國(guó)際緊急救援組織兒童村，賈夫納，斯里蘭卡

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：蘇曼加拉·賈雅提拉卡

1在兒童村中心空間的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地一角放置了兩座小神龕/Two shrines are located at the end of playingfield which is the central space of the village

設(shè)計(jì)國(guó)際緊急救援組織兒童村的目的是，在國(guó)際非政府組織的機(jī)構(gòu)支持的背景下為關(guān)愛(ài)孤兒創(chuàng)立一個(gè)家的環(huán)境。賈夫納村是在漫長(zhǎng)的斯里蘭卡內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后建成的。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)給許多人的生活留下了創(chuàng)傷，并破壞了社會(huì)和諧。因此，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)決策都是以國(guó)際緊急救援組織構(gòu)想出來(lái)的維護(hù)大家庭安全和安全感的需求為指導(dǎo)的。

每座兒童村的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行都極為關(guān)注當(dāng)?shù)匚幕c文脈，并由分散、獨(dú)立的居住單元組成。其中每棟房子最多收容10個(gè)孩子，從嬰兒到18歲都有。一位“母親”帶領(lǐng)著他們，努力營(yíng)造出家的氛圍。一座典型的兒童村有10～12棟房子，并有學(xué)前班、分散的青年宿舍和管理用房。

賈夫納救援村建在約1hm2的農(nóng)用低地中，緊鄰納盧爾神廟，通過(guò)學(xué)前班和社會(huì)服務(wù)計(jì)劃讓居民能夠享受到好的學(xué)校、服務(wù)設(shè)施以及和本地社區(qū)交流的機(jī)會(huì)。設(shè)計(jì)方案試圖以非幾何式的布局和氛圍體現(xiàn)村莊作為社區(qū)延伸的輕松感受。小尺度的公共區(qū)域被用來(lái)營(yíng)造豐富的空間感受，體現(xiàn)出國(guó)際救援組織安全、安心的社會(huì)環(huán)境理念，讓弱勢(shì)兒童茁壯成長(zhǎng)。

賈夫納救援村面對(duì)著諸多挑戰(zhàn)——脆弱的兒童、狹小低地的限制，以及當(dāng)?shù)夭牧虾褪炀毠と说亩倘?。適合孩子們的地形布局和氣候感受對(duì)他們的心理康復(fù)是至關(guān)重要的，因此房屋和環(huán)境進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)。耐人尋味的是，在與客戶群長(zhǎng)期商榷的過(guò)程中，一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的空間布局被選中，而不是傳統(tǒng)的合院模式，因?yàn)楹笳呔哂蟹N姓制的關(guān)聯(lián)。房屋被設(shè)計(jì)成低維護(hù)需求的L形開(kāi)放平面，還有一個(gè)封閉院落供各種活動(dòng)使用，比如洗曬衣物、燒菜做飯、露天淋浴、學(xué)習(xí)娛樂(lè)。

用當(dāng)?shù)厥沂瞥傻呐_(tái)基作為房屋的平臺(tái)，可以避免雨季水淹，高起的沙道猶如田壟將房屋連接起來(lái)。一年一度的季風(fēng)雨水形成的小水池營(yíng)造出一種農(nóng)業(yè)景觀，不僅孩子們很熟悉，賈夫納半島的其他地方也很常見(jiàn)。除了石灰石，其他的當(dāng)?shù)夭牧习ㄋ啻u和苦楝木。由于沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)的糖棕木，屋頂?shù)哪玖虾吞胀呤菑陌雿u外引進(jìn)的。訂制的格柵和混凝土砌塊上吸收了當(dāng)?shù)靥亲厝~的圖案，模仿該地區(qū)隨處可見(jiàn)的棕櫚柵欄，而在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間很多樹(shù)木和柵欄都被破壞了。被廣泛使用的格柵，取代墻壁構(gòu)成柔和的分隔與界限。輕柔的色調(diào)和高亮色的使用極其有限、慎之又慎，并通過(guò)與居民中的母親商議，種植實(shí)用樹(shù)，避免形式化的景觀設(shè)計(jì)。兩座小神龕被放在活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地的一角，以滿足孩子們的精神需求。

這些孤兒的新家追求的是營(yíng)造一種由圖景、色彩、植物和日?；顒?dòng)組成的親切鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境，這樣的社區(qū)照顧他們從脆弱的過(guò)渡期走向成年?！酰ㄉ袝x 譯）

2從社區(qū)之家屋頂平臺(tái)的鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial view from the upper terrace of community house

The SOS Children's Villages are designed to provide a familial environment within the institutional context of an International NGO,created to care for orphaned children. The Village in Jafina was built in the wake of a prolonged, violent internal conflict that scarred the lives of many and destroyed social cohesion, and so every design decision was guided by the need to maintain the safety and sense of security of the extended family conceived by SOS.

Designed and operated with great sensitivity to the local culture and context, each village comprises separate and independent living units housing a family of up to 10 children ranging from babies to 18 years of age headed by a "mother" who would strive to simulate a home environment. A typical village is made up of 10～12 houses with a preschool,separate youth hostels and administrative buildings.

The location of the SOS Jafina Village, built on approximately 1hm2of low-lying agricultural land,is in close proximity to the Nallur Temple giving its residents access to good schools, services and opportunities for interaction with local communities through their pre-school and social service programmes. The design scheme sought to capture the relaxed sensibility of a village as an extension of the community with a non geometric layout and feel. Small scale public areas are formed to create a richness of spatial experience translating to the SOS notion of a safe and secure social environment,where disadvantaged children might thrive.

The SOS Jaffna village posed numerous challenges - the vulnerable children, the constraints of the small low lying site and the shortage of local materials and skilled labour. Evoking the topography and climatic sensibilities familiar to the children was considered paramount for their psychosocial recovery and the houses and their setting were planned accordingly. Interestingly,during lengthy consultations with the client group,a modern spatial arrangement was encouraged over a traditional courtyard pattern, due to the latter's caste associations. The house design evolved as a low maintenance L-shaped open plan with an enclosed yard for varied activities such as washing and drying of clothes, food preparation, outdoor bathing,studying and playing.

Locally sourced limestone plinths servedas platforms for the houses to avoid inundation during the wet season and raised sand pathways,like the borders of irrigated paddy fields, linked the houses. The annual monsoon rains form miniature ponds creating an agricultural landscape familiar to the children and evident elsewhere on the Jafina peninsula. In addition to limestone, other local materials included cement blocks and margosa timber. Since traditional palmyrah timber was not available, the roof timber and clay tiles were sourced from outside the peninsula. Custom made grills and concrete breeze blocks incorporated patterns of the local palmyrah leaf simulating the ubiquitous palm fences of the region, many of which (both trees and fences) were destroyed during the conflict. These were extensively used to form trellises in place of walls to draw softer divisions and boundaries. Muted colour tones and highlights were used minimally,and judicially and formal landscaping was replaced by planting useful trees in consultation with the resident mothers. Two small religious shrines were placed at one corner of the playing field to serve the spiritual needs of the children.

The new homes for the orphaned children aspire to create a familiar village environment of images, colours, vegetation and day to day practices within a community that will nurture them in their fragile transition to adulthood.□

3 總平面/Site plan

1-家庭住宅/Family house

2-青年住宅/Youth house

3-阿姨住宅/Aunts' house

4-社區(qū)中心/Community house 5-幼兒園/Kindergarten

4 居住單元/Family house plan

5 剖面/Section

6-主管住宅/Director's house

7-工人住宅/Co-worker's house

8-兒童村導(dǎo)師住宅及工作室/Village master's residence & workshop

9-兒童村辦公室/Village offce

10-井/Dug well

11-小神龕/Hindu and Christian shrines

12-垃圾處理站/Garbage disposal station

13-車棚/Car port

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 國(guó)際救援中心兒童村/SOS Children's Villages International

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Sumangala Jayatillaka

助理/Assistants: Chiranthi Warusawitharana, Bhagya Gunatillake, Kalpana Doranegama, Waruna Perera

結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineer: Signet Consultants

主持工程師/Principal Engineer: Anuruddha Edirisinghe

工程監(jiān)理/Quantity Surveyor: Cost Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd.

主持監(jiān)理/Principal QS: Mahinda Gunawardana

土木水暖/Civil & Plumbing: Dwellco Developments (Pvt.)Ltd.

電氣設(shè)計(jì)/Electrical Design: P.D.G.Karunaratne

家具設(shè)計(jì)/Furniture Design: Rajika Furniture, Asiri Furniture Pvt Ltd.

其他人員/Other Persons Involved: Divakar Ratnadurai/SOS, Sri Lanka

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 1.12 hm2

基底面積/Built Area: 3465 m2

廣場(chǎng)面積/Square Area: 3577m2

施工時(shí)間/Construction Period: 18個(gè)月/18 months

竣工時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2013.08

攝影/Photos: Sumangala Jayatillaka

6 外景/Exterior view

7 內(nèi)景/Interior view

8 芒果葉金屬格柵/The mango metal grill

9 棕櫚柵欄/The palm fence

評(píng)論

方曉風(fēng)：建筑如何通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)展現(xiàn)善意？對(duì)于公益組織主導(dǎo)的項(xiàng)目來(lái)講，這可能是一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的核心任務(wù)是如何為孤兒們塑造家庭的氛圍，以利于他們成長(zhǎng)，并修復(fù)他們受到傷害的心理。雖然總體上是想形成大的院落，但并沒(méi)有以嚴(yán)整、封閉的格局來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，而是采用了一種既開(kāi)放又適度圍合的方式，并且小心翼翼地把這些“家庭”住房布置在場(chǎng)地相對(duì)中間的位置，而在外圍布置輔助性的用房，呵護(hù)之意顯而易見(jiàn)。無(wú)論是總體布局還是細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)都在強(qiáng)調(diào)一種對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)熟悉的信息，以此形成家庭氛圍。

Comments

FANG Xiaofeng: How does architecture show kindness through design? For projects led by public welfare organisations, this may be an important issue. The core task of this project is to create a family atmosphere for orphans, to benefit to their growth and repair their injured hearts. Although the overall intention is to form a large courtyard, it is not presented in a strict and closed pattern, but in an open yet moderately enclosed way.And these "family" houses are carefully arranged in the relatively central part of the site, while auxiliary housings are arranged in the peripheral. The protection is obvious.Both the general layout and the details emphasise on them kind of information familiar to the children to form a familial atmosphere. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

崔光海：作為一個(gè)救援兒童居住項(xiàng)目，設(shè)計(jì)的方方面面都圍繞著兒童心理展開(kāi)。建筑布局以半開(kāi)放的單元通過(guò)有機(jī)自然的方式組合成為村莊般的社區(qū)和不同尺度的公共交流空間，有利于孩子們?cè)谑煜さ沫h(huán)境里交流和成長(zhǎng)，景觀營(yíng)造則大部分采用當(dāng)?shù)刈匀徊牧虾妥龇?，格柵和圍墻運(yùn)用自然題材圖案，在核心開(kāi)闊場(chǎng)地邊緣細(xì)心地設(shè)置了神龕，充滿人文關(guān)懷。

CUI Guanghai:As a rescuing residential project for children, all aspects of the design revolve around children's psychology. In the architectural layout,the semi-open units are composed in an organic and natural way into a village-like community and public communication spaces of different sizes, which is conducive to children's communication and growth in a familiar environment. The landscape organisation,on the other hand, is mostly based on local natural materials and practices. The gratings and fences are designed with natural themed patterns and divine shrines are carefully set up at the edge of the central open space, full of humanistic care. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)