陳侃,陳鵬飛,王丹寧,黃穎,王磊,廖德寧
· 論著 ·
高齡冠心病患者行PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的危險因素
陳侃1,陳鵬飛1,王丹寧1,黃穎1,王磊1,廖德寧1
目的 研究行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)的75歲及以上高齡冠心病患者臨床特征并分析術(shù)后6個月發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的危險因素。方法 回顧分析2011年1月~2014年2月因冠心病收治入長征醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科并接受PCI的患者1228例,其中男性936例,女性292例,年齡30~92歲(60±10歲)。按年齡分為≥75歲組(n=261)和<75歲組(n=967)。分析比較兩組患者入院時基本資料、實驗室數(shù)據(jù)、手術(shù)相關(guān)治療數(shù)據(jù)及圍手術(shù)期和術(shù)后6個月并發(fā)癥的情況。結(jié)果 與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者年齡、住院天數(shù)、合并高血壓比例、合并慢性腎衰竭比例、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病比例、既往卒中比例、入院時合并急性心力衰竭比例、入院時合并惡性心律失常比例增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者血紅蛋白、血小板、白蛋白、三酰甘油下降,而凝血酶原時間、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素氮、pro-BNP升高,RCA和LAD病變比例、三支及以上病變比例、左主干病變比例、鈣化病變比例、長病變比例增加,橈動脈入路比例減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者院內(nèi)死亡、出血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、造影劑腎病、PCI術(shù)中心肌梗死、PCI相關(guān)心力衰竭比例增加,術(shù)后6個月全因死亡比例增加,非致死性心肌梗死比例減少,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。多因素回歸分析表明吸煙(OR=3.677,95%CI:1.561~8.622)、入院時合并急性心力衰竭(OR=4.086,95%CI:1.733~9.636)、入院時合并惡性心律失常(OR=9.286,95%CI:3.864~22.316)、既往卒中史(OR=3.517,95%CI:1.524~8.116)與高脂血癥(OR=4.996,95%CI:1.278~19.530)是PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨立危險因素。結(jié)論 高齡冠心病患者合并癥更多,冠狀動脈病變更復(fù)雜,PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥更多。吸煙、入院時合并急性心力衰竭或惡性心律失常、既往卒中史、高脂血癥患者PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險更高。
高齡;經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療;危險因素
[Key words]Elderly; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Risk factors
隨著醫(yī)療護(hù)理水平的提高,老年人群的預(yù)期壽命也隨之提高,同時老年冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┗颊叩臄?shù)量也大大增加[1]。根據(jù)西方國家的人口統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示,高齡人群成為快速增長的人群,而冠心病已經(jīng)成為該群體的主要死因[2],冠心病死亡人群中81%年齡在65歲以上[3]。而經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)是冠心病的主要治療措施。目前關(guān)于冠心病患者行PCI的臨床研究中,針對高齡人群的研究較少[1,4],且不同研究結(jié)果也大相徑庭,無法準(zhǔn)確評估高齡患者PCI治療的風(fēng)險以及預(yù)后情況。本研究以75歲及以上接受PCI的冠心病患者為研究對象,旨在探討行PCI術(shù)的高齡患者臨床特征并分析術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險因素,為提高手術(shù)的安全性和成功率,改善預(yù)后提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1研究對象和分組 回顧分析2011年1月~2014年
2月因冠心病收治入長征醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科并接受PCI的患者1228例,其中男性936例,女性292例,年齡30~92歲(60±10歲)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①參照2013年美國和歐洲冠心病指南[5,6],包括穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(UA)、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)、非急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI);②接受PCI治療的患者。排除住院病歷資料不全影響統(tǒng)計分析的患者。按年齡分為≥75歲組(n=261)和<75歲組(n=967)。
1.2資料收集 入院時的疾病史、既往史與基本資料,入院期間的實驗室檢查數(shù)據(jù),PCI相關(guān)治療數(shù)據(jù),圍手術(shù)期與術(shù)后6個月并發(fā)癥。
1.3相關(guān)定義 ①造影劑腎?。簯?yīng)用造影劑后72 h內(nèi)血肌酐升高≥44.2μmol/L(0.5 mg/ml)或較基線升高25%以上。②急診PCI:從發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌缺血癥狀到行PCI術(shù)不超過6 h。③PCI相關(guān)惡性心律失常:PCI術(shù)中及術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生的持續(xù)性室速、室顫、持續(xù)性房顫、房撲、高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯與嚴(yán)重的心動過緩(心率<45 次/min)。④PCI相關(guān)心肌梗死:基線肌鈣蛋白正常的患者,行PCI術(shù)后生物標(biāo)志物(主要為肌鈣蛋白)升高超過正常值(0.16 ng/ml)上限的3倍。⑤PCI相關(guān)急性心力衰竭:入院時未合并急性心力衰竭患者,在PCI術(shù)中及術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生急性心力衰竭。⑥院內(nèi)不良事件:院內(nèi)死亡、出血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、造影劑腎病、PCI術(shù)失敗、PCI相關(guān)惡性心律失常、PCI相關(guān)急性心力衰竭。出血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥:出血、急性血管閉塞、假性動脈瘤、動靜脈瘺、深靜脈血栓、內(nèi)膜撕裂、冠狀動脈穿孔。PCI術(shù)后6個月不良事件:全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、血運重建。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 所有數(shù)據(jù)均用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較用t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)/百分比表示,組間比較利用Chi-Square檢驗或Fischer確切概率法(當(dāng)樣本資料不足時),對PCI手術(shù)并發(fā)癥相關(guān)可疑因素進(jìn)行單因素分析,然后對單因素分析中P<0.20的因素納入logistic多因素回歸分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組患者基本臨床資料比較 與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者年齡、住院天數(shù)、合并高血壓比例、合并慢性腎衰竭比例、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病比例、既往卒中比例、入院時合并急性心力衰竭比例、入院時合并惡性心律失常比例增加,體重減輕、吸煙和男性比例減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。兩組在糖尿病、外周血管疾病、高脂血癥、既往暈厥史、既往心肌梗死病史、既往PCI/CABG史方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。
2.2兩組患者實驗室檢查指標(biāo)比較 與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者血紅蛋白、血小板、白蛋白、三酰甘油下降,而凝血酶原時間、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素氮、NT-proBNP升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者PCI相關(guān)資料比較 與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者RCA和LAD病變比例、三支及以上病變比例、左主干病變比例、鈣化病變比例、長病變比例增加,橈動脈入路比例減少,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組患者圍手術(shù)期及術(shù)后6個月內(nèi)并發(fā)癥比較與<75歲組比較,≥75歲組患者院內(nèi)死亡、出血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、造影劑腎病、PCI術(shù)中心肌梗死、PCI相關(guān)心力衰竭比例增加,術(shù)后6個月全因死亡比例增加,非致死性心肌梗死比例減少,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)(表4)。
2.5≥75歲組患者PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的單因素和多因素分析 單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,吸煙、入院時合并急性心力衰竭、入院時合并惡性心律失常、既往卒中史、既往行PCI/CABG和高脂血癥與≥75歲組患者PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥相關(guān)。上述因素納入logistic多因素回歸分析表明吸煙(OR=3.677,95%CI:1.561~8.622)、入院時合并急性心力衰竭(OR=4.086,95%CI:1.733~9.636)、入院時合并惡性心律失常(OR=9.286,95%CI:3.864~22.316)、既往卒中史(OR=3.517,95%CI:1.524~8.116)與高脂血癥(OR=4.996, 95%CI:1.278~19.530)是PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨立危險因素(表5)。
表1 兩組患者基本臨床資料比較
表2 兩組患者入院時實驗室檢查指標(biāo)比較
表3 兩組患者PCI相關(guān)資料比較
在過去十年間,PCI技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展。根據(jù)Western Denmark Heart Registry等[7]研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示80歲以上接受PCI治療的冠心病患者占所有人數(shù)的11.6%。而另一項在美國全國范圍開展的大樣本、多中心研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在2001年至2010年,年齡在65~79歲的STEMI患者共有863 757例,其中265 791(30.8%)例接受了PCI治療,年齡在80歲以上的STEMI患者共有570 822例,其中90 567 (15.9%)例接受了PCI治療[8]。盡管大樣本隨機試驗顯示[9],介入治療使老年冠心病受益。但是高齡患者接受PCI治療與低齡患者相比,仍有諸多不同之處。本研究中行PCI治療的高齡冠心病患者具有更多的合并癥,如高血壓、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、既往卒中史、入院時合并惡性心律失常和急性心力衰竭等,住院天數(shù)更長,這與既往多個臨床研究結(jié)果相符[10-13],同時,血紅蛋白、血小板和血漿白蛋白含量更低,血肌酐、血尿酸和血尿素氮含量更高,其中后者指示了高齡冠心病患者腎功能低下,容易在術(shù)后出現(xiàn)造影劑腎病[8]。
表4 兩組患者圍手術(shù)期及術(shù)后6個月并發(fā)癥比較
表5 ≥75歲組患者PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的單因素和多因素分析
從冠狀動脈病變表現(xiàn)來看,本研究中75歲以上行PCI術(shù)冠心病患者左主干病變、鈣化病變、多支病變、長病變更容易出現(xiàn),提示此類人群病變復(fù)雜、手術(shù)難度大。預(yù)后及并發(fā)癥方面比較,75歲以上行PCI術(shù)冠心病患者院內(nèi)不良事件及術(shù)后6個月不良事件發(fā)生率顯著高于75歲以下患者。據(jù)美國的一項大樣本研究[11]顯示,<70歲、70~79歲、80~84歲、85~89歲、>90歲STEMI患者PCI術(shù)后在院全因死亡率分別是2.75%,7.85%,11.82%,14.04%,14.19%,另有研究認(rèn)為對于行PCI手術(shù)治療的80歲以上冠心病患者,術(shù)后30 d和術(shù)后1年死亡率可分別達(dá)到9.2%和18.1%[14],其中穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者預(yù)后最好,急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死預(yù)后最差。多因素回歸分析表明吸煙、入院時合并急性心力衰竭、入院時合并惡性心律失常、既往卒中與高脂血癥是PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨立危險因素。故而在PCI術(shù)前,應(yīng)當(dāng)充分考慮這些危險因素,對于手術(shù)風(fēng)險較高的患者,應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇治療方式。
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Risk factors of complications after percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with coronary heart disease
CHEN Kan*, CHEN Peng-fei, WANG Dan-ning, HUANG Ying, WANG Lei, LIAO De-ning.*Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
LIAO De-ning, E-mail: liao6007@163.om
Objective To study the clinical characteristics in elderly patients (aged 75 or over) with coronary heart disease (CHD) undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and risk factors of complications after 6 m. Methods CHD patients under gone PCI (n=1228, male 936, female 292, aged from 30 to 92 and average age=60± 10) were chosen from Jan. 2011 to Feb. 2014, and divided, according to age, into ≥75 group (n=261) and <75 group (n=967). The basic materials, laboratory data, PCI-related data and perioperative complications and complications after 6 m were analyzed and compared in 2 groups. Results The age, hospital days and percentages of patient complicating hypertension, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, past stroke, and acute heart failure and malignant arrhythmia at hospitalization time increased in ≥75 group compared with <75 group (all P<0.05). Compared with <75 group, the levels of hemoglobin, platelet, albumin and triglyceride decreased, and prothrombin time, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and NT-proBNP increased, and the percentages of patients with RCA and LAD lesions, 3 or more vessels lesions, left main coronary artery lesion, calcified lesions and long-term diseases increased, and radial artery approach decreased in ≥75 group (all P<0.05). Compared with <75 group, the percentages of patients with in-hospital mortality, bleedingrelated complications, contrast-induced nephropathy, myocardial infarction during PCI, PCI-related heart failure and all-cause mortality after 6 m increased, and percentage of non-fatal myocardial infarction decreased (all P<0.05). The results of multi-factor regression analysis showed that smoking (OR=3.677,95%CI:1.561~8.622), acute heart failure at hospitalization time (OR=4.086,95%CI:1.733~9.636), malignant arrhythmia at hospitalization time (OR=9.286,95%CI:3.864~22.316), stroke history (OR=3.517,95%CI:1.524~8.116) and hyperlipidemia (OR=4.996,95%CI:1.278~19.530) were independent risk factors of post-PCI complications. Conclusion The complications are common, coronary artery diseases are more complicated and post-PCI complications are more inelderly patients with CHD. At the same time, smoking, acute heart failure or malignant arrhythmia at hospitalization time, stroke history and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors of post-PCI complications.
· 論著 ·
R816.2
A
1674-4055(2016)04-0428-04
上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會科研計劃項目(13411950202)
1200003 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長征醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
廖德寧,E-mail:liao6007@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.04.13