楊曉明,徐宏光,劉平,王弘
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院脊柱外科,安徽 蕪湖 241001)
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傷椎置釘和經(jīng)皮短節(jié)段固定治療胸腰段椎體骨折的療效比較
楊曉明,徐宏光,劉平,王弘
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院脊柱外科,安徽 蕪湖241001)
目的對(duì)比開(kāi)放傷椎置釘和經(jīng)皮微創(chuàng)短節(jié)段固定治療胸腰段椎體骨折的近期臨床療效。方法回顧性分析35例胸腰段椎體骨折患者,分為開(kāi)放傷椎置釘短節(jié)段固定組(A組)和經(jīng)皮微創(chuàng)短節(jié)段固定組(B組),測(cè)量手術(shù)前后骨折椎體壓縮程度,椎體后凸畸形角度,疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)以及術(shù)后腰椎功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI),統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組患者住院時(shí)間,手術(shù)失血和手術(shù)時(shí)間,并對(duì)以上參數(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果兩組患者一般資料,術(shù)前骨折椎體壓縮程度和VAS評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)后骨折椎體高度均有效恢復(fù)(P<0.05),且良好維持,術(shù)后VAS和ODI評(píng)分均較術(shù)前改善(P<0.05),且B組術(shù)后ODI評(píng)分優(yōu)于A組。B組在手術(shù)時(shí)間,失血量和住院時(shí)間上較A組縮短。結(jié)論兩種手術(shù)方式均能有效恢復(fù)骨折椎體高度,改善術(shù)后功能,但經(jīng)皮微創(chuàng)短節(jié)段固定在手術(shù)時(shí)間,失血量,住院時(shí)間和功能上要優(yōu)于傷椎置釘短節(jié)段固定組。
脊柱骨折/外科學(xué);骨折固定術(shù);骨釘;內(nèi)固定器
脊柱骨折是常見(jiàn)的脊柱外傷,其中以胸腰段椎體骨折多見(jiàn),約占脊柱骨折的半數(shù),甚至達(dá)到90%[1]。尤其是隨著近年來(lái)高能量損傷的逐漸增多,胸腰段椎體骨折可為合并傷的一部分,亦可為單發(fā)損傷。國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏大樣本的官方數(shù)據(jù),國(guó)外報(bào)道的發(fā)病率為30~117/10萬(wàn)[2-3]。骨折可嚴(yán)重影響患者活動(dòng)能力,導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力明顯喪失,合并脊髓損傷的患者可伴有不同程度的癱瘓癥狀,致殘率較高,有統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示在主要器官損傷中,脊柱創(chuàng)傷可導(dǎo)致最差的臨床療效和最低的傷后重返工作率[4]。
手術(shù)治療可提供即刻穩(wěn)定,促進(jìn)早期功能鍛煉,預(yù)防局部生物力學(xué)環(huán)境的紊亂,顯示出越來(lái)越多的優(yōu)勢(shì)。較多文獻(xiàn)分別報(bào)道了開(kāi)放短節(jié)段傷椎置釘和經(jīng)皮微創(chuàng)置釘兩種手術(shù)方式治療胸腰椎骨折取得了良好的臨床療效,同時(shí)也降低了相關(guān)不良并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[5-8],但以上兩種手術(shù)方式之間的對(duì)比研究較少,故本研究回顧性分析了一組臨床病例,對(duì)比了兩種手術(shù)治療方式的臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料回顧性收集皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院2012年1月至2014年11月期間因外傷致單發(fā)胸腰段(胸12至腰2)椎體骨折患者資料,年齡18~60歲,均行手術(shù)治療,所有患者術(shù)前均簽署知情同意書(shū),本研究取得本單位倫理委員會(huì)同意。依據(jù)手術(shù)方式不同分為開(kāi)放經(jīng)傷椎固定組(A組)和經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定組(B組),對(duì)患者一般資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,入院后均給予相關(guān)影像學(xué)檢查(X線,CT和MRI)和功能評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)比手術(shù)前后和隨訪期間(術(shù)后6,12個(gè)月)相關(guān)參數(shù)變化情況。手術(shù)指征為:(1)椎體高度丟失超過(guò)50%或椎體后凸20°以上;(2)單發(fā)椎體骨折,椎管無(wú)明顯累及,無(wú)神經(jīng)功能損害;(3)排除腫瘤、感染等病理性骨折;(4)患者無(wú)法耐受臥床,強(qiáng)烈要求行手術(shù)治療。
1.2測(cè)量指標(biāo)利用腰椎側(cè)位片測(cè)量骨折椎體壓縮程度[1-(椎體前緣高度/椎體后緣高度)×100%],骨折椎體后凸成角(Cobb法)等數(shù)據(jù),術(shù)前測(cè)量腰部疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS),術(shù)后隨訪期間測(cè)量腰痛VAS評(píng)分、Oswestry功能指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)臨床療效。比較兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間,術(shù)中失血量和住院時(shí)間,統(tǒng)計(jì)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
2.1兩組測(cè)量指標(biāo)比較本研究共納入38例患者,其中3例因失訪致資料不全予以剔除,剩余35例患者全部完成隨訪。所有患者致傷原因主要為高處墜落,其余為重物壓砸或交通意外。A組19例(男14例,女5例),B組16例(男12例,女4例),兩組患者性別和年齡組成差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。A組患者術(shù)前椎體壓縮比為53.5%±8.0%,后凸角為24.65°±3.56°,B組患者術(shù)前椎體壓縮比為49.1%±9.0%,后凸角為23.91°±3.61°,兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后骨折椎體高度有效恢復(fù),A組為13.9%±6.1%和4.93°±2.97°,B組為17.0%±5.3%和6.73°±3.38°,術(shù)后隨訪高度良好維持(表1,2)。術(shù)前腰痛VAS評(píng)分平均分別為5.95±1.18(A組)和6.31±0.95(B組),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,術(shù)后半年隨訪均較術(shù)前顯著改善,兩組間隨訪差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后12個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,B組顯著低于A組(t=3.079,P<0.05)。術(shù)后兩組ODI評(píng)分均處于正常范圍,但B組評(píng)分顯著低于A組(P<0.05),表3。
表1 傷椎組和經(jīng)皮組不同時(shí)間骨折椎體壓縮比的比較±s)
表2 傷椎組和經(jīng)皮組不同時(shí)間骨折椎體后凸角的比較±s)
表3 術(shù)后疼痛和功能評(píng)價(jià)比較表±s
2.2手術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間,術(shù)中出血量和住院時(shí)間比較見(jiàn)表4,B組在以上三方面均顯優(yōu)于A組(P<0.05)。所有患者術(shù)中和術(shù)后均未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)損傷加重,內(nèi)植物斷裂或失敗,切口感染等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,傷椎組中出現(xiàn)1例術(shù)后1月螺釘拔出,椎體高度部分丟失,后予支具保護(hù)后未加重,骨折良好愈合。
表4 兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量和住院時(shí)間比較
3.1胸腰段椎體骨折的手術(shù)指征對(duì)于無(wú)神經(jīng)損傷的穩(wěn)定性胸腰段骨折的治療,仍有相當(dāng)多學(xué)者建議行保守治療。隨著對(duì)胸腰段生物力學(xué)研究的深入,內(nèi)植物器械的長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步,對(duì)該類患者的治療理念發(fā)生了變化,對(duì)于較為嚴(yán)重的不穩(wěn)定性骨折的治療存在越來(lái)越多的爭(zhēng)議,如后凸畸形大于20°或椎體高度丟失超過(guò)50%的患者[9],這也是本組患者進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療的指征。Siebenga等[10]曾進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)前瞻性多中心研究,一組無(wú)神經(jīng)損傷的胸腰段爆裂骨折行非手術(shù)治療,隨訪4.3年后局部后凸畸形由原來(lái)的13.1°增加至19.5°。胸腰椎骨折后局部后凸畸形的存在不僅對(duì)脊柱平衡產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)也影響臨床療效[11]。雖然有眾多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道保守治療可取得與手術(shù)治療相似的臨床療效,但手術(shù)治療卻具有保守治療無(wú)法比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn),如可促進(jìn)患者早期功能鍛煉,便于護(hù)理等,最近Kumar等前瞻性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折不僅可縮短住院時(shí)間,顯著改善功能,還能預(yù)防創(chuàng)傷后后凸畸形,提高患者重返工作的概率。作者還認(rèn)為脊柱骨折的治療應(yīng)等同于一般骨折,需要復(fù)位,固定和康復(fù)鍛煉,未行復(fù)位的脊柱骨折可能致殘[12]。
3.2傷椎置釘?shù)膬?yōu)勢(shì)多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為不穩(wěn)定性脊柱骨折的治療目標(biāo)為恢復(fù)和保持脊柱序列,提供即刻穩(wěn)定,保留神經(jīng)功能,促進(jìn)早期活動(dòng),提高生活質(zhì)量。早期胸腰段骨折開(kāi)放手術(shù)固定骨折椎體上、下各兩個(gè)椎體,顯露范圍較大,不僅軟組織損傷較大,且手術(shù)節(jié)段較長(zhǎng),犧牲了較多的運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)段。短節(jié)段固定的出現(xiàn)克服了傳統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)節(jié)段固定的缺點(diǎn),但由于前柱在椎體負(fù)重中承擔(dān)了約80%的負(fù)荷,對(duì)于較為嚴(yán)重的椎體骨折,前柱支撐丟失,短節(jié)段固定不能提供足夠的矯形和支撐力,不僅對(duì)后凸的矯正有限,還存在較高的斷釘率等內(nèi)植物失敗風(fēng)險(xiǎn),最高可達(dá)45%[13-14]。載荷分享分型指出,對(duì)于評(píng)分超過(guò)7分的嚴(yán)重骨折,需行前路手術(shù)支撐,從而避免前柱負(fù)荷不足導(dǎo)致的手術(shù)失敗。雖然前路手術(shù)在理論上具有椎管減壓徹底和前方支撐確切的優(yōu)勢(shì),但并不對(duì)術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生積極影響,同時(shí)前路手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),失血量和治療費(fèi)用大,與后路手術(shù)相比并不具有突出優(yōu)勢(shì)[15]。1994年,Dick等[16]首次提出傷椎固定的概念,由于在骨折椎體增加了椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定,這種新技術(shù)在理論上具有矯形力較強(qiáng),前柱支撐充分的優(yōu)勢(shì)。生物力學(xué)研究也證實(shí),增加的傷椎螺釘可有效分散減小螺釘應(yīng)力,可有使螺釘應(yīng)力的分布達(dá)到優(yōu)化,可能有助于降低螺釘?shù)臄嗔训膸茁蔥17]。本研究中傷椎置釘組在隨訪過(guò)程中,沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)諸如螺釘或連接棒斷裂等內(nèi)植物的失敗,后凸的畸形矯正也良好維持至骨折愈合。該組患者中出現(xiàn)1例螺釘早期拔出,追問(wèn)病史,患者出院后即參加體力勞動(dòng),與患者過(guò)早體力勞動(dòng)有關(guān),后經(jīng)保護(hù)后椎體高度未進(jìn)一步丟失。對(duì)于椎體爆裂性骨折,傷椎置釘是否具有有效的把持力是學(xué)者們擔(dān)心的問(wèn)題,生物力學(xué)研究表明,只要骨折椎體椎弓根保持完整,傷椎置釘就具有相應(yīng)的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度[18]。臨床上,在與單純短節(jié)段內(nèi)固定的比較研究中,傷椎置釘可取得與其相似的療效,在后凸矯正和維持,降低內(nèi)植物失敗等方面更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)[5]。Kanna等[6]報(bào)道即使對(duì)于載荷分享評(píng)分超過(guò)7分的患者,行短節(jié)段經(jīng)傷椎固定也可獲得滿意臨床療效。
3.3微創(chuàng)治療的優(yōu)勢(shì)微創(chuàng)椎體成形術(shù)對(duì)于老年病理性胸腰椎椎體壓縮骨折的治療具有簡(jiǎn)便、有效的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但對(duì)于年輕患者存在骨折復(fù)位不滿意、再骨折等缺點(diǎn)[19],尤其是椎體爆裂骨折存在較高的骨水泥滲漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此,椎體成形術(shù)并不作為非病理性椎體骨折患者的首選手術(shù)治療。近年來(lái),微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘固定得到了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展,在胸腰段骨折的手術(shù)治療中也得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用[7]。微創(chuàng)操作使軟組織的保護(hù)得到了最大化,允許長(zhǎng)節(jié)段操作,可提供即刻穩(wěn)定,允許早期活動(dòng)。Ni等[8]報(bào)道了一組A3型骨折患者行經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定,平均隨訪48.5個(gè)月,臨床療效滿意。Lee等[20]報(bào)道了59例單發(fā)胸腰段椎體骨折的手術(shù)治療結(jié)果,分為經(jīng)皮椎弓根內(nèi)固定和傷椎短節(jié)段固定+椎板間融合兩組,結(jié)果顯示兩組在骨折椎體后凸矯正和丟失差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但開(kāi)放手術(shù)組手術(shù)失血量較多,術(shù)后功能評(píng)分較低,作者因此推薦經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定用于胸腰段爆裂性骨折的治療。這與本組研究結(jié)果相似,兩種治療方法對(duì)于后凸畸形的矯正能力相似,但經(jīng)皮固定組在住院時(shí)間,手術(shù)失血和手術(shù)時(shí)間均較傷椎固定組少,術(shù)后腰椎功能評(píng)分也較傷椎固定組優(yōu)良,術(shù)后12個(gè)月時(shí)腰痛評(píng)分較傷椎組降低,這可能與經(jīng)皮固定對(duì)椎旁肌損傷較小有關(guān)。由于經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘系統(tǒng)均為萬(wàn)向螺釘,且為經(jīng)皮操作,有學(xué)者擔(dān)心對(duì)骨折復(fù)位作用有限,無(wú)法獲得骨折椎體高度的有效恢復(fù)。Jeon等[21]研究顯示,在胸腰段椎體爆裂性骨折的手術(shù)治療中,置釘前手法復(fù)位在后凸畸形的矯正中具有重要作用,可完成后凸復(fù)位的66%。因此,手法復(fù)位具有重要的臨床意義,本研究中的內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)配備了角度螺釘,在螺帽擰緊的過(guò)程中可通過(guò)連接棒的滑動(dòng)將螺釘角度傳遞至骨折復(fù)位過(guò)程,從而可獲得骨折椎體高度和后凸畸形的充分矯正。
本研究存在一定不足:(1)病例數(shù)量相對(duì)較少,且骨折椎體壓縮程度相對(duì)較輕,但兩組患者資料匹配良好,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析有意義;(2)隨訪時(shí)間較短,數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)均至術(shù)后1年,遠(yuǎn)期臨床隨訪,尤其是對(duì)椎體高度的丟失的統(tǒng)計(jì)將更有助于評(píng)價(jià)兩種治療方法的優(yōu)劣。
3.4結(jié)論傷椎置釘和經(jīng)皮微創(chuàng)短節(jié)段固定對(duì)胸腰段椎體骨折的治療均有良好療效,兩種方法對(duì)于后凸畸形的矯正和維持,術(shù)后疼痛的改善作用相似,但經(jīng)皮固定在手術(shù)失血,手術(shù)時(shí)間,住院時(shí)間和腰椎功能恢復(fù)等方面較傷椎置釘優(yōu)越,對(duì)于椎體壓縮程度和神經(jīng)損傷較輕的患者,經(jīng)皮固定可減少手術(shù)時(shí)間,縮短住院時(shí)間,利于功能恢復(fù)。
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A clinical comparative analysis of the treatment between open short-segment pedicle screw fixation and percutaneous short-segment pedicle screw fixation for thoracolumbar fractures
YANG Xiaoming,XU Hongguang,LIU Ping,et al
(DepartmentofSpinalSurgery,YijishanHospitalAffiliatedtoWannanMedicalCollege,Wuhu,Anhui241001,China)
ObjectiveTo comparatively analyze the clinical efficacies of the treatment between open short-segment pedicle screw fixation including the fractured vertebra and percutaneous short-segment pedicle screw fixation for thoracolumbar fractures.MethodsA retrospective analysis was made of 35 cases of thoracolumbar fractures which were assigned into open short-segment pedicle screw fixation including the fractured vertebra(group A) and minimally invasive percutaneous short-segment pedicle screw fixation group(group B).The compression percentage of the fractured vertebra,vertebral kyphosis angle,visual analogue scale(VAS) of back pain and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were measured before and after surgery.Hospitalized time,blood loss and surgical time were also comparatively analyzed between the two groups.ResultsThe demographic data,compression percentage of vertebral fractures and VAS were not significantly different between the two groups before operation(P>0.05).All patients’ vertebral height were effectively restored,and well maintained postoperatively.Postoperative VAS and ODI scores improved significantly than preoperation(P<0.05),and postoperative ODI score in group B was higher than that in group A.Hospitalized time,blood loss and surgical time in group B were shorter(P<0.05).ConclusionsBoth the two operations can effectively restore vertebral height,improve postoperative function,but percutaneous short-segment pedicle screw fixation takes the advantages of shortened hospitalized time,less blood loss,reduced surgical time and functional superiority.
Spinal fractures/surgery;Fracture fixation;Bone nails;Internal fixators
徐宏光,男,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:脊柱疾病和老年骨病,E-mial:renmys2000@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2016.09.019
2016-04-07,
2016-06-28)