)立的開(kāi)放閱讀框,包括4個(gè)外顯子和3個(gè)內(nèi)含子,位于IL?4基因上游12kb處.IL?13由132個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)成,包括從成熟分泌蛋白切割的20個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)成的信號(hào)序列.IL?13與IL?4在氨基酸水平上具有25%的同源序列,都具有由25個(gè)氨基酸組成的疏水性結(jié)構(gòu),且高度保守[3],所以在功能上二者具有一定的相似性.

      IL?13為多效性細(xì)胞因子,可調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)及免疫微環(huán)境,抑制炎性因子的產(chǎn)生[5].對(duì)于非造血細(xì)胞,IL?13可以促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞合成Ⅰ型膠原纖維,刺激內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附分子1[6],同時(shí)可誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá).IL?13在遺傳性過(guò)敏癥、哮喘[7]、纖維化[8-10]及腫瘤[11-12]的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有重要作用.

      2 IL?13受體及信號(hào)通路

      IL?13受體首先在人腎細(xì)胞癌中被發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達(dá),之后關(guān)于其結(jié)構(gòu)的研究在惡性膠質(zhì)瘤[13]、卡波氏肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌中展開(kāi)[14].IL?4和IL?13受體包括Ⅰ型IL?4R(由IL?4Rα、普通 γc鏈組成)和Ⅱ型IL?4R(由IL?4Rα、IL?13Rα1組成).IL?4與IL?4Rα亞基相互作用,親和力較高(KD=20~300 pM),IL?13與IL?13Rα1亞基相互作用,親和力較低(KD=30 nM)[15].細(xì)胞因子與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞表面受體的結(jié)合能力決定了信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路的作用程度[16-17].IL?13與IL?3Rα1結(jié)合后可募集IL?4Rα形成功能受體,激活JAK1或JAK2/TYK2,下游STAT6磷酸化形成二聚體,轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞核調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[18].IL?13還可以與高親和力的膜受體IL?13Rα2結(jié)合,但至今尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)下游明確的信號(hào)通路.

      IL?13Rα2由380個(gè)氨基酸組成,編碼基因位于Xq24,主要包括膜型、胞內(nèi)型、分泌型三種形式,且可相互轉(zhuǎn)化,與 IL?13結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)其作用[19].干擾素 γ(interferon?γ,IFN?γ)可快速動(dòng)員存儲(chǔ)的胞內(nèi)型IL?13Rα2轉(zhuǎn)移至胞膜,與IL?13結(jié)合降低其信號(hào)強(qiáng)度[20].分泌性IL?13Rα2主要在鼠血清與尿液中發(fā)現(xiàn),其親和力為膜型IL?13Rα2的2~3倍,在鼠體內(nèi),分泌型IL?13Rα2作為抑制蛋白調(diào)節(jié)IL?13信號(hào)反應(yīng)[21].尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)血清標(biāo)本中存在分泌型IL?13Rα2[22],這也說(shuō)明膜型IL?13Rα2在人體生物功能中起重要作用[23].膜型IL?13Rα2由17個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)成胞漿內(nèi)尾端,其主要通過(guò)胞內(nèi)尾端發(fā)揮作用調(diào)節(jié)IL?4R介導(dǎo)的STAT6信號(hào)通路[24].

      3 IL?13Rα2及IL?13與膠質(zhì)瘤

      IL?13Rα2在多種腫瘤中高表達(dá),如惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等.在膠質(zhì)瘤中,IL?13Rα2的表達(dá)與膠質(zhì)瘤級(jí)別呈正相關(guān),高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤IL?13Rα2表達(dá)量高,低級(jí)別或正常腦組織低表達(dá)或不表達(dá)IL?13Rα2[25],且IL?13Rα2高表達(dá)與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[26].IL?13Rα2啟動(dòng)子已被成功確認(rèn)并克?。?7].在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中,活化T細(xì)胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cell,NFAT)和活化蛋白?1(activa?tor protein?1,AP?1)是IL?13Rα2表達(dá)的必需轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,NFAT或AP?1上調(diào)可促進(jìn)IL?13Rα2表達(dá),利用NFAT或AP?1抑制劑可降低IL?13Rα2表達(dá)[28].在支氣管上皮細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)IL?4與IL?13誘導(dǎo)IL?13Rα2表達(dá),其作為負(fù)反饋下調(diào)IL?13的信號(hào)作用[29].腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor?α,TNF?α)可促進(jìn)IL?4與IL?13誘導(dǎo)的IL?13Rα2表達(dá)[30].

      在胰腺癌細(xì)胞中,IL?13Rα2陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的胰腺癌細(xì)胞中,其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)組蛋白高度乙?;?,而在IL?13Rα2陰性細(xì)胞中組蛋白乙?;絽s大大降低.對(duì)IL?13Rα2陰性細(xì)胞予以組蛋白去乙酰化酶(his?tone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制劑,發(fā)現(xiàn)不但組蛋白乙酰化水平提高,IL?13Rα2表達(dá)量也明顯增高[31].在雌激素受體α(estrogen receptor α,ERα)陰性乳腺癌中,ERα轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子PNR可通過(guò)結(jié)合IL?3Rα2啟動(dòng)子促進(jìn)IL?13Rα2的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移.該作用通過(guò)IL?13刺激IL?13Rα2促進(jìn)ERK1/2磷酸化產(chǎn)生,而且因?yàn)镻NR并未改變IL?13Rα1表達(dá)量,所以認(rèn)為此過(guò)程并非 IL?13與 IL?13Rα1起作用[32].由此可見(jiàn),IL?13Rα2啟動(dòng)子區(qū)組蛋白乙?;揎椈蚰承┠[瘤轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子都與其表達(dá)情況密切相關(guān).而膠質(zhì)瘤中IL?13Rα2的高表達(dá)機(jī)制是否與此類(lèi)似,仍需要進(jìn)一步研究.

      IL?4和IL?13皆可作用于Ⅱ型IL?4R.在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞中,盡管其表達(dá)信號(hào)通路必須的蛋白分子,但對(duì)IL?4與 IL?13卻未能產(chǎn)生信號(hào)反應(yīng),原因在于IL?13Rα2作為高親和力誘導(dǎo)受體,與IL?13結(jié)合抑制IL?13介導(dǎo)的STAT6信號(hào)通路.同時(shí)IL?13Rα2還可以通過(guò)其胞內(nèi)尾端與IL?4Rα胞內(nèi)端相互作用抑制IL?4介導(dǎo)的STAT6信號(hào)通路[33].基底樣乳腺癌體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,敲低IL?13Rα2可適當(dāng)延緩原發(fā)腫瘤生長(zhǎng),明顯減少肺轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生,同時(shí)IL?13調(diào)節(jié)的STAT6信號(hào)通路得以增強(qiáng).而且,敲低IL?13Rα2同時(shí)予以IL?13刺激可通過(guò)STAT6依賴(lài)途徑上調(diào)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移抑制蛋白腫瘤蛋白63(TP63)[34].但有研究報(bào)道,在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中STAT6的表達(dá)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖與侵襲[35].那么,IL?13與IL?13Rα2作用會(huì)對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生怎樣的生物學(xué)行為影響呢?

      有研究[36]報(bào)道,在卵巢癌細(xì)胞和膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞中利用放射性同位素標(biāo)記方法證明了 IL?13Rα2與IL?13結(jié)合后內(nèi)化轉(zhuǎn)移至胞內(nèi),而非通過(guò)STAT6通路發(fā)揮作用.在胰腺癌、卵巢癌細(xì)胞中,在IL?13作用下高表達(dá) IL?13Rα2細(xì)胞通過(guò) ERK/AP?1通路影響MMP?9、MMP?12、MMP?14表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[37?38].結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞可分泌免疫抑制性細(xì)胞因子IL?4與IL?13,誘導(dǎo)高親和力受體IL?13Ra2表達(dá).IL?13通過(guò)IL?13Ra2激活腫瘤相關(guān)信號(hào)分子PI3K、ATK、SRC,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[39].以上提示,IL?13Rα2可以通過(guò)其自身下游信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移.

      膠質(zhì)瘤中,高表達(dá)IL?13Rα2促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移與侵襲,而此效應(yīng)通過(guò)激活 SRC/PI3K/ATK/mTOR通路得以實(shí)現(xiàn).研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞SF295和U87可表達(dá)細(xì)胞因子IL?13蛋白,而額外予以IL?13刺激后,IL?13Rα2高表達(dá)細(xì)胞增殖侵襲能力明顯增強(qiáng),而相對(duì)低表達(dá)細(xì)胞增殖侵襲能力變化不明顯,SRC抑制劑PP2可作用于IL?13Rα2高表達(dá)細(xì)胞降低SRC、ATK、mTOR的磷酸化水平,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與侵襲.且膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本分析顯示,IL?13Rα2 mRNA表達(dá)量與SRC mRNA表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)[40].

      花生四烯酸15?脂氧合酶1(15?lipoxygenase?1,15?LOX?1)已被證實(shí)與膠質(zhì)瘤、結(jié)腸癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān).有研究利用siRNA抑制膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞IL?13Rα2表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)其可通過(guò)促進(jìn)15?LOX?1表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡.同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(peroxisome proliferation?activated receptor?γ,PPARγ)在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)172中表達(dá),與細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān),且其拮抗劑所產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)與給予IL?13刺激作用相似.最終證明在膠質(zhì)瘤中,IL?13作用于IL?13Rα2通過(guò)抑制STAT6磷酸化阻止15?LOX?1活化PPARγ,抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤增殖生長(zhǎng)[41].此外,IL?13Rα2還可以通過(guò)上調(diào)STAT3抑制腫瘤凋亡,但并非IL?13Rα2與STAT3直接作用[42],其具體機(jī)制仍有待研究.

      4 靶向治療

      基于以上發(fā)現(xiàn),針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的靶向治療及免疫治療得以展開(kāi).殺傷IL?13Rα2高表達(dá)的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞不僅要減輕腫瘤負(fù)擔(dān),還要改變腫瘤微環(huán)境[43].配體毒素融合嵌合體蛋白治療方法并非起源于IL?13,但針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的IL?13假單胞菌外毒素(PE)融合嵌合蛋白(IL?13PE38QQR)卻具有巨大的應(yīng)用潛力,因?yàn)槟z質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞特異性高表達(dá)IL?13Rα2.動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,IL?13PE38QQR可以治愈40%的膠質(zhì)瘤動(dòng)物模型,但尚未進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)階段[44].

      IL?13配體表達(dá)病毒,利用病毒表達(dá)IL?13配體(R5111)結(jié)合于IL?13Rα2,阻斷其與IL?13結(jié)合產(chǎn)生的不良作用,但因其可與正常腦組織表達(dá)的 IL?13Rα1受體亦可結(jié)合,安全性與有效性無(wú)法保證[45].

      IL?13標(biāo)記脂質(zhì)體,可攜帶藥物至表達(dá)IL?13Rα2的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用,但其主要缺點(diǎn)是常發(fā)生網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)吸收[46],無(wú)法使腫瘤細(xì)胞成功攝取并利用藥物.但I(xiàn)L?13Rα2靶向脂質(zhì)體攜帶化療藥物,卻可以減輕化療藥物的毒副作用,仍有待于進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā).

      5 免疫治療

      免疫治療方面,可利用針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的抗體占據(jù)其與IL?13的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),阻止其發(fā)揮作用.雖然IL?13Rα2單克隆抗體已在體內(nèi)或體外得到制備,但其與IL?13Rα2的親和力卻低于IL?13PE配體.膠質(zhì)瘤載瘤鼠模型中顱內(nèi)注射IL?13PE可延長(zhǎng)模型動(dòng)物的生存期[47],這是唯一一次無(wú)動(dòng)物毒性反應(yīng)的研究,可能因?yàn)榭贵w的完全有效結(jié)合抑制了腫瘤相關(guān)的下游通路.腹腔或靜脈注射結(jié)合PE的抗體片段可以作用于膠質(zhì)瘤抑制其生長(zhǎng),但因抗體特異性使其效力受到限制,只能針對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞某一亞群起作用[48].制備能夠針對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤多種特異性抗原的免疫抗體或許會(huì)帶來(lái)更佳的效果.

      無(wú)法進(jìn)行有效的腫瘤抗原提呈是腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生免疫逃逸的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制[49].收集患者免疫細(xì)胞,體外予以腫瘤相關(guān)抗原刺激,使其具有抗原識(shí)別能力后回輸至體內(nèi)是腫瘤免疫治療常用的方法.IL?13Rα2、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體突變體Ⅲ(epidermal growth factor receptor variantⅢ,EGFRvⅢ)、糖蛋白100是常用的腫瘤相關(guān)抗原.IL?13Rα2抗原因其在膠質(zhì)瘤中高表達(dá),致敏樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞后可覆蓋更廣泛的腫瘤細(xì)胞亞群.臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)中多抗原序貫致敏樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞的膠質(zhì)瘤免疫治療取得可喜的成果[50].

      嵌合抗原受體修飾T淋巴細(xì)胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR?T)是經(jīng)人工改造產(chǎn)生的,可識(shí)別特異抗原的毒性T細(xì)胞,在缺少免疫共刺激分子及主要組織相容性抗原Ⅰ的情況下可殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞.針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)瘤治療已經(jīng)開(kāi)展.到目前為止,顱內(nèi)注射是針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細(xì)胞治療膠質(zhì)瘤的唯一有效給藥途徑,但其副作用無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估[51].有報(bào)道[52]稱(chēng),復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者采用針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細(xì)胞治療后取得良好效果,治療后無(wú)毒副作用,腫瘤體積減小且腦脊液中免疫因子和免疫細(xì)胞含量增加.可見(jiàn),針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)瘤治療需要深一步的臨床試驗(yàn)和總結(jié).

      6 展望

      詳盡地揭示IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質(zhì)瘤中的作用及其機(jī)制是制定有效膠質(zhì)瘤治療策略的必備條件.作為膠質(zhì)瘤的特異性高表達(dá)受體,IL?13Rα2的高表達(dá)機(jī)制尚不清楚,其影響膠質(zhì)瘤增殖、侵襲與凋亡的明確機(jī)制尚不統(tǒng)一;作為免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子,IL?13作用于膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞 IL?13Rα2,抑制 IL?13Rα1介導(dǎo)的STAT6信號(hào)通路,其對(duì)于膠質(zhì)瘤免疫及腫瘤微環(huán)境是否產(chǎn)生影響,又產(chǎn)生什么效應(yīng),都有待于進(jìn)一步的研究確定.雖然針對(duì)IL?13Rα2的靶向治療與免疫治療取得了一定突破,但其臨床應(yīng)用受毒副作用大、效果不佳等不利因素限制,仍有待于進(jìn)一步解決.我們相信,伴隨腫瘤分子生物學(xué)的長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展,IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用及機(jī)制將得到透徹闡述,而與之伴隨的靶向免疫治療也將得到全面的開(kāi)發(fā)與廣泛的應(yīng)用.

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      Research progress of IL?13Rα2 and IL?13 in the development and treatment of glioma

      ZOU Cun?Yi,WU An?Hua
      Department of Neurosurgery,the First Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China

      IL?13 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by acti?vated Th2 cells and plays an important role in inflammatory disea?ses.IL?13Rα2,a high?affinity decoy receptor,is highly expressed in malignant glioma and is associated with poor prognosis.In glio?ma cells,IL?13Rα2 combined with IL?13 interacts with IL?4Rα through the end domain of the intracellular to inhibit STAT6 signa?ling pathway mediated by IL?4R.It can promote the invasion,metastasis and proliferation,and inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells.Because of the high expression of IL?13Rα2 in glioma,it has become an ideal target for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of glioma.The role and mechanism of IL?13Rα2 and IL?13 in glioma are further clarified,which is helpful to improve the treat?ment of glioma.

      IL?13Rα2;IL?13;glioma;treatment

      R739.41

      A

      2095?6894(2017)07?28?05

      2017-04-29;接受日期:2017-05-13

      國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81172409,81472360)

      鄒存義.博士生.E?mail:lnzhglzcy@126.com

      吳安華.教授,博導(dǎo),主任醫(yī)師,長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者特聘教授.E?mail:wuanhua@yahoo.com

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