第一屆豪瑞獎(jiǎng)亞太區(qū)金獎(jiǎng)：杭州來氏聚落再生設(shè)計(jì)

主要設(shè)計(jì)者：常青/同濟(jì)大學(xué)建筑與城市規(guī)劃學(xué)院

第一屆豪瑞獎(jiǎng)亞太區(qū)金獎(jiǎng)：杭州來氏聚落再生設(shè)計(jì)

主要設(shè)計(jì)者：常青/同濟(jì)大學(xué)建筑與城市規(guī)劃學(xué)院

1 再生計(jì)劃實(shí)施效果圖/Rendering, after regeneration

2 總平面/Site plan

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 常青，張鵬，沈黎，呂峰，陳捷，徐永利，胡濤/同濟(jì)大學(xué)建筑與城市規(guī)劃學(xué)院/ CHANG Qing, ZHANG Peng, SHEN Li, LYU Feng, CHEN Jie, XU Yongli, HU Tao/College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University

1 設(shè)計(jì)背景

杭州來氏聚落再生設(shè)計(jì)，是關(guān)于城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部風(fēng)土歷史環(huán)境命運(yùn)及其城市化方式的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，也是同濟(jì)大學(xué)常青研究室完成的“錢塘古鎮(zhèn)保護(hù)與再生設(shè)計(jì)系列”的一個(gè)組成部分。

來氏聚落有近900年的歷史，位于杭州錢塘江南岸的長(zhǎng)河鎮(zhèn)中心地段，原屬蕭山縣，1996年劃歸杭州市濱江區(qū)，成為新市區(qū)的一部分。在昔日的宗法社會(huì)，來氏家族崇尚耕讀，自宋明以來產(chǎn)生過許多名仕鴻儒，長(zhǎng)河歷史上的人文空間遺產(chǎn)“九廳十三堂”，在江浙風(fēng)土聚落中是聞名遐爾的“陽(yáng)春白雪”。

幾十年來，特別是近20年中，這個(gè)望族聚落已經(jīng)衰朽不堪，許多著名的歷史建筑群都遭拆毀或被翻建成了簡(jiǎn)陋的“現(xiàn)代建筑”。河道、灌渠、池塘等水系被大段阻塞或填平，且污染嚴(yán)重。早先繁榮的傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)街今已蕭條破敗，街區(qū)內(nèi)市政設(shè)施簡(jiǎn)陋欠缺，居住生活質(zhì)量低下。長(zhǎng)河面臨著城市化帶來的新舊更替和喪失風(fēng)土資源的雙重現(xiàn)實(shí)。所幸鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)核心地段還保存著相對(duì)完整的風(fēng)土地脈結(jié)構(gòu)及相當(dāng)數(shù)量的傳統(tǒng)老房子，許多來氏家族后裔還在這里生息，因而保持和延續(xù)風(fēng)土特征似乎還有可能性。這樣的城郊古鎮(zhèn)聚落在我國(guó)大城市周邊何止千座，因而這個(gè)案例對(duì)我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)保護(hù)與改造具有普遍探討意義和典型實(shí)驗(yàn)價(jià)值。

2 設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)和策略

其核心是在結(jié)構(gòu)性保護(hù)，即在保存原有環(huán)境的自然與文化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的前提下，完成聚落的再生設(shè)計(jì)。這些前提包括保持和梳理與水鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境相呼應(yīng)的道路系統(tǒng)，順應(yīng)道路系統(tǒng)的房屋組群布局、肌理、尺度和朝向，以及具有象征意味和心理暗示作用的風(fēng)習(xí)講究。而聚落再生設(shè)計(jì)的策略，則在于尋求解決以下關(guān)鍵問題的途徑：

（1）延續(xù)地志、保持地脈、保留地標(biāo)；

（2）再生古舊建筑、更新生活空間；

（3）整合新舊要素、發(fā)展城市文脈。

3 設(shè)計(jì)方法

可以概括為：

（1）“人類學(xué)調(diào)查分析”

3年來設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)反復(fù)下現(xiàn)場(chǎng)踏勘，探訪來氏后裔，盡量使“客位”接近“主位”，聽他們講聚落故事，請(qǐng)他們勾畫過去的景觀意象，查閱家譜和舊檔案，并對(duì)老街和地標(biāo)性建筑作詳細(xì)測(cè)繪實(shí)錄，對(duì)場(chǎng)地內(nèi)現(xiàn)存所有建筑逐一進(jìn)行甄別、分類、定級(jí)。

（2）“生活形態(tài)策劃設(shè)計(jì)”

規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)前期考慮了聚落觀光的場(chǎng)景設(shè)置需要，對(duì)風(fēng)土街景和庭院、廳堂的再生業(yè)態(tài)和空間效果進(jìn)行了策劃。規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中不僅注意了不同層次居住功能，而且提出了按家庭結(jié)構(gòu)和鄰里關(guān)系回遷安置一部分原住戶的構(gòu)想。

（3）“新舊空間嵌入式設(shè)計(jì)”

設(shè)計(jì)過程框圖包括：保持和整修地脈構(gòu)成中的原有干道系統(tǒng)、原有水系和步行系統(tǒng)，整飭原有風(fēng)土建筑群，重塑新風(fēng)土建筑群，整合新舊地景系統(tǒng)。

4 設(shè)計(jì)焦點(diǎn)

可以概括為：

（1）以風(fēng)貌核心區(qū)內(nèi)的原址、原貌，成條、成片地保留和修整水系、老街和老建筑（內(nèi)部空間）為主，重點(diǎn)修復(fù)幾座有代表性的“九廳十三堂”遺構(gòu)。

（2）除了保護(hù)和尊重歷史上的地脈關(guān)系和老街段、老房子，也有選擇地保留和更新20～30年前有時(shí)代典型性和再利用價(jià)值的公共建筑、工業(yè)建筑，如長(zhǎng)河影劇院,是1960-1970年代典型的“革命現(xiàn)代式”公共建筑，仍有一定的紀(jì)念價(jià)值和較高的利用價(jià)值，故予以保留和改造。

（3）在聚落的地脈結(jié)構(gòu)和肌理構(gòu)成中，“嵌入”以新材料設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)代風(fēng)土建筑群，并且考慮了改善環(huán)境、節(jié)約投入成本和節(jié)能等建造問題。例如對(duì)河道水系的整理、整飭，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)空斗墻的參考以及太陽(yáng)能利用等，都納入了設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展之中。風(fēng)貌協(xié)調(diào)區(qū)中的新風(fēng)土建筑，包括輕鋼系列的town house（聯(lián)排住宅），鋼木、混凝土系列的躍式住宅等方案就是以這樣的方式進(jìn)行的。從2002年至今，先后提出了3輪方案，這里展示的是最初的新舊對(duì)比方案和定稿的新舊協(xié)調(diào)方案。

總之，本項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵是把握風(fēng)土聚落的地脈結(jié)構(gòu)和生活習(xí)俗變化趨勢(shì), 把不同文明階段的空間遺產(chǎn)和新舊設(shè)計(jì)要素整合起來，把歷史脈絡(luò)有機(jī)地“編織”到新的城市演化進(jìn)程之中。

3 區(qū)位/Location

4 場(chǎng)地周邊環(huán)境分析/Context with Hangzhou city

5 場(chǎng)地與環(huán)境/Te site and its environment

6 來氏宗族“九廳十三堂”分布/Distribution of clan LAI's main houses & ancestral temple

7 物質(zhì)環(huán)境狀態(tài)/Status of physical environment

8 居民生活狀態(tài)/Living status of resident

9 來氏族人手繪已毀宗祠記憶圖像/A person from LAI Family was sketching the ruined temple in his memory

10 局部來氏族譜/Part of the pedigree of clan LAI

1 Background

The Lai Clan Settlement Regeneration Project in Hangzhou addresses the fate of a historic district on the urban-rural fringe faced with urbanization. The project is part of Tongji University's CHANG Qing Studio's Qiantang River Town protection and regeneration design series.

The Lai family and its many branches lived in their clan settlement over the past 800 years. On the south bank of the Qiantang River, their settlement was originally part of Xiaoshan County. In 1996 the area was annexed by the city of Hangzhou and became part of the municipal Binjiang district. In the past under the traditional patriarchal clan system, the Lais were both farmers and scholars, producing many outstanding officials and Confucian scholars from the Song and Ming dynasties onwards. In Changhe Town's history, as tangible heritages, the "Jiu Ting Shi San Tang" ("Nine Halls and Thirteen Pavilions") were one of the most supernormal refined style buildings in the settlements in south of the lower reaches of the Changjiang River.

Over the past sixty years, and especially in past twenty years, the prominent Lai clan has been in decline, and many of their famous and historic groups of buildings have been remade in simple modern styles. Canals, drainage systems and ponds have been leveled, creating much pollution. The historic town business center has largely disappeared, the local government facilities have fallen into disrepair and living standards are down. Haphazard urbanization of the part of their area that faces the river has favoured new over old built environment and ruined the traditional character of the place. On the other hand within the town center most of the built vernacular and topological structure, as well as many of the old houses, remain. Many of the Lai descendants still live there, meaning there is still the possibility of extending or rejuvenating the old local heritage. Although there are many of these old towns adjacent to other large cities in China, there is value in researching and discussing the preservation and regeneration of this one clan settlement.

2 Objective

The key objective is to realize the structural conservation, i.e. to maintain the natural and cultural ecological system, which is the presupposition to control the regeneration design. That means to preserve and rehabilitate the traditional water village's river and street systems, the textures of the groupings of houses, their proportionality and directional axes, and cultural conventions acting as some psychological hints of "Feng Shui", etc…

The design strategy tries to resolve three key problems: 1) how to continue the historic topography; to maintain the land context and to preserve landmarks in the historic areas of the towns from remote to late past. 2) how to make the old spaces suitable for the contemporary requirements of people who live there. 3) how to form a new texture composed of both local vernacular features and today's modern life space.

11 聚落結(jié)構(gòu)分析/Structural analysis of the settlement

3 Methodology

Anthropological investigation and analysis

After three years of on-site investigating of the Lai Clan descendents, members of the design team have become more than just guests in the community(from etic to emic). The researchers have performed many specific roles: listening to old stories, asking today's residents to draw images of the past, investigating old portraits and documents, researching even the most detailed aspects of their old buildings, and assessing the types and classes of buildings.

Design of living functions and settings

Before the design plan can be put forth, it is necessary to plot the needs of residentialspaces and future tourism, for example, the new function of pavilions and halls, and the ultimate use of space. Within the design plan it is not only necessary to pay attention to the uses of different types of residences, but also to address the relationships amongst households and neighbours as a function of the original inhabitants' lifestyle concepts.

Plugging design of new and old spaces

Design steps include the following: 1) Modification of the original road system, 2) Restoration of the original water-transport system and pedestrian walkways, 3) Refining the original clusters of houses, 4) Reconstruction of new vernacular buildings, and 5) Integration of old landscape with new.

12 來氏聚落廳堂修復(fù)之一（平面圖紅色為復(fù)原部分）/ Restoration of a clan house (red part in the plan is restorated)

4 Focus

Within the characteristic local vernacular culture there are both original places and original styles, mature streets and plots of land, preserved and restored waterways, old streets and buildings (including interior spaces) which are all important. Within these categories we will select representatives that best fit the "Jiu Ting Shi San Tang" style.

Beyond saving important traditional streets and houses, we will also select stereotypical buildings from the recent past that are still useful; as in public and industrial buildings. The Changhe Theatre, as a prime example of the 1950s-1970s revolutionary modern style of public buildings, will be saved and upgraded as it is still useful as well as having value as a memorial of that age.

Within the topological structure and texture of the clan settlement's make-up, we have to meet some key issues when we "plug in" new construction materials and modern structures, as we improve the environment, save costs and energy. For example, what will be the justification for the passive use of earth energy with the hollow walls, dredging rivers and repairing the waterways, when new building methods favour the use of different types of lightweight steel and concrete system in housing construction.

1st Holcim Awards Gold Award Asia Pacific: Design for a Clan Settlement's Regeneration

Main Author: CHANG Qing/College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University