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      兩種灌水量對(duì)冬小麥農(nóng)藝性狀及產(chǎn)量的影響

      2016-11-26 03:55:07馮魁馬艷明賈莉莉張金汕迪里夏提爾肯汪志星石書兵
      新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2016年11期
      關(guān)鍵詞:煙農(nóng)冬小麥農(nóng)藝

      馮魁,馬艷明,賈莉莉,張金汕,迪里夏提·爾肯,汪志星,石書兵

      (1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)作物品種資源研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)

      ?

      兩種灌水量對(duì)冬小麥農(nóng)藝性狀及產(chǎn)量的影響

      馮魁1,馬艷明2,賈莉莉1,張金汕1,迪里夏提·爾肯1,汪志星1,石書兵1

      (1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)作物品種資源研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)

      【目的】發(fā)掘冬小麥品種抗旱種質(zhì)資源,在兩種灌水處理?xiàng)l件下,田間篩選小麥抗旱資源,拓寬新疆冬小麥抗旱遺傳育種選擇范圍?!痉椒ā恳?份新疆、16份黃淮麥區(qū)冬小麥品種(系)為材料,分別在5次灌水和3次灌水處理?xiàng)l件下,對(duì)小麥單株成穗數(shù)、株高、穗長、穗基部不育、穗頂部不育、小穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重、產(chǎn)量等9個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析?!窘Y(jié)果】兩種處理下,20份材料的9個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀總體差異較大,5次灌溉處理下大部分性狀的均值高于3次灌溉處理;各個(gè)性狀的變異系數(shù)差異較大;各性狀抗旱系數(shù)變化在0.75~1.13;產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)到顯著水平,兩種灌水處理下產(chǎn)量都在前7位之內(nèi)的有山農(nóng)15號(hào),煙農(nóng)23號(hào)、新冬20號(hào)、新冬22號(hào)和新冬18號(hào)共5個(gè)品種;產(chǎn)量都在后6位之內(nèi)的有山農(nóng)12號(hào)、泰山22號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)和石麥18號(hào)共5個(gè)品種?!窘Y(jié)論】適當(dāng)增加灌水次數(shù)可以增加冬小麥產(chǎn)量。尤其是幼苗分蘗和籽粒灌漿成熟期保持充足的水分,對(duì)提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量有促進(jìn)作用。相對(duì)黃淮麥區(qū)的冬小麥品種,新疆自育的冬小麥品種表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗旱性。

      冬小麥;灌水量;抗旱系數(shù);農(nóng)藝性狀

      0 引 言

      【研究意義】小麥?zhǔn)鞘澜缟献钤缭耘嗟霓r(nóng)作物之一,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)成為世界上分布最廣、面積最大、總產(chǎn)量第二、貿(mào)易額最多、營養(yǎng)價(jià)值最高的糧食作物之一[1]。全世界43個(gè)國家的35%~40%的人口以小麥為主要糧食,我國是全世界第一小麥生產(chǎn)大國[2-4]。統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明,20世紀(jì)末中國小麥種植面積約占世界麥播面積的13%左右,總產(chǎn)量占世界小麥總產(chǎn)的20%左右,2010年中國小麥總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到11 518×104t,2015年中國小麥產(chǎn)量已超過1.4×108t。新疆是我國典型的干旱區(qū),也是西北重要的小麥優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)區(qū),其小麥生產(chǎn)對(duì)地區(qū)糧食安全至關(guān)重要[5-7]。因此,選育和篩選抗旱性強(qiáng)的小麥品種,對(duì)提高小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】關(guān)于有限灌溉對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量和農(nóng)藝性狀的影響,國內(nèi)外做了一定的研究[8-13]。聶迎彬等[14]選用引進(jìn)國內(nèi)冬小麥品種33份、新疆冬小麥主栽品種7份,進(jìn)行產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素間差異的分析,得出河北品種平均產(chǎn)量最高,山東品種平均產(chǎn)量第二,新疆品種平均產(chǎn)量最低。徐海霞等[15]研究干旱脅迫對(duì)小麥主要性狀的影響及其機(jī)理,得出干旱脅迫導(dǎo)致小麥株高降低,單株產(chǎn)量和千粒重下降,各性狀對(duì)干旱脅迫敏感程度都存在顯著的品種間差異。余四平等[16]選用黃淮麥區(qū)大面積推廣的品種作為試驗(yàn)材料,在不同灌水條件下研究不同旱地冬小麥品種的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)表現(xiàn),得出灌水次數(shù)對(duì)旱地小麥產(chǎn)量及成穗數(shù)的影響趨勢(shì)基本一致,即隨灌水次數(shù)的增加,產(chǎn)量和成穗數(shù)逐漸增加。但灌水量和灌水次數(shù)并非越多越好,Sun等[17]認(rèn)為過量灌水不但不能提高產(chǎn)量,還會(huì)降低水分利用率?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前關(guān)于小麥灌水的研究主要集中在單一品種灌水量和灌溉頻次方面[18-20]。新疆麥區(qū)屬典型的大陸性氣候,水資源缺乏制約著新疆小麥發(fā)展[21-22]。針對(duì)這種特點(diǎn),以新疆冬小麥育成品種和部分黃淮麥區(qū)冬小麥品種(系)為材料,研究兩種灌溉處理對(duì)不同小麥品種農(nóng)藝性狀和產(chǎn)量的影響?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】研究通過20個(gè)冬小麥品種在不同灌水處理下的農(nóng)藝性狀與產(chǎn)量的差異分析比較,綜合評(píng)價(jià)不同區(qū)域冬小麥品種的抗旱特性。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 材 料

      供試材料為4份新疆冬小麥主栽品種和16份黃淮麥區(qū)代表性冬小麥品種。表1

      1.2 方 法

      1.2.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

      試驗(yàn)在新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院安寧渠綜合試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行,該地區(qū)屬典型的溫帶大陸性干旱氣候,年降水量不足200 mm。試驗(yàn)采用兩種灌水處理,兩種處理分別為3次灌水(越冬前、拔節(jié)期、灌漿期各灌水1次)和5次灌水(越冬前、拔節(jié)期、孕穗期各灌水1次、灌漿期灌水2次),每次灌水量60 m3/667 m2,均采用隨機(jī)排列種植,不同灌水處理間進(jìn)行隔離,每個(gè)材料播種3行,行長2 m,行距0.25 m,每行均勻播50粒種子,播深4~5 cm。分別于2012、2013年秋播,收獲后考種,小區(qū)產(chǎn)量實(shí)打?qū)嵤铡?/p>

      1.2.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目

      1.2.2.1 主要性狀

      小麥成熟后,每個(gè)小區(qū)選取20株有代表性的植株,測(cè)定單株穗數(shù)、株高、穗長、穗基部不育、穗頂部不育、小穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重等9個(gè)性狀。

      1.2.2.2 抗旱系數(shù)

      以供試小麥品種各小區(qū)農(nóng)藝性狀作為基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)各性狀測(cè)定值進(jìn)行平均數(shù)差異顯著性分析。計(jì)算單項(xiàng)抗旱系數(shù)(DC)[23],式中Xi、Yi分別表示3和5次灌水處理的性狀測(cè)定值,抗旱系數(shù)越大,表明抗旱性越強(qiáng)。

      1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

      對(duì)調(diào)查所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)整理,采用Excel 2007和SPSS 21.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理及相關(guān)分析。

      表1 供試材料名稱及來源
      Table 1 The name and the resources of winter wheat

      編號(hào)Number品種名稱Name來源Origin編號(hào)Number品種名稱Name來源Origin1煙農(nóng)23號(hào)山東11石新616號(hào)河北2煙農(nóng)22號(hào)山東12石麥18號(hào)河北3山農(nóng)12號(hào)山東13石麥15號(hào)河北4泰山22號(hào)山東14石麥16號(hào)河北5煙農(nóng)21號(hào)山東15石新828號(hào)河北6濟(jì)麥22號(hào)山東16小偃81號(hào)河北7山農(nóng)15號(hào)山東17新冬20號(hào)新疆8煙農(nóng)836號(hào)山東18新冬22號(hào)新疆9煙99102號(hào)山東19新冬18號(hào)新疆10石4185號(hào)河北20新冬32號(hào)新疆

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 不同品種農(nóng)藝性狀

      研究表明,在兩種灌水量處理下,20份材料的9個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀總體差異比較大,在3次灌水處理下,9個(gè)性狀的變異系數(shù)范圍在0.09~0.42,從低到高依次為每穗小穗數(shù)<穗長<株高<千粒重<穗粒數(shù)<單株穗數(shù)<產(chǎn)量<基部不育<頂部不育;在5次灌水處理下,變異系數(shù)在0.09~0.76,從低到高依次為每穗小穗數(shù)<穗長<穗粒數(shù)<株高<產(chǎn)量<千粒重<單株穗數(shù)<基部不育<頂部不育。兩種處理下,頂部不育小穗數(shù)的變異系數(shù)都是最高的,3次灌水處理下達(dá)到133%,5次灌水條件下為76%,其次是基部不育小穗數(shù),分別為42%和61%,變異系數(shù)最小的是每穗小穗數(shù),均為9%。3次灌水處理下9個(gè)性狀變異系數(shù)的平均值為32%,高于5次灌水處理(26.67%),說明材料在灌水量少的情況下性狀變異范圍較大。

      5次灌水處理下的單株穗數(shù)、株高、穗長、穗粒數(shù)、每穗小穗數(shù)、千粒重、產(chǎn)量、基部不育小穗數(shù)的平均值均大于3次灌水處理,說明灌水量充足對(duì)這8個(gè)性狀有增強(qiáng)效應(yīng);而灌水量少則對(duì)頂部不育小穗數(shù)有增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)。表2

      表2 供試材料性狀
      Table 2 Traits performance of wheat accessions

      性狀Trait3次灌水Threeirrigations5次灌水Fiveirrigations均值Mean變異系數(shù)CV(%)極小值Min極大值Max均值Mean變異系數(shù)CV(%)極小值Min極大值Max單株穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikenumber7942446412861125207711550株高(cm)Plantheight71781361009900748314580010400穗長(cm)Spikelength7521160090078812500900基部不育(個(gè))Thebaseofsterile1324210030013861000300頂部不育(個(gè))Atthetopofsterile02113300010001776000000每穗小穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikeltnumberperspike18079140021001826914002200穗粒數(shù)(個(gè))Grainnumberperspike3881152700490042491333005300千粒重(g)1000-grainweight3044142300410033171826005200產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)Yield4568582726806574627165628217348334817222

      2.2 抗旱系數(shù)

      研究表明,各性狀抗旱系數(shù)均值變化在0.70~1.13,由大到小依次為基部不育>穗長>基部不育>每穗小穗數(shù)>株高>千粒重>穗粒數(shù)>單株穗數(shù)>產(chǎn)量,其中穗長、每穗小穗數(shù)、基部不育、頂部不育的抗旱系數(shù)大于1,其余5個(gè)性狀的抗旱系數(shù)都在1以下;基部不育的抗旱系數(shù)最大,為1.13,產(chǎn)量的抗旱系數(shù)最小,為0.70。說明穗長、每穗小穗數(shù)、基部不育和頂部不育小穗數(shù)4個(gè)性狀主要由品種的遺傳特性決定,對(duì)灌水量減少具有耐受性,而單株穗數(shù)、株高、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重和產(chǎn)量4個(gè)性狀受灌水量影響比較大,說明冬小麥分蘗和灌漿成熟期需要充足的水分。表3

      表3 抗旱系數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)
      Table 3 Drought-resistant coefficient statistical results

      性狀Trait極小值Min極大值Max均值Mean單株穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikenumber049113075株高(cm)Plantheight090107096穗長(cm)Spikelength092125105基部不育(個(gè))Thebaseofsterile050222113頂部不育(個(gè))Atthetopofsterile000600103每穗小穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikeltnumberperspike094108101穗粒數(shù)(個(gè))Kernelspike065118092千粒重(g)1000-grainweight070123093產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)Yield046094070

      2.3 性狀抗旱相關(guān)性

      研究表明,單株穗數(shù)與株高、穗長、基部不育、產(chǎn)量呈負(fù)相關(guān),與千粒重呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與頂部不育、每穗小穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)呈正相關(guān);株高與穗長、每穗小穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重、產(chǎn)量呈正相關(guān),與基部不育、頂部不育呈負(fù)相關(guān);穗長與基部不育、頂部不育、每穗小穗數(shù)、千粒重呈正相關(guān),與頂部不育呈極顯著正相關(guān),與穗粒數(shù)、產(chǎn)量呈負(fù)相關(guān);基部不育與穗粒數(shù)、產(chǎn)量呈負(fù)相關(guān),與頂部不育、每穗小穗數(shù)、千粒重呈正相關(guān);頂部不育與穗粒數(shù)、千粒重呈負(fù)相關(guān),與每穗小穗數(shù)、產(chǎn)量呈正相關(guān),與產(chǎn)量呈極顯著正相關(guān);每穗小穗數(shù)與穗粒數(shù)、千粒重、產(chǎn)量呈正相關(guān),與穗粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān);穗粒數(shù)與千粒重呈負(fù)相關(guān),與產(chǎn)量呈正相關(guān);千粒重與產(chǎn)量呈極顯著正相關(guān)。表4

      表4 各個(gè)性狀抗旱相關(guān)性
      Table 4 The analysis results of Each character drought-resistant related

      性狀Trait單株穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikenumber株高(cm)Plantheight穗長(cm)Spikelength基部不育(個(gè))Thebaseofsterile頂部不育(個(gè))Atthetopofsterile每穗小穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikeltnumberperspike穗粒數(shù)(個(gè))Kernelspike千粒重(g)1000-grainweight產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)Yield單株穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikenumber1株高(cm)Plantheight-0121穗長(cm)Spikelength-0170281基部不育(個(gè))Thebaseofsterile-014-0020181頂部不育(個(gè))Atthetopofsterile004-004072??0071每穗小穗數(shù)(個(gè))Spikeltnumberperspike021012042009043?1穗粒數(shù)(個(gè))Kernelspike028007-003-03-001062??1千粒重(g)1000-grainweight-074??03602035-00301501產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)Yield-021009-008-003008034039058??1

      注:*表示0.05顯著水平;**表示0.01顯著水平

      Note:*represent 0.05 significant level;**represent 0.01 significant level

      2.4 不同小麥品種在兩種灌水量下產(chǎn)量比較

      2.4.1 3次灌水處理產(chǎn)量

      研究表明,將20個(gè)品種分成高產(chǎn)、中產(chǎn)和低產(chǎn)三組,3次灌水處理產(chǎn)量在前7位的(高產(chǎn)組)分別是:新冬18號(hào),新冬20號(hào),新冬22號(hào),煙農(nóng)23號(hào),新冬32號(hào),山農(nóng)15號(hào)和小偃81號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為7 462.71~4 788.01 kg/hm2;產(chǎn)量在中間的7個(gè)品種(中產(chǎn)組)分別是:煙99102號(hào),石新828號(hào),石麥15號(hào),濟(jì)麥22號(hào),石麥16號(hào),煙農(nóng)0428號(hào),煙農(nóng)22號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為4 771.22~3 923.67 kg/hm2;產(chǎn)量在后6位的品種(低產(chǎn)組)分別是:泰山22號(hào),石4185號(hào),石麥18號(hào),煙農(nóng)21號(hào),石新616號(hào),山農(nóng)12號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為3 905.83~2 680.65 kg/hm2。

      經(jīng)方差分析, 3次灌水處理下品種間產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)到極顯著水平,其中新冬18號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于除煙農(nóng)23號(hào)、新冬20號(hào)、新冬22號(hào)和新冬32號(hào)以外的其余15個(gè)品種;新冬20號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于煙農(nóng)22號(hào)、山農(nóng)12號(hào)、泰山22號(hào)、煙農(nóng)21號(hào)、濟(jì)麥22號(hào),煙農(nóng)22號(hào)、煙農(nóng)0428號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)、石麥18號(hào)、石麥16號(hào)、石麥15號(hào);新冬22號(hào)和新冬32號(hào)的產(chǎn)量顯著高于山農(nóng)12號(hào)和石新616號(hào)。表5

      表5 3次灌水處理、5次灌水處理產(chǎn)量差異比較
      Table 5 Difference of yield under 3 times irrigation and 5 times irrigation condition

      品種Varieties3次灌水Threeirrigations5次灌水Fiveirrigations均值Yield(kg/hm2)顯著性F(005)位次Order均值Yield(kg/hm2)顯著性F(005)位次Order煙農(nóng)23號(hào)Yannong23557593abcd4689543abcd7煙農(nóng)22號(hào)Yannong22392367cdef14657302abcde11山農(nóng)12號(hào)Shannong12268065f20580435def17泰山22號(hào)Taishan22390583cdef15621244cdef15煙農(nóng)21號(hào)Yannong21310480ef18650980bcdef13濟(jì)麥22號(hào)Jimai22428208cdef11689300abcd8山農(nóng)15號(hào)Shannong15488527bcdef6805525ab2煙農(nóng)836號(hào)Yannong836394338cdef13694276abcd6煙99102號(hào)Yan99102477122bcdef8629730bcdef14石4185號(hào)Shi4185385775def16548548ef18石新616號(hào)Shixin616308439f19349334f20石麥18號(hào)Shimai18367203ef17593992cdef16石麥15號(hào)Shimai15446050cdef10514541ef19石麥16號(hào)Shimai16399968cdef12768979abc4石新828號(hào)Shixin828459989bcdef9658245abcde10小偃81號(hào)Xiaoyan81478801bcdef7652986abcdef12新冬20號(hào)Xindong20682956ab2817222a1新冬22號(hào)Xindong22635340abc3747240abcd5新冬18號(hào)Xindong18746271a1796511abc3新冬32號(hào)Xindong32519080abcde5659700abcde9

      注:小寫字母表示在5%水平上存在差異

      Note:The small letters mean 0.05 significant

      2.4.2 5次灌水處理產(chǎn)量

      將20份材料分成高產(chǎn)、中產(chǎn)和低產(chǎn)三組,5次灌水處理產(chǎn)量在前7位的(高產(chǎn)組)分別是:新冬20號(hào),山農(nóng)15號(hào),新冬18號(hào),石麥16號(hào),新冬22號(hào),煙農(nóng)0428號(hào),煙農(nóng)23號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為8 172.22~6 895.43 kg/hm2;產(chǎn)量在中間的7個(gè)品種(中產(chǎn)組)分別是:濟(jì)麥22號(hào),新冬32號(hào),石新828號(hào),煙農(nóng)22號(hào),小偃81號(hào),煙農(nóng)21號(hào),煙99102號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為6 893.00~6 297.30 kg/hm2;產(chǎn)量在后6位的品種(低產(chǎn)組)分別是:泰山22號(hào),石麥18號(hào)、山農(nóng)12號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石麥15號(hào),石新616號(hào),平均產(chǎn)量水平為6 212.44~3 493.34 kg/hm2。

      經(jīng)方差分析,5次灌水處理品種間產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)到極顯著水平,其中新冬20號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于山農(nóng)12號(hào)、泰山22號(hào)、煙農(nóng)21號(hào)、煙99102號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)、石麥18號(hào)和石麥15號(hào);山農(nóng)15號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于山農(nóng)12號(hào)、泰山22號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)、石麥18號(hào)和石麥15號(hào);新冬18號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于山農(nóng)12號(hào)、石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)和石麥15號(hào);石麥16號(hào)產(chǎn)量顯著高于石4185號(hào)、石新616號(hào)和石麥15號(hào)。表5

      3 討 論

      3.1 不同小麥品種抗旱系數(shù)

      植物在生長過程中,會(huì)因周圍環(huán)境的變化而變化,隨著環(huán)境的日益惡化,對(duì)植物農(nóng)藝性狀和產(chǎn)量性狀都帶來不利的影響,特別是干旱,已成為限制作物高產(chǎn)的重要因素[24]。干旱脅迫導(dǎo)致主穗千粒重降低,株高、千粒重及產(chǎn)量均明顯下降[25];干旱脅迫抑制植株后期的生長以及產(chǎn)量且隨時(shí)間推移抑制作用增強(qiáng),隨干旱脅迫的加劇,株高、莖粗、一次有效分枝數(shù)及單株產(chǎn)量抗旱系數(shù)不斷下降,且抗旱性弱的材料下降幅度大[26]。詹海仙等[27]研究不同水分處理下小麥4個(gè)生育期生理的變化得出,干旱脅迫條件下生理指標(biāo)明顯低于對(duì)照,小麥在干旱條件下時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)生一系列生理生化的調(diào)整和適應(yīng),最終使其農(nóng)藝性狀發(fā)生改變。試驗(yàn)20份材料的9個(gè)性狀抗旱系數(shù)在3和5次灌水下差異比較大,基部不育的抗旱系數(shù)最大,達(dá)到了1.13,產(chǎn)量的抗旱系數(shù)最小,僅為0.07,且不同品種同一性狀的抗旱性不同, 同一品種各性狀的抗旱系數(shù)也存在較大差異,說明各性狀對(duì)干旱脅迫的敏感程度各異, 且所測(cè)指標(biāo)間的關(guān)系也比較復(fù)雜。

      3.2 性狀間耐旱性差異

      根據(jù)不同小麥品種在3和5次灌水下農(nóng)藝性狀的總體表現(xiàn),可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在3次灌水下,20份材料產(chǎn)量和農(nóng)藝性狀的值相對(duì)5次灌水都有降低,這個(gè)結(jié)論與許海霞[15]的研究一致,分析原因是干旱條件使得植物缺水,無法完成自身形態(tài)器官建成,影響營養(yǎng)生長與生殖生長的進(jìn)行[28-29]。試驗(yàn)中在3次灌水下,有4個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀變異系數(shù)大于5次灌水,變化幅度相對(duì)5次灌水較大,如頂部不育小穗數(shù),3次灌水處理下,為133.33%,5次灌水處理下,僅為76%,說明此性狀受水分影響大,變異系數(shù)最小的是每穗小穗數(shù),均為9%,說明每穗小穗數(shù)主要由品種遺傳特性決定,對(duì)土壤水分變化不敏感。整體來看,20份不同小麥品種遺傳多樣性豐富[30-31],能夠?yàn)檫x育優(yōu)良小麥品種提供借鑒,這與顏國榮[32]分析主要農(nóng)藝性狀變異系數(shù)來篩選優(yōu)良品種一致。

      3.3 不同灌溉量下產(chǎn)量

      通過對(duì)產(chǎn)量結(jié)果方差分析,3次灌水與5次灌水產(chǎn)量差異都達(dá)到顯著水平,說明兩處理間產(chǎn)量差異與灌水量直接相關(guān)。3次灌水下,高產(chǎn)組中有4個(gè)品種(占57.14%)來自新疆。就品種來源地分析,在3次灌水條件下,新疆品種產(chǎn)量比內(nèi)地品種產(chǎn)量較高,原因可能是不同地域氣候環(huán)境造成,內(nèi)地雨水豐富,品種抗旱性較弱;而新疆地區(qū)長期干旱少雨,品種經(jīng)過“鍛煉”,適應(yīng)這種干旱,抗旱性相對(duì)內(nèi)地品種較強(qiáng)。在5次灌水條件下,新疆自育的4個(gè)品種中3個(gè)都在高產(chǎn)組中,而黃淮麥區(qū)的16個(gè)品種中僅有4個(gè)品種在高產(chǎn)組,后六位(低產(chǎn)組)都是黃淮麥區(qū)冬品種,說明新疆品種更能適應(yīng)水分充足條件,產(chǎn)量提升幅度大;而大部分黃淮麥區(qū)品種產(chǎn)量相對(duì)較低。大量研究認(rèn)為[33-34],灌水處理對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量和構(gòu)成因素有較大影響,灌水次數(shù)增加,產(chǎn)量呈顯著提高。以后的研究可以集中在多次灌水處理、灌水量以及科學(xué)的水肥調(diào)控上,挖掘產(chǎn)量潛力。

      4 結(jié)論

      4.1 5次灌水處理下高產(chǎn)組平均產(chǎn)量為8 172.22~6 895.43 kg/hm2,3次灌水處理下高產(chǎn)組平均產(chǎn)量為7 462.71~4 788.01 kg/hm2,5次灌水處理下比3次灌水處理下冬小麥產(chǎn)量高,由此說明,適當(dāng)增加灌水次數(shù)可以增加冬小麥產(chǎn)量。尤其是幼苗分蘗和籽粒灌漿成熟期保持充足的水分,對(duì)提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量有促進(jìn)作用。

      4.2 5次灌水處理下,新疆自育的4個(gè)冬小麥品種有3個(gè)品種的產(chǎn)量均在高產(chǎn)組,3次灌水處理下,新疆自育的冬小麥品種產(chǎn)量全部都在高產(chǎn)組。因此,相對(duì)黃淮麥區(qū)的冬小麥品種,新疆自育的冬小麥品種表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗旱性。

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      Fund project:Supported by the special action plan of enriching people and strengthening counties by science and technology of Ministry of Science and Technology of China " technology integration of one million acres of sound quality wheat and industrialization"

      Effects of Two Irrigation on the Agronomic Traits and the Yield of Winter Wheat

      FENG Kui1, MA Yan-ming2, JIA Li-li1, ZHANG Jin-shan1, Dilixiati Erken1,WANG Zhi-xing1, SHI Shu-bing1

      (1. College of Agronomy,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China; 2. Research InstituteofCropGermplasmResources,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China)

      【Objective】 In order to explore winter wheat drought-resistant germplasms in different irrigation treatments, the project aims to screen wheat germplasm resources in the filed to widen the range of Xinjiang winter drought-resistance germplasm resources and breeding.【Method】There were 20 kinds of winter wheat, which four from Xinjiang and 16 from Huanghuai area were chosen to investigate 9 characters under 5 irrigation times and 3 irrigation treatments. The nine characters were: number of spikes per plant, plant height, ear length, the sterile of basal spikelet, the sterile of top spikelet, spikelet number, kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight and yield.【Result】9 agronomic characters of 20 copies of the material was significantly different from each other, most of the average of 5 irrigation treatment times were higher than 3 times under this two kinds of irrigation treatment; the variation coefficient of each character was exactly different; Various characters drought-resistant coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 1.13; Yield difference reached significant level, which under the condition of two irrigation treatment quantity, production always within the top seven were Shannon 15, Yannong 23, Xindong 20, Xindong 22 and Xindong 18;Production in the post six were Shannong 12, Taishan 22, Shi 4185, Shixin 616 and Shimai 18.【Conclusion】Increasing irrigation times can increase winter wheat yields. Especially in the seedling tillering and grain filling stage of grain maturation, keeping enough water supply can to improve the winter wheat yield. Compared with Huanghuai winter wheat varieties, winter wheat varieties bred in Xinjiang showed stronger drought resistance.

      winter wheat; irrigation quantity; drought-resistant coefficient; agronomic characters

      10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.11.005

      2016-03-22

      科技部科技富民強(qiáng)縣專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃“百萬畝優(yōu)質(zhì)小麥技術(shù)集成及產(chǎn)業(yè)化”

      馮魁(1989- ),男,河南人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樽魑镌耘嗯c耕作,(E-mail)1223373674@qq.com

      石書兵(1966-),男,山東人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)樾←湼弋a(chǎn)栽培,(E-mail)shbshi@ sina.com

      S512

      A

      1001-4330(2016)11-1999-09

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