添加DCD對雨養(yǎng)區(qū)春玉米產(chǎn)量、 氧化亞氮排放及硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻挠绊?/h1>
2016-08-24 09:05:27吳得峰姜繼韶王志齊黨廷輝郭勝利巨曉棠
植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào) 2016年1期
吳得峰, 姜繼韶, 高 兵, 劉 燕, 王 蕊, 王志齊,黨廷輝,,*, 郭勝利,,, 巨曉棠*
(1西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，楊凌 712100; 2中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京100193;3中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100; 4西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100)
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添加DCD對雨養(yǎng)區(qū)春玉米產(chǎn)量、 氧化亞氮排放及硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻挠绊?/p>
吳得峰1, 姜繼韶3, 高 兵2, 劉 燕2, 王 蕊1, 王志齊4,黨廷輝1,3,4*, 郭勝利1,3,4, 巨曉棠2*
(1西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，楊凌 712100; 2中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京100193;3中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100; 4西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100)
1 材料與方法
1.1試驗(yàn)地概況
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與管理
1.3測定項(xiàng)目與方法
具體措施為：利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)進(jìn)行電力網(wǎng)格的程序設(shè)計(jì)，構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)格和信息網(wǎng)格，整合電力系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)和資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)在不同區(qū)域調(diào)度中心的交換和計(jì)算。電力網(wǎng)格的設(shè)置可以實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)網(wǎng)和外網(wǎng)的采用同一操作系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作模式，能在很大程度上提高電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的效率。
1.3.2 產(chǎn)量測定玉米收獲時期，每個小區(qū)選取16 m2(共90株玉米)，掰下玉米后稱重，然后從中選取15個(能代表本小區(qū)實(shí)際情況)帶回脫粒后自然風(fēng)干，稱重，計(jì)算籽實(shí)產(chǎn)量。
1.4計(jì)算方法與數(shù)據(jù)分析
氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率[N agronomic efficiency(AE)，kg/kg]=(施氮區(qū)產(chǎn)量-不施氮區(qū)產(chǎn)量)/施氮量[27];
N2O排放通量[F，μg/(m2·h)]=(273×M×60/10×H)/[22.4×(273+T)]×dc/dt其中， 22.4為溫度為273K時的N2O摩爾體積(L/mol); T(℃)為蓋箱時間內(nèi)平均大氣溫度; M(28)代表每摩爾N2O中N2的分子量; H為采樣箱高度(cm)，c為N2O氣體濃度(μL/L); t為關(guān)箱時間(min); dc/dt為采樣箱內(nèi)N2O氣體濃度的變化率[μL/(L·min)]; dc/dt(t=0)是指曲線在0時刻的初始斜率[28]。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1施氮模式對玉米產(chǎn)量和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率的影響
表1 施肥模式對玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率的影響Table 1 Effects of fertilization modes on grain yields and several agronomic indexes of corn
注(Note): NEA—氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率 N agronomic efficiency; PEP—氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力Partial efficiency of N; 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
2.2施氮模式對土壤表層礦質(zhì)氮動態(tài)變化的影響
圖1 施氮模式對土壤表層硝態(tài)氮動態(tài)變化的影響Fig.
[注(Note): FS—休閑季Fallow season; MS—玉米生長季Maize season; 箭頭代表施肥時間Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]
2.3施氮模式對土壤氧化亞氮排放的影響
施氮顯著增加了4種施氮模式的氧化亞氮的排放速率(P<0.05)(圖3)，在施氮后的10天內(nèi)N2O排放速率維持在一個較高水平，10天以后顯著降低。
圖2 施氮模式對土壤表層銨態(tài)氮動態(tài)變化的影響Fig.2 Dynamic in -N in topsoil (0—20 cm) under the N fertilization practices
[注(Note): FS—休閑季Fallow season; MS—玉米生長季Maize season; 箭頭代表施肥時間Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]
圖3 不同施氮模式土壤氧化亞氮排放動態(tài)變化Fig.3 Dynamic in N2O under different N fertilization modes
2.4施氮模式對土壤剖面硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻挠绊?/p>
表2 施氮模式對土壤氧化亞氮排放年累積量的影響(kg/hm2)Table 2 Cumulative N2O emission under the N fertilization practices
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
表3不同施氮模式土壤0—200 cm剖面硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅?kg/hm2)
profile under different N fertilization modes
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
3 討論
4 結(jié)論
1)減量施氮模式在施氮量減少20%的同時，并沒有顯著降低玉米產(chǎn)量，反而提高了氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力(32%)和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率(27%)。
因此，在黃土高原雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)使用DCD是一種保產(chǎn)、 減氮、 減排的有效措施，也是一種科學(xué)有效的施肥管理方式。
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Effects of DCD addition on grain yield, N2O emission and residual nitrate-N of spring maize in rain-fed agriculture
WU De-feng1, JIANG Ji-shao3, GAO Bing2, LIU Yan2, WANG Rui1, WANG Zhi-qi4,DANG Ting-hui1,3,4*, GUO Sheng-li1,3,4, JU Xiao-tang2*
(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 2CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 3InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,ChineseAcademyofSciencesandMinistryofWaterResources,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 4InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)
【Objectives】The impacts of nitrate inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD)on crop yields and residuals of soil nitrate N in field have been less reported under field condition. It is of great importance to research its effects in different nitrogen (N) fertilization modes for high maize yield, low N2O emission and high fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted in the Changwu State Key Agro-Ecological Station from April 2013 to September 2014. Pioneer 335, a high-yield spring maize hybrid, was chosen and planted with half plastic film mulching. The experiment consisted of 4 N fertilization treatments with three replicates: conventional N fertilization rate (Con), optimal N fertilization (Opt), optimal N fertilization plus nitrification inhibitor (Opt+DCD) and control treatment (N0). Soil samples and N2O were gathered at regular intervals, soil mineral N and N2O were analyzed using continuous flow analyzer and gas chromatograph 【Results】The Opt and Opt+DCD treatments can maintained the maize yields, and simultaneously significantly influence the N2O emission and the residuals of nitrate nitrogen. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are significantly decreased by 13.7% and 19.0% in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments, respectively. The nitrogen application modes also affect the time of peak values. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are appeared in the Con treatment (190.1 mg/kg) firstly, and then the Opt (164.0 mg/kg) and Opt+DCD (132.9 mg/kg). The N2O emission is significantly decreased in the Opt treatment (29.4%), whereas further decreased (28.1%) in the Opt+DCD treatment. The nitrate concentration is fluctuated with precipitation during rainy season. The peak value of ammonium nitrogen is increased in the Opt+DCD treatment, although it is decreased in the Opt treatment. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen at the depth of 0-100 cm and 100-200 cm of four nitrogen application modes are in the ranges of 33.5-148.9 kg/hm2and 24.8-92.8 kg/hm2, with mean values of 78.5 mg/kg and 56.4 kg/hm2, respectively. The highest accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in profile (0-200 cm) is in the Con treatment (225.9 kg/hm2), and about 48.0%-59.0% and 29.4%-57.5% of the accumulation are decreased in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments compare to that in the Con treatment, respectively. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen between Opt and Opt+DCD have not significant difference. 【Conclusions】Different N fertilization modes have significant impact on maize yields, dynamics of soil mineral N and N2O emissions and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer-nitrogen. However, with the N application rate reduced by 20%, the treatments of Opt and Opt+DCD not only maintain the maize yields, but also further decrease the residuals of nitrate nitrogen in soil profile and emissions of greenhouse gas from agricultural sources. Therefore, DCD addition is a kind of scientific and effective fertilization management mode in rain-fed agricultural region of Loess Plateau.
2014-12-10接受日期: 2015-01-26網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-08-19
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201103039)資助。
吳得峰(1989—)，男，甘肅張掖人，碩士研究生，主要從事土壤碳循環(huán)及生態(tài)環(huán)境研究。E-mail: dfwu315@163.com
E-mail: dangth@ms.iswc.ac.cn; juxt@cau.edu.cn
S511; S506.2
A
1008-505X(2016)01-0030-10
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吳得峰, 姜繼韶, 高 兵, 劉 燕, 王 蕊, 王志齊,黨廷輝,,*, 郭勝利,,, 巨曉棠*
(1西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，楊凌 712100; 2中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京100193;3中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100; 4西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100)
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添加DCD對雨養(yǎng)區(qū)春玉米產(chǎn)量、 氧化亞氮排放及硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻挠绊?/p>
吳得峰1, 姜繼韶3, 高 兵2, 劉 燕2, 王 蕊1, 王志齊4,黨廷輝1,3,4*, 郭勝利1,3,4, 巨曉棠2*
(1西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，楊凌 712100; 2中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京100193;3中國科學(xué)院水利部水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100; 4西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，楊凌 712100)
1 材料與方法
1.1試驗(yàn)地概況
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與管理
1.3測定項(xiàng)目與方法
具體措施為：利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)進(jìn)行電力網(wǎng)格的程序設(shè)計(jì)，構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)格和信息網(wǎng)格，整合電力系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)和資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)在不同區(qū)域調(diào)度中心的交換和計(jì)算。電力網(wǎng)格的設(shè)置可以實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)網(wǎng)和外網(wǎng)的采用同一操作系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作模式，能在很大程度上提高電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的效率。
1.3.2 產(chǎn)量測定玉米收獲時期，每個小區(qū)選取16 m2(共90株玉米)，掰下玉米后稱重，然后從中選取15個(能代表本小區(qū)實(shí)際情況)帶回脫粒后自然風(fēng)干，稱重，計(jì)算籽實(shí)產(chǎn)量。
1.4計(jì)算方法與數(shù)據(jù)分析
氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率[N agronomic efficiency(AE)，kg/kg]=(施氮區(qū)產(chǎn)量-不施氮區(qū)產(chǎn)量)/施氮量[27];
N2O排放通量[F，μg/(m2·h)]=(273×M×60/10×H)/[22.4×(273+T)]×dc/dt其中， 22.4為溫度為273K時的N2O摩爾體積(L/mol); T(℃)為蓋箱時間內(nèi)平均大氣溫度; M(28)代表每摩爾N2O中N2的分子量; H為采樣箱高度(cm)，c為N2O氣體濃度(μL/L); t為關(guān)箱時間(min); dc/dt為采樣箱內(nèi)N2O氣體濃度的變化率[μL/(L·min)]; dc/dt(t=0)是指曲線在0時刻的初始斜率[28]。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1施氮模式對玉米產(chǎn)量和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率的影響
表1 施肥模式對玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率的影響Table 1 Effects of fertilization modes on grain yields and several agronomic indexes of corn
注(Note): NEA—氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率 N agronomic efficiency; PEP—氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力Partial efficiency of N; 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
2.2施氮模式對土壤表層礦質(zhì)氮動態(tài)變化的影響
圖1 施氮模式對土壤表層硝態(tài)氮動態(tài)變化的影響Fig.
[注(Note): FS—休閑季Fallow season; MS—玉米生長季Maize season; 箭頭代表施肥時間Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]
2.3施氮模式對土壤氧化亞氮排放的影響
施氮顯著增加了4種施氮模式的氧化亞氮的排放速率(P<0.05)(圖3)，在施氮后的10天內(nèi)N2O排放速率維持在一個較高水平，10天以后顯著降低。
圖2 施氮模式對土壤表層銨態(tài)氮動態(tài)變化的影響Fig.2 Dynamic in -N in topsoil (0—20 cm) under the N fertilization practices
[注(Note): FS—休閑季Fallow season; MS—玉米生長季Maize season; 箭頭代表施肥時間Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]
圖3 不同施氮模式土壤氧化亞氮排放動態(tài)變化Fig.3 Dynamic in N2O under different N fertilization modes
2.4施氮模式對土壤剖面硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻挠绊?/p>
表2 施氮模式對土壤氧化亞氮排放年累積量的影響(kg/hm2)Table 2 Cumulative N2O emission under the N fertilization practices
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
表3不同施氮模式土壤0—200 cm剖面硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅?kg/hm2)
profile under different N fertilization modes
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達(dá)5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.
3 討論
4 結(jié)論
1)減量施氮模式在施氮量減少20%的同時，并沒有顯著降低玉米產(chǎn)量，反而提高了氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力(32%)和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率(27%)。
因此，在黃土高原雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)使用DCD是一種保產(chǎn)、 減氮、 減排的有效措施，也是一種科學(xué)有效的施肥管理方式。
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Effects of DCD addition on grain yield, N2O emission and residual nitrate-N of spring maize in rain-fed agriculture
WU De-feng1, JIANG Ji-shao3, GAO Bing2, LIU Yan2, WANG Rui1, WANG Zhi-qi4,DANG Ting-hui1,3,4*, GUO Sheng-li1,3,4, JU Xiao-tang2*
(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 2CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 3InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,ChineseAcademyofSciencesandMinistryofWaterResources,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 4InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)
【Objectives】The impacts of nitrate inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD)on crop yields and residuals of soil nitrate N in field have been less reported under field condition. It is of great importance to research its effects in different nitrogen (N) fertilization modes for high maize yield, low N2O emission and high fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted in the Changwu State Key Agro-Ecological Station from April 2013 to September 2014. Pioneer 335, a high-yield spring maize hybrid, was chosen and planted with half plastic film mulching. The experiment consisted of 4 N fertilization treatments with three replicates: conventional N fertilization rate (Con), optimal N fertilization (Opt), optimal N fertilization plus nitrification inhibitor (Opt+DCD) and control treatment (N0). Soil samples and N2O were gathered at regular intervals, soil mineral N and N2O were analyzed using continuous flow analyzer and gas chromatograph 【Results】The Opt and Opt+DCD treatments can maintained the maize yields, and simultaneously significantly influence the N2O emission and the residuals of nitrate nitrogen. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are significantly decreased by 13.7% and 19.0% in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments, respectively. The nitrogen application modes also affect the time of peak values. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are appeared in the Con treatment (190.1 mg/kg) firstly, and then the Opt (164.0 mg/kg) and Opt+DCD (132.9 mg/kg). The N2O emission is significantly decreased in the Opt treatment (29.4%), whereas further decreased (28.1%) in the Opt+DCD treatment. The nitrate concentration is fluctuated with precipitation during rainy season. The peak value of ammonium nitrogen is increased in the Opt+DCD treatment, although it is decreased in the Opt treatment. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen at the depth of 0-100 cm and 100-200 cm of four nitrogen application modes are in the ranges of 33.5-148.9 kg/hm2and 24.8-92.8 kg/hm2, with mean values of 78.5 mg/kg and 56.4 kg/hm2, respectively. The highest accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in profile (0-200 cm) is in the Con treatment (225.9 kg/hm2), and about 48.0%-59.0% and 29.4%-57.5% of the accumulation are decreased in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments compare to that in the Con treatment, respectively. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen between Opt and Opt+DCD have not significant difference. 【Conclusions】Different N fertilization modes have significant impact on maize yields, dynamics of soil mineral N and N2O emissions and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer-nitrogen. However, with the N application rate reduced by 20%, the treatments of Opt and Opt+DCD not only maintain the maize yields, but also further decrease the residuals of nitrate nitrogen in soil profile and emissions of greenhouse gas from agricultural sources. Therefore, DCD addition is a kind of scientific and effective fertilization management mode in rain-fed agricultural region of Loess Plateau.
2014-12-10接受日期: 2015-01-26網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-08-19
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201103039)資助。
吳得峰(1989—)，男，甘肅張掖人，碩士研究生，主要從事土壤碳循環(huán)及生態(tài)環(huán)境研究。E-mail: dfwu315@163.com
E-mail: dangth@ms.iswc.ac.cn; juxt@cau.edu.cn
S511; S506.2
A
1008-505X(2016)01-0030-10
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