范玉芹,呂偉,王樹(shù)才,曹秉振,胡懷強(qiáng)
(1山東省婦幼保健院,濟(jì)南250014;2中國(guó)人民解放軍濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院)
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氯化甲基汞灌胃對(duì)成年大鼠海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及機(jī)制
范玉芹1,呂偉2,王樹(shù)才2,曹秉振2,胡懷強(qiáng)2
(1山東省婦幼保健院,濟(jì)南250014;2中國(guó)人民解放軍濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院)
目的 探討不同劑量氯化甲基汞(MMC)不同蓄積時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)成年大鼠海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及其作用機(jī)制。方法 將120只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組及MMC小、中、大劑量組各30只。正常對(duì)照組不進(jìn)行任何干預(yù),MMC小、中、大劑量組分別用MMC 0.5、1、2 mg/kg灌胃,1次/d。每周稱量各組體質(zhì)量,觀察進(jìn)食量、反應(yīng)能力及毛色變化。各組分別于中毒1、2、4周各取10只大鼠處死取海馬組織,用TUNEL法檢測(cè)各組海馬組織神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡;用免疫組化染色法檢測(cè)海馬組織Bcl-2、Caspase-3的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與正常對(duì)照組比較,中毒1~4周MMC小、中、大劑量組體質(zhì)量逐漸減輕,進(jìn)食量減少,反應(yīng)差,毛色逐漸凌亂并失去光澤,MMC大劑量組變化最明顯。與正常對(duì)照組比較,中毒第1、2、4周MMC小、中、大劑量組海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡增多、Bcl-2表達(dá)降低、Caspase-3表達(dá)升高(P均<0.05);中毒第4周,MMC大劑量組以上指標(biāo)變化最明顯(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論 MMC可通過(guò)介導(dǎo)腦組織內(nèi)Bcl-2、Caspase-3的表達(dá)促進(jìn)大鼠海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,且細(xì)胞凋亡程度與氯化甲基汞的劑量、中毒時(shí)間有關(guān)。
汞中毒;氯化甲基汞;細(xì)胞凋亡;Bcl-2;半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3;大鼠
環(huán)境中的汞可通過(guò)微生物甲基化作用生成持續(xù)性有機(jī)污染物甲基汞,具有強(qiáng)烈的神經(jīng)毒性作用,極易透過(guò)血-腦脊液屏障[1],促進(jìn)腦細(xì)胞發(fā)生退行性變,出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害[2~4],目前汞中毒對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害的機(jī)制缺乏深入研究。2010年2~6月,我們研究了不同劑量氯化甲基汞(MMC)不同蓄積時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)成年大鼠海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響,并探討其作用機(jī)制。
1.1 動(dòng)物分組及試劑 成年SPF級(jí)雄性SD大鼠120只,16~18周齡,體質(zhì)量250~300 g,由山東魯抗醫(yī)藥股份有限公司質(zhì)監(jiān)中心實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物室提供(魯動(dòng)質(zhì)號(hào)0005957)。將大鼠隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組及MMC小、中、大劑量組各30只。動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)及取材均遵守實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物管理和保護(hù)的有關(guān)規(guī)定。MMC(德國(guó)Labor Dr.Ehrenstorfer Schaefers公司),Rabbit Anti-Bcl-2、Rabbit Anti-Caspase-3及細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司),濃縮型DAB試劑盒(北京中杉金橋生物科技有限公司)。
1.2 大鼠MMC中毒方法 正常對(duì)照組不進(jìn)行任何干預(yù)。根據(jù)前期研究[5],MMC小、中、大劑量組分別用0.5、1、2 mg/kg MMC灌胃,1次/d。每周稱量大鼠體質(zhì)量并記錄,觀察其進(jìn)食量、反應(yīng)能力及毛色變化。1.3 各組海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Caspase-3表達(dá)檢測(cè) 各組分別于中毒1、2、4周各取10只大鼠,用水合氯醛腹腔麻醉,4%多聚甲醛灌注,斷頭取腦,距離大腦皮質(zhì)后緣向前約5 mm位置切開(kāi),鈍性分離海馬組織,用4%多聚甲醛固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,切片。采用TUNEL法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡,按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行操作,細(xì)胞凋亡染色呈棕黃色,計(jì)數(shù)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)。取相同層面切片用免疫組化染色法檢測(cè)海馬組織Bcl-2、Caspase-3的表達(dá),Bcl-2、Caspase-3陽(yáng)性表達(dá)細(xì)胞呈棕黃色,計(jì)數(shù)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)。均在統(tǒng)一放大倍數(shù)(×400)下,運(yùn)用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理圖文報(bào)告分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析,隨機(jī)選5個(gè)視野計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞數(shù),取其中均值。
2.1 MMC對(duì)大鼠行為的影響 正常對(duì)照組進(jìn)食正常,反應(yīng)較好,體質(zhì)量逐漸增加。與正常對(duì)照組比較,MMC小劑量組前3周內(nèi)進(jìn)食量、體質(zhì)量無(wú)明顯變化,4周時(shí)大鼠體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)減緩(P<0.05);MMC中劑量組第3周進(jìn)食量減少,反應(yīng)差,體質(zhì)量下降(P<0.05),與其2周時(shí)比較體質(zhì)量下降(P<0.05),活動(dòng)減少,毛色逐漸凌亂并失去光澤;甲基汞大劑量組2周時(shí)體質(zhì)量下降(P<0.05),且與其2周時(shí)比較體質(zhì)量下降(P<0.05),至4周時(shí)體質(zhì)量下降接近25%,出現(xiàn)典型中毒表現(xiàn):精神萎靡,毛色發(fā)黃,不能利用后肢站立,步態(tài)不穩(wěn),平地只能爬行。至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)大劑量組大鼠體質(zhì)虛弱,叫聲低微,幾乎喪失活動(dòng)能力,進(jìn)食能力差,毛色較前更暗及凌亂。各組大鼠體質(zhì)量變化見(jiàn)表1。
表1 各組不同中毒時(shí)間體質(zhì)量變化±s)
注:與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組比較,△P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)小劑量組比較,▼P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)中劑量組比較,☆P<0.05;與同組中毒1周比較,▼P<0.05;與同組中毒2周比較,#P<0.05;與同組中毒3周比較,﹡P<0.05。
2. 2 MMC 對(duì)大鼠海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響見(jiàn) 表2?
表2 各組不同中毒時(shí)間海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)
注:與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組比較,△P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)小劑量組比較,#P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)中劑量組比較,▲P<0.05;與同組中毒1周比較,*P<0.05;與同組中毒2周比較,☆P<0.05。
2.3 MMC對(duì)大鼠海馬組織Bcl-2表達(dá)的影響 見(jiàn)表3。
表3 各組不同中毒時(shí)間海馬組織Bcl-2陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)
注:與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組比較,▲P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)小劑量組比較,◆P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)中劑量組比較,※P<0.05;與同組中毒1周比較,▼P<0.05;與同組中毒2周比較,★P<0.05。
2.4 MMC對(duì)大鼠海馬組織Caspase-3表達(dá)的影響 見(jiàn)表4。
表4 各組不同中毒時(shí)間海馬組織Caspase-3陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)
注:與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組比較,△P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)小劑量組比較,◇P<0.05;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)中劑量組比較,※P<0.05;與同組中毒1周比較,▼P<0.05;與同組中毒2周比較,★P<0.05。
神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡是腦細(xì)胞退行性變的主要機(jī)制之一,是由基因編程調(diào)控的細(xì)胞主動(dòng)自殺過(guò)程。本研究凋亡細(xì)胞染色結(jié)果表明,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)給予MMC的劑量越大,其大鼠腦組織海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡數(shù)目相應(yīng)增多,隨著汞在體內(nèi)蓄積時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)其神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的數(shù)目也顯著增多,說(shuō)明神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡與體內(nèi)汞的蓄積量明顯相關(guān)。細(xì)胞凋亡作為病理現(xiàn)象的最終結(jié)局,其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,與此有關(guān)的Bcl-2、Caspase對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)控有舉足輕重的作用[6]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bcl-2家族蛋白是在細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中起重要作用的一類(lèi)編碼同源蛋白的一個(gè)大基因家族[7],決定著細(xì)胞是否進(jìn)入凋亡通路。抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2對(duì)由呼吸鏈解偶聯(lián)劑所引起的基質(zhì)貯存Ca2+的釋放也有抑制作用,能增強(qiáng)線粒體內(nèi)質(zhì)子的外排,提高線粒體對(duì)Ca2+的緩沖能力,并對(duì)線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)變孔的開(kāi)放具有調(diào)節(jié)作用[8~10]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,MMC組海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Bcl-2在給予MMC后即高表達(dá),表明Bcl-2在受到凋亡信號(hào)刺激后即抑制凋亡的發(fā)生,隨著大鼠體內(nèi)汞蓄積量的增加Bcl-2的表達(dá)卻減少,說(shuō)明汞蓄積至一定量的情況下Bcl-2抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的水平下降。
Caspase是細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中最重要的蛋白酶,是一切凋亡信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的共同通路,凋亡的最后實(shí)施是通過(guò)Caspase的激活而實(shí)現(xiàn)的[11]。Caspase-3是Caspase家族中重要一員,處于凋亡有序級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的下游,為最重要的效應(yīng)型Caspase。Caspase-3是細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)鍵執(zhí)行蛋白酶,也是多種凋亡刺激信號(hào)傳遞的匯聚點(diǎn),在各種程序啟動(dòng)的凋亡程序中起最后樞紐的作用,其活化是細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)入不可逆階段的標(biāo)志[12,13],與急慢性神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的變性密切有關(guān),是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的有效標(biāo)記物[14]。本研究結(jié)果表明,MMC組海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞Caspase-3的表達(dá)較正常對(duì)照組明顯升高,同一觀察時(shí)間點(diǎn)給予MMC的劑量越大其表達(dá)越高,MMC中毒時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)其Caspase-3的表達(dá)越高,表明隨著大鼠體內(nèi)汞的蓄積其海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡增加。
綜上所述,MMC可介導(dǎo)腦組織內(nèi)Bcl-2、Caspase-3表達(dá),致中毒大鼠神經(jīng)細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,且細(xì)胞凋亡程度與氯化甲基汞的劑量、中毒時(shí)間有關(guān)。
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Effect of methyl-mercuric chloride on hippocampal neuron apoptosis of adult rats
FANYuqin1,LYUWei,WANGShucai,CAOBingzhen,HUHuaiqiang
(1ShandongMaternalandChildHealthHospital,Jinan250014,China)
Objective To investigate the effect of different doses of methyl-mercuric chloride (MMC) on hippocampal neuron apoptosis of adult rats in different courses and its mechanism. Methods Totally 120 SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose MMC groups. Each group consisted of 30 rats. The normal control group was not given any intervention. Rats in the low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose MMC group were respectively given 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg MMC by lavage once a day. All were weighed every week, and we observed the changes of food intake, response capacity and coat color changes. At the first, second and fourth week after MMC poisoning, we separately took ten rats to obtain the hippocampus from every group. The hippocampal neuron apoptosis of all groups were observed by TUNEL and the expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the normal control group, the body weight, food intake and response capacity of the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose MMC groups decreased gradually, and coat color of rats was messy and not shiny, these changes of high-dose group were the most obvious. At the first, second and fourth week after MMC poisoning, the neuron apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression increased, while Bcl-2 expression decreased in the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose MMC groups as compared with that of the normal control group (allP<0.05). At the fourth week after MMC poisoning, the changes of all indexes were the most obvious in the high-dose group (allP<0.05). Conclusion MMC can mediate Bcl-2, Caspase-3 expression in the brain to promote hippocampal neuron apoptosis, and the degree of apoptosis is related with the dose of MMC and poisoning time.
mercury poisoning; methyl-mercuric chloride; apoptosis; Bcl-2; Caspase-3; rats
中國(guó)博士后科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(20080431409)。
范玉芹(1978-),女,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)樵挟a(chǎn)及優(yōu)生遺傳。E-mail: fanyuqinhu@126.com
簡(jiǎn)介:胡懷強(qiáng)(1978-),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)樯窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的診治。E-mail: huhuaiqiang@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.36.005
R971
A
1002-266X(2016)36-0017-03
2016-07-10)