周春亭,王朝暉
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·短篇論著·
吸入外源性一氧化氮對急性缺血性卒中患者血管內皮細胞功能、血小板功能及血栓形成的影響
周春亭,王朝暉
目的探討吸入外源性一氧化氮(NO)對急性缺血性卒中患者血管內皮細胞功能、血小板功能及血栓形成的影響。方法選擇2013年9月—2015年1月武漢科技大學附屬漢陽醫(yī)院神經內二科收治的急性缺血性卒中患者100例,隨機分為觀察組和對照組,各50例。兩組患者均給予常規(guī)抗血栓治療,觀察組患者在此基礎上吸入外源性NO,治療5 d后觀察臨床效果。比較兩組患者治療前后血管內皮細胞功能指標〔活化蛋白 C(APC)、可溶性細胞間黏附分子1(sICAM-1)及血管性血友病因子(vWF)〕、血小板功能指標(血小板聚集率、P-選擇素、血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白)及隨訪半年靜脈血栓發(fā)生率。結果治療前兩組患者血漿APC、sICAM-1及vWF水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者血漿APC水平高于對照組,血漿sICAM-1和vWF水平低于對照組(P<0.05)。治療前兩組患者血小板聚集率及血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者血小板聚集率及血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平低于對照組(P<0.05)。隨訪半年,觀察組患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生率為2%,低于對照組的10%(P<0.05)。治療期間觀察組患者未出現藥物相關不良反應。結論吸入外源性NO能有效改善急性缺血性卒中患者血管內皮細胞功能及血小板功能,從而降低靜脈血栓形成率,且安全性較高。
卒中;一氧化氮;內皮細胞;血小板;血栓形成
周春亭,王朝暉.吸入外源性一氧化氮對急性缺血性卒中患者血管內皮細胞功能、血小板功能及血栓形成的影響[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(2):63-65.[www.syxnf.net]
Zhou CT,Wang CH.Impact of inhalation of exogenous nitric oxide on vascular endothelial cell function,platelet function and thrombosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(2):63-65.
急性缺血性卒中又稱為腦梗死,是由腦動脈閉塞導致的腦組織壞死。缺血性卒中引起患者凝血系統(tǒng)發(fā)生改變,出凝血失衡而最終導致患者死亡[1]。臨床研究表明,血小板和內皮細胞活化是血栓形成的病理基礎,因此抑制或逆轉血小板和內皮細胞活化可有效抑制血栓形成。一氧化氮(NO)是近年來研究較多的生物體內一種作用廣泛的信號分子,有研究表明,NO可抑制血管內皮細胞活化,進而降低動脈血壓[2]。本研究采用外源性NO治療急性缺血性卒中,并探討其對血管內皮細胞功能、血小板功能及血栓形成的影響,現報道如下。
1.1一般資料選擇2013年9月—2015年1月武漢科技大學附屬漢陽醫(yī)院神經內二科收治的急性缺血性卒中患者100例,均符合2005年衛(wèi)生部疾病控制司、中華醫(yī)學會神經病學分會制定的“中國腦血管病防治指南”中急性缺血性卒中的診斷標準;并排除高危出血、有抗血小板和抗凝藥物治療禁忌證患者,入院前1個月內服用質子泵抑制劑、血小板膜Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)受體拮抗劑患者,血小板計數<100×109/L患者,肝、腎等重要臟器功能不全和不愿意配合研究患者。將所有患者隨機分為觀察組和對照組,各50例,兩組患者性別、年齡及卒中類型比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,見表1),具有可比性。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:a為t值
1.2治療方法兩組患者均給予常規(guī)抗血栓治療;觀察組患者在對照組基礎上吸入外源性NO,采用JC502-BG95NO治療儀 (由北京百萬電子科技中心提供),連接調試設備完畢后給予混合氣體吸入,調整吸入氧濃度80%,NO濃度0.001%,1次/d,1 h/次,治療5 d后觀察臨床效果。且治療期間監(jiān)測血流動力學指標,并維持其穩(wěn)定。
1.3觀察指標比較兩組患者治療前后血管內皮細胞功能指標、血小板功能指標,隨訪半年觀察兩組患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生率。
1.3.1血管內皮細胞功能檢測方法治療前及治療后取患者血漿標本,以3 000 r/min離心5 min,分離血漿于-80 ℃保存。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測血漿活化蛋白 C(activated protein C,APC)、可溶性細胞間黏附分子1(soluble in-tercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)及血管性血友病因子(von willebrand factor,vWF) 水平,ELISA試劑盒由美國RD公司提供。
1.3.2血小板功能檢測方法治療前及治療后采用免疫比濁法測定ADP誘導血小板聚集率,采用ELISA檢測血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平,ELISA試劑盒由美國RD公司提供。
1.3.3血栓形成檢測方法采用西門子S2000彩超儀檢查患者雙下肢血管血栓形成情況,患者取仰臥位和俯臥位,超聲探頭頻率50~100 MHz,分別探測髂外、股總、股淺、股深、腘、脛前、脛后、腓腸肌靜脈血栓形成情況。
2.1血管內皮細胞功能指標治療前兩組患者血漿APC、sICAM-1及vWF水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者血漿APC水平高于對照組,血漿sICAM-1和vWF水平低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,見表2)。
Table2Comparisonofindexofvascularendothelialcellfunctionbetweenthetwogroupsbeforeandaftertreatment
組別例數APC(μg/L)治療前 治療后sICAM-1(μg/L)治療前 治療后vWF治療前 治療后對照組5010.4±5.311.2±5.680.2±12.268.5±5.884.1±10.959.2±5.8觀察組5010.9±7.214.9±7.779.2±11.854.8±6.982.9±10.351.0±5.5t值0.403.101.542.210.232.38P值0.130.010.800.010.920.01
注:APC=活化蛋白 C,sICAM-1=可溶性細胞間黏附分子1,vWF=血管性血友病因子
2.2血小板功能指標治療前兩組患者血小板聚集率及血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者血小板聚集率及血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,見表3)。
2.3靜脈血栓發(fā)生率隨訪半年,觀察組患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生率為2%,低于對照組的10%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=12.21,P<0.05,見表4)。
Table3Comparisonofindexofplateletfunctionbetweenthetwogroupsbeforeandaftertreatment
組別例數血小板聚集率(%)治療前 治療后P-選擇素(μg/L)治療前 治療后血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白(mg/L)治療前 治療后對照組5055.7±7.541.2±3.923.9±6.819.7±6.62.0±0.81.8±0.6觀察組5054.7±7.633.4±4.124.4±7.018.3±6.22.1±0.71.5±0.4t值2.002.231.342.720.982.16P值0.750.010.780.010.910.01
表4 兩組患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生情況(例)
2.4不良反應治療期間觀察組患者未出現藥物相關不良反應。
腦卒中是臨床常見的腦血管疾病,其復發(fā)率高、致殘率高、致死率高,給患者家庭及社會帶來極大負擔。據我國流行病學調查顯示,腦卒中在所有危害城鄉(xiāng)居民的疾病中位居第二,且缺血性卒中發(fā)生率高于出血性卒中。腦卒中導致機體釋放應激、炎性因子,引起血小板和凝血系統(tǒng)激活,出現凝血/抗凝血失衡,進而導致機體發(fā)生出血或血栓形成。NO是一種多功能信號分子和細胞毒性因子,其由一氧化氮合酶(NOS)催化L精氨酸 (LArg)產生[3-4]。Gersh等[5]研究發(fā)現,NO可促進血管平滑肌細胞(VSMC)發(fā)生凋亡,減少平滑肌生成,抑制血管重構,進而減輕動脈粥樣硬化。駱高江等[6]研究發(fā)現,高血壓患者內皮素(ET)水平高于正常人群,而NO水平低于正常人群,且NO/ET下降與血管收縮性增加、血壓升高密切相關。Seccombe通過研究缺血再灌注動物模型發(fā)現,其血管內皮細胞NO下降導致血管痙攣、血小板黏附和聚集增強,從而導致血栓形成風險升高[7]。
目前,NO抑制血栓形成的作用機制尚未明確,基于NO在高血壓和冠心病防治中的作用,推斷NO可防治急性缺血性卒中的發(fā)生。臨床上有關吸入外源性NO治療肺水腫、冠心病、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)作用機制的研究較多,NO可與細胞內血紅素結合形成亞硝酞血紅素,激活鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,使細胞內環(huán)鳥苷酸(cGMP)濃度增加,激活蛋白激酶G而降低細胞內鈣離子濃度,進而松弛血管平滑肌[8];且NO可與血小板表面的膜受體結合,啟動cGMP通路,抑制血小板骨架蛋白生成及胞吞胞吐作用,最終導致血小板聚集和釋放降低[9-10]。本研究采用外源性NO治療急性缺血性卒中,結果顯示治療后觀察組患者血漿APC水平高于對照組,血漿sICAM-1和vWF水平、血小板聚集率及血漿P-選擇素和血小板顆粒膜糖蛋白水平低于對照組,提示吸入外源性NO可有效改善急性缺血性卒中患者的血管內皮細胞功能及血小板功能。且本研究結果亦顯示,觀察組患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生率低于對照組,且治療期間未發(fā)現藥物相關不良反應。
綜上所述,吸入外源性NO可能通過抑制急性缺血性腦卒中患者血管內皮細胞和血小板活化而降低血栓形成風險,且安全性較高。但本研究樣本量有限,且外源性NO濃度較低,有待于臨床研究進一步探討外源性NO的吸入濃度及吸入時間。
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(本文編輯:謝武英)
Impact of Inhalation of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Vascular Endothelial Cell Function,Platelet Function and Thrombosis of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
ZHOUChun-ting,WANGChao-hui.
TheSecondDepartmentofNeurology,HanyangHospitalAffiliatedtoWuhanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430050,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of inhalation of exogenous nitric oxide on vascular endothelial cell function,platelet function and thrombosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke.MethodsFrom September 2013 to January 2015,a total of 100 patients with acute ischemic stroke were selected in the Second Department of Neurology,Hanyang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology,and they were randomly divided into control group and observation group,each of 50 cases.Patients of both groups were given conventional antithrombotic treatment after admission,while patients of observation group were given extra inhalation of exogenous nitric oxide for 5 days.Index of vascular endothelial cell function(including APC,sICAM-1 and vWF)before and after treatment,index of platelet function(including platelet aggregation rate,P-selectin and platelet granule membrane glycoproteins)before and after treatment,and incidence of phlebothrombosis during the 6-month follow-up were compared between the two groups.ResultsNo statistically significant differences of plasma level of APC,sICAM-1 or vWF was found between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05);after treatment,plasma APC level of observation group was statistically significantly higher that of control group,while plasma levels of sICAM-1 and vWF of observation group were statistically significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of platelet aggregation rate,plasma level of P-selectin or platelet granule membrane glycoproteins was found between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05),while platelet aggregation rate,plasma levels of P-selectin and platelet granule membrane glycoproteins of observation group were statistically significantly lower than those of control group after treatment(P<0.05).During the 6-month follow-up,the incidence of phlebothrombosis of observation group was 2%,was statistically significantly lower than that of control group of 10%(P<0.05).No one of observation group occurred any drug-related adverse reactions during treatment.ConclusionInhalation of exogenous nitric oxide can effectively improve the vascular endothelial cell function and platelet function of patients with acute ischemic stroke,reduce the incidence of phlebothrombosis,and is safe.
Stroke;Nitric oxide;Endothelial cells;Blood platelets;Thrombosis
430050湖北省武漢市,武漢科技大學附屬漢陽醫(yī)院神經內二科
R 743
B
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.02.018
2015-10-03;
2016-02-04)