李永霞 楊開超 朱曉光 李梅芳 封啟明?
非甲狀腺疾病綜合征對急診超高齡患者預后的影響
李永霞楊開超朱曉光李梅芳封啟明?
目的 探討急診超高齡患者非甲狀腺疾病綜合征(NTIS)的發(fā)生率及其對患者預后的影響。方法 回顧性分析2014年1月至2015年1月≥80歲的急診內科448例住院患者的臨床資料。根據甲狀腺素水平將患者分為NTIS組(n=324)與對照組(n=124),比較兩組病死率差異。根據患者住院期間是否存活,分為死亡組(n=48)與存活組(n=400),比較兩組NTIS發(fā)生率差異。應用Logistic回歸分析影響超高齡住院患者預后的危險因素。結果 448例患者平均年齡(85.6±4.0)歲,其中男198例,女250例;NTIS發(fā)生率66.4%。NTIS組病死率明顯高于對照組(13.6% vs 3.2%,P=0.001);死亡組FT3(游離T3)明顯低于存活組(2.0% vs 2.9%,P<0.001),死亡組中NTIS發(fā)生率明顯高于存活組(91.7% vs 70%,P=0.001);FT3<2.75(OR=0.116,95% CI:0.02-0.52)及合并腦梗死(OR=4.49,95%CI:1.83-11.02)是超高齡患者死亡的獨立危險因素;FT3對超高齡患者死亡的最佳預測值是2.605Pmol/L。結論 急診超高齡患者中的NTIS發(fā)生率極高,且合并NTIS的急診超高齡患者預后不良,病死率極高。
非甲狀腺疾病綜合征 超高齡 發(fā)生率 預后
急慢性危重病或饑餓時體內甲狀腺激素水平可發(fā)生異常,稱為非甲狀腺疾病綜合征(NTIS)。NTIS常表現(xiàn)為低T3綜合征,即血清游離T3(FT3)降低,TSH稍降低或正常,反T3(rT3)升高,游離T4(FT4)正常[1]。NTIS臨床癥狀與甲狀腺激素水平、疾病種類和病情嚴重程度密切相關[2-4]。研究表明,老年患者NTIS發(fā)生率高,NTIS常反映患者病情危重,預后不良[5],NTIS的發(fā)生與病死率增加呈正相關[6]。隨著年齡的增長,NTIS發(fā)病率亦升高[6-8]。但Corsonello A[9]等發(fā)現(xiàn)百歲老人的子孫與同齡人相比甲狀腺功能差,甲狀腺功能低下者壽命長。本文探討急診超高齡患者NTIS的發(fā)生率,并分析甲狀腺功能對超高齡患者預后的影響。
1.1一般資料 2014年1月至2015年1月本院急診室收治危重病患者448例。男198例,女250例;年齡80~100歲,平均年齡(85.6±4.0)歲。根據是否存在NTIS分為正常對照組及NTIS組。其中NTIS組324例,男139例,女185例,年齡80~100歲,平均年齡(85.8±4.1)歲。正常對照組124例,男59例,女65例;年齡80~96歲,平均年齡(85.1±3.7)歲。納入標準:(1)年齡≥80歲。(2)入院第二天晨即行血清甲狀腺素水平測定。排除標準:(1)既往有下丘腦、垂體、甲狀腺疾病。(2)<2周有胺碘酮、激素、5-氟尿嘧啶等影響甲狀腺功能藥物的用藥史。
1.2方法 (1)數據收集:所有入選患者信息均由同一組有經驗的醫(yī)師采集。采集信息包括人口學特征、肝腎凝血功能檢查記錄、合并癥、住院時間等。(2)甲狀腺功能測定及NITS的診斷:所有患者均于入院后第2天晨空腹采取肘前靜脈血。血清TSH、FT4、FT3水平采用電化學發(fā)光法檢測。參考范圍:TSH 0.27~4.2mIU/L;FT4 12~122pmol/L;FT3 3.1~6.8pmol/L。NTIS診斷:血清游離T3(FT3)降低(FT3<3.1pmol/L),TSH稍降低或正常(TSH≤0.27pmol/L),游離T4(FT4)正常。(3)其它生化指標測定:患者于入院當晚禁食,次晨空腹采集靜脈血,采用全自動生化儀(日本日立公司)測定血常規(guī)、CRP、INR、肝腎功能、pro-BNP等。1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 18.0軟件。正態(tài)分布計量資料用(x±s)表示,非正態(tài)分布計量資料用中位數表示,兩組計量資料比較,采用兩獨立樣本t檢驗;計數資料用百分率表示,組間比較用χ2檢驗或Fisher's exact檢驗;預后采用Logistic回歸;以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1兩組臨床資料比較 見表1。
表1 兩組臨床資料比較(x±s)
2.2死亡組與存活組臨床資料比較 住院期間死亡的患者納入死亡組(n=48),其余患者納入存活組。死亡組中血清FT3水平低于存活組,膽紅素、尿素、INR、CRP、D-二聚體、肌鈣蛋白高于存活組。死亡組冠心病、腦梗死及NTIS發(fā)生率高于存活組,見表2。
表2 死亡組與存活組臨床資料比較(x±s)
2.3Logistic回歸分析結果 單因素logistic回歸分析顯示,pro-BNP>4643ng/L、血尿素氮>10.6mmol/L、冠心病、CRP>54.31mg/L、D-二聚體>2.8mg/L、INR>1.17及 FT3<2.75pmol/L是超高齡患者死亡的危險因素。多因素logistic回歸分析結果顯示FT3<2.75pmol/L(OR=0.116,95% CI:0.02~0.52)及合并腦梗死(OR=4.49,95%CI:1.83~11.02)是超高齡患者死亡的獨立危險因素(見表3)。
表3 超高齡患者死亡的獨立危險因素Logistic回歸分析結果
2.4FT3的ROC曲線分析 ROC曲線發(fā)現(xiàn)FT3對死亡的最佳預測值是2.605Pmol/L(靈敏度0.56,特異度0.13)。本研究FT3正常參考低值是3.1pmol/L,其靈敏度和特異度分別為:0.318,0.958,見圖1。
圖1 FT3ROC曲線
既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性發(fā)病住院80~89歲患者NTIS發(fā)病率62%[6],>60歲為65%[8],本資料中急診超高齡患者NTIS發(fā)生率66.4%,與既往研究相一致。超高齡死亡患者NTIS發(fā)生率91.7%,與存活組70%比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。目前,血清甲狀腺激素水平對死亡的預測各研究不一致[10-14]。研究認為血清FT3是生活自理老年患者死亡的最好預測因子[11],F(xiàn)T3升高被認為是NTIS的早期改變[12]。Tognini S[10]認為,F(xiàn)T3對老年患者死亡有預測作用,但也有研究認為FT4降低的患者病死率最高[13-14]。本資料顯示,死亡組中FT3明顯低于存活組,表明>80歲老年患者的預后和FT3相關,造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能是血清FT3與機體炎癥反應狀態(tài)密切相關[10,15]。本資料顯示,死亡組中血清膽紅素、尿素、INR、D二聚體、肌鈣蛋白水平顯著高于存活組,死亡組腦梗死率及NTIS發(fā)生率明顯高于存活組,表明肝腎功能[16],凝血功能及心功能異常的患者或合并腦梗死的患者預后更差。血清FT3水平對患者預后有很好的預測作用,血清FT3水平越低,患者死亡可能性越大,這與既往多數研究結果一致[10]。同時,合并腦梗死是超高齡患者死亡的獨立危險因素。造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能與腦梗死并發(fā)癥多,死亡風險大相關,其具體作用機制還有待進一步研究。
Tognini S等[10]研究認為,炎癥反應在NTIS發(fā)生中起著重要作用,本資料亦顯示NTIS患者CRP明顯升高。NTIS患者INR水平明顯高于非NTIS者,可能與甲狀腺激素影響凝血因子合成及影響甲狀腺相關自身免疫過程有關[17]。NTIS組患者血紅蛋白及紅細胞壓積低于對照組,與甲狀腺激素尤其是FT3參與紅細胞合成有關[18]。NTIS患者尿素高于對照組,表明NTIS患者處于負氮平衡狀態(tài)[5],NTIS的發(fā)生有益于減少機體代謝,降低消耗,保護機體功能。但NTIS一旦發(fā)生,即表明疾病程度嚴重,預后不良,應引起臨床醫(yī)生的高度重視。另外,NTIS患者的鈉及白蛋白低于對照組,D二聚體高于對照組,表明營養(yǎng)差及D二聚體高的患者更容易發(fā)生NTIS,其機制還有待進一步研究。
綜上所述,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)急診超高齡患者的NTIS發(fā)生率極高,而且合并NTIS的急診超高齡患者常提示患者預后不良,血清FT3水平對于急診超高齡患者短期死亡有預測作用,超高齡患者入院時常規(guī)檢測甲狀腺功能尤其是血清FT3水平,對患者短期預后有重要預測作用;并且合并腦梗是急診超高齡患者死亡的獨立危險因素;造成這一結果的原因可能是腦梗后患者長期臥床并發(fā)感染,容易血栓形成等。因此,對超高齡腦梗患者應積極做好三級預防工作,尤其是合并NTIS的急診超高齡患者;目前對于合并NTIS的急診超高齡患者來說,甲狀腺激素替代治療的效果仍存在較大爭議[5,19],對于這類患者是否需要補充T3有待進一步研究。
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Objective To evaluate the prevalence of Non-thyroidal illness syndrome and its impact on short-term survival in hospitalized super elderly patients. Methods 448 Patients aged more than 80 years in the department of emergency in a religious hospital from January 2014 to January 2015 were enrolled. Patients were divided into NTIS group(n=324)and the control group(n=124)by serum concentration of FT3,the mortality of these two group were compared. Patients were divided into death group(n=48)and survival group(n=400),the rate of NTIS was compared between them. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for the prognosis of very elderly patients. Results A total of 448 patients were enrolled(age mean±SD,85.6±4.0yrs,198 male and 250 female). The incidence of NTIS was 66.4%.The mortality of NTIS group was higher than the control group(13.6% vs 3.2%,P=0.001),serum level of FT3(Free T3)in non-survivors was lower than survivors(2.0% vs 2.9%,P<0.001);The incidence of NTIS in non-survivors was higher than that in survivors(91.7% vs 70%,P=0.001);FT3<2.75(OR=0.116,95% CI:0.02-0.52)and cerebral infarction(OR=4.49,95%CI:1.83-11.02)were independent risk factors of death for very elderly patients;The best predictor of FT3 for death was 2.605Pmol/L. Conclusions The mortality of NTIS group was higher than control group,serum level of FT3 predicts short-term mortality in hospitalized very elderly patients.
Non-thyroidal illness syndrome,NTIS Very elderly patients Short-term Survival
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