短文改錯(cuò)常見(jiàn)誤區(qū)

張前華

做好短文改錯(cuò)首先要認(rèn)真閱讀短文，在做題之前要先弄清原文大意，再根據(jù)短文大意和上下文邏輯關(guān)系，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行逐字逐句的分析，檢查句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，語(yǔ)氣是否連貫等等。改完后，還要回過(guò)頭來(lái)重讀一遍全文，查看改過(guò)后是否能使語(yǔ)句通順，時(shí)態(tài)一致，合乎邏輯。再次通讀可以在初改時(shí)感覺(jué)不順的地方集中精力，仔細(xì)推敲，使答案更加準(zhǔn)確。因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)就一個(gè)句子來(lái)看可能在兩個(gè)地方修改都說(shuō)得過(guò)去，但在上下文中可能只能在一處修改才正確。

在改題過(guò)程中，要綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，根據(jù)各行不同的錯(cuò)誤情況分別進(jìn)行答題（即改詞、加詞或減詞）。在短文改錯(cuò)中常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤主要有以下幾類：

[名詞]

名詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò)，可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的混用。大多數(shù)短文改錯(cuò)都會(huì)有此類的錯(cuò)誤。

例1 ... they take him lots of good book and fresh fruit.

解析 book→books。book前用lots of修飾，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。

例2 下面短文中有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)?jiān)谟绣e(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（＼）劃掉。

修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一個(gè)橫線，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。

注意：1. 每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

2. 只允許修改10處，多者（從11處起）不計(jì)分。

It is real a good chance to have met all of you here. We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club. Although we have been members for a short period of times， we have made a great progress. That is because we are all very much active and the activities are not only enjoyable and also helpful. Besides， the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and inter ested. I am very pleased to say that all of us greatly improved our spoken English so far. I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future！

解析

1. real→really；

2. weekend→weekends；

3. times→time；

4. 去掉a；

5. 去掉much；

6. and→but；

7. his→their；

8. interested→interesting；

9. us∧have

10. see→seeing。

[動(dòng)詞]

時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，常表現(xiàn)為總體時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在時(shí)，中間雜有不適當(dāng)?shù)牧硪粫r(shí)態(tài)的情況；及物動(dòng)詞后無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，或是不及物動(dòng)詞后加了賓語(yǔ)；需要接ing形式的接了to，或相反等。

例3 The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone.

解析 were→are。根據(jù)上文可知飯店和魚(yú)店消失陳述的都是現(xiàn)在的情況。

例4 I cant swim so I have a strong fear of water. Look back at my childhood， I think that three reasons might explain fear. Firstly， I am not allowed to go near the water when I was a child， as my mother had an unreasonable fear of it. Therefore， I was taught to see to the water as something danger. Secondly， my eyes became bad when I was five. If I took off my glass in the water， I couldnt see something， and this increased my fear. Whats worse， for a child I once saw a neighbor drowned. Since then I have been more frightening.

解析 1. so→because；

2. look→looking；

3. 加the；

4. am→was；

5. 去掉to；

6. danger→dangerous；

7. glass→glasses；

8. something→anything；

9. for→as；

10. frightening→frightened。

[形容詞、副詞]

現(xiàn)在需用形容詞的地方用了副詞或相反；關(guān)系副詞where，when，why等的缺失或錯(cuò)用。

例5 He has a comfortable room， patiently nurses， and a great deal of time to read.

解析 patiently→patient。修飾名詞nurses，用形容詞。

例6 A man was driving on the road. Suddenly his cars stopped. He got out of the car tried to find out the trouble. “Its the motor.” Said the voice behind him. He was surprising and turned around. But he saw only an old horse. “Did you say something？” he asked. “I said you should check yours motor.” The horse replied. The man rushed to the nearest house. With a very excited voice， he told the farmer had happened. The farmer， therefore， showed no sign of excitement. He explained， “He didnt know anything about cars. He can only repeat wha t I often say.”

解析

1. cars→car；

2. tried→trying；

3. the→a；

4. surprising→surprised；

5. something→anything；

6. yours→your；

7. With→In；

8. the farmer∧had→what；

9. therefore→however；

10. didnt→doesnt。

[介詞、冠詞]

涉及到介詞的多余或缺失，錯(cuò)用。這一部分需要平時(shí)多多積累，弄清常用介詞的搭配。及定冠詞the的多余或缺失，如季節(jié)，月份，星期，球類及三餐活動(dòng)，稱呼頭銜前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的詞卻漏稅掉了the；a，an的混用，特別注意：hour，honest等雖然首字母不是元音字母，但其發(fā)音卻是以元音素開(kāi)頭，故用an，而useful，university，European，等雖然首字母是元音字母，但卻以輔音音素開(kāi)頭，故用a。

例7 ... and sports center has been built in their place.

解析 sports前加a。sports center是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，表示不確定。

例8 The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.

解析 a→an。由umbrella的發(fā)音可知以元音因素開(kāi)頭，應(yīng)用an。

[數(shù)詞、連詞]

涉及到是序數(shù)詞與基數(shù)詞的混用和錯(cuò)用，如分?jǐn)?shù)的分子大于一時(shí)分母沒(méi)有用復(fù)數(shù)等，基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式如幾百hundreds of，幾千thousands of漏掉了s，或是當(dāng)其前有具體數(shù)字或several時(shí)加了復(fù)數(shù)，如seven hundred，寫(xiě)作seven hundreds?；虿缓暇渲械倪壿嬯P(guān)系。如需轉(zhuǎn)折連詞（如but）的時(shí)候用了承接連詞（so），或相反等等。

例9 This man might need the umbrella himself， and he preferred to give it to somebody else.

解析 and→but，前后構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折，用but。

例10 （短文改錯(cuò)）My neighbor Jackie is always consideration to others. One day， I was going to deliver a speech at an institute while I found my car wouldnt get started. I rushed to the street to hire a taxi. Just at that time I come across Jackie. He was hurried going to attend his sick mother in hospital.

Furthermore， when he learned about my problems， he didnt hesitate to give me a lift. I arrived at the lecture hall in time， when the audience had been present. I owe my great thanks to my neighbour Jackie， he is a person ready to help the others at any time.

解析

1. consideration→considerate；

2. While→when；

3. come→came；

4. hurried→hurriedly；

5. attend后面加to；

6. Furthermore→however；

7. problems→problem；

8. when→where；

9. he→who；

10. 去掉the。

[代詞]

涉及到代詞的格與數(shù)的錯(cuò)用。如男性用了女性代詞，單數(shù)用了復(fù)數(shù)代詞或相反；應(yīng)當(dāng)用形容詞性的物主代詞用了賓格，主格或相反，關(guān)系代詞的錯(cuò)用或缺失。如只能用that引導(dǎo)的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方卻用了that，或是在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中漏掉了介詞等。

例11 The factory...has been moved out of the city， and a sports center has been built in their place.

解析 their→its。因?yàn)榍拔闹刑岬搅嗣~The factory是單數(shù)，因此把their改為its。

例12 One day I saw a second—hand bicycle， that was only one hundred yuan.

解析 that→which。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞指物時(shí)只能用which不能用that。

[主謂一致性、固定短語(yǔ)用法及句型]

第三人稱單數(shù)漏掉s，或主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了單數(shù)；還有就近原則對(duì)主語(yǔ)的影響。

例13 It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything in return.

解析 在possible后加to。由“it is（was） possible（或其他形容詞）+to do sth”.這一固定句型決定。

例14 Patience is of great importance in our daily life. Once I waited a bus to come at a stop. 30 minutes past， but no bus came. Both sad and annoyed， I decided to walk on feet. But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived. I thought if I had waited for one more minute， I would have caught it. If I chose to take a next bus， I would have to wait for other 30 minutes. Only then do I realize my problem. Being impatient will possible waste all the effort that we have put it in. Now whenever I am close to lose my patience， Ill think of this experience.

解析

1. 加上for；

2. past→passed；

3. feet→foot；

4. when→than；

5. a→the；

6. other→another；

7. do→did；

8. possible→possibly；

9. 去掉it；

10. lose→losing。