陳保國(guó), 宋慧鋒, 許明火, 高全文, 陳 帥, 王 玨, 王 芳, 周忠志, 柴家科
作者單位:100048 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院全軍燒傷研究所 燒傷整形科(陳保國(guó), 宋慧鋒, 許明火, 高全文, 陳 帥, 王 玨, 王 芳, 柴家科);湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院燒傷整形科(周忠志)
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應(yīng)用對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)乳腺癌術(shù)后高位放射性潰瘍
陳保國(guó), 宋慧鋒, 許明火, 高全文, 陳 帥, 王 玨, 王 芳, 周忠志, 柴家科
作者單位:100048 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院全軍燒傷研究所 燒傷整形科(陳保國(guó), 宋慧鋒, 許明火, 高全文, 陳 帥, 王 玨, 王 芳, 柴家科);湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院燒傷整形科(周忠志)
目的 探討適合老年女性乳腺癌根治術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍的整復(fù)方法。方法 自2006年1月以來,共收治12例老年女性乳腺癌術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍患者,年齡55~79歲,潰瘍面積為8 cm×10 cm~13 cm×15 cm,最深者伴有肋骨和胸骨壞死,采用對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈第2~4肋間前穿支島狀皮瓣進(jìn)行整復(fù),皮瓣面積為10 cm×11 cm~14 cm×16 cm,伴有肋骨和胸骨壞死者同期清除死骨,并行鈦板堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定。結(jié)果 12例胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈肋間前穿支島狀皮瓣均完全成活,隨訪6個(gè)月至4年,無再次潰瘍發(fā)生。結(jié)論 利用健側(cè)乳房松垂皮膚形成的胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈肋間前穿支島狀皮瓣血供恒定,且修復(fù)老年女性乳腺癌術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍的效果良好,術(shù)區(qū)損傷小,是一種比較適宜的方法。
乳腺癌; 放射性潰瘍; 胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈前穿支島狀皮瓣; 老年
由于乳腺癌的發(fā)病率逐漸增加,患者術(shù)后接受的大劑量放射治療,容易導(dǎo)致胸部放射性潰瘍且經(jīng)久不愈,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,其盡早修復(fù)十分重要。既往對(duì)于胸部放射性潰瘍的修復(fù),常采用背闊肌皮瓣或者腹部各型皮瓣。但當(dāng)放射性潰瘍位于胸部較高位置時(shí),背闊肌皮瓣和腹部皮瓣難以轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù),尤其是老年女性,體質(zhì)相對(duì)較差,術(shù)后臥床時(shí)間不宜過長(zhǎng);設(shè)計(jì)一種簡(jiǎn)單、易于轉(zhuǎn)移的皮瓣修復(fù)高位胸部潰瘍顯得十分重要。自2006年1月以來,解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院燒傷整形科應(yīng)用對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)老年女性乳腺癌切除術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍,取得了良好的效果?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 本組12例老年女性,年齡55~79歲,全部接受了乳腺癌根治性切除,術(shù)后行放射治療形成放射性潰瘍,潰瘍面積為8 cm×10 cm~13 cm×15 cm,其中3例患者伴有肋骨和胸骨壞死。
1.2 手術(shù)方法 根據(jù)創(chuàng)面局部情況,行壞死組織(包括可能壞死的肋骨、胸骨組織)清創(chuàng)術(shù),其中5例患者行持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引。術(shù)前行Doppler超聲血流探測(cè)儀探測(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支點(diǎn)(主要為第2或第3肋間穿支點(diǎn)),設(shè)計(jì)以第2或第3胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支為蒂的皮瓣,皮瓣大小為10 cm×11 cm~14 cm×16 cm,于深筋膜水平掀起皮瓣,旋轉(zhuǎn)覆蓋缺損區(qū),供區(qū)直接拉攏縫合。3例合并肋軟骨、胸骨壞死的患者,予以死骨清除,直至有新鮮出血為止,再行鈦板堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定。
所有患者術(shù)后第2天均下地活動(dòng),12個(gè)皮瓣均完全成活。隨訪6個(gè)月至4年,未見潰瘍復(fù)發(fā),患者對(duì)外觀和修復(fù)效果均十分滿意。
患者女性,74歲,乳腺癌根治術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍,合并第2、3肋骨、肋軟骨及胸骨部分壞死。術(shù)中予以徹底清創(chuàng),去除潰瘍及周圍放射性損傷的皮膚及皮下組織,包括部分胸骨及肋骨、肋軟骨,后者缺損長(zhǎng)度最長(zhǎng)達(dá)12 cm,予以鈦板及鈦釘堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定。設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈第2肋間前穿支島狀皮瓣,大小為10 cm×13 cm,于深筋膜水平掀起,仔細(xì)分離穿支血管后,將皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移至胸部放射性潰瘍?nèi)睋p區(qū),供區(qū)直接拉攏縫合。術(shù)后患者麻醉清醒后即下地活動(dòng),皮瓣成活良好,經(jīng)過12個(gè)月隨訪,未見復(fù)發(fā),患者及家屬對(duì)外觀和修復(fù)效果滿意(圖1)。
對(duì)于患有乳腺癌的患者,放射性治療是常規(guī)的輔助手段,由于胸部表面皮膚的血運(yùn)破壞,放射性潰瘍是較為常見的并發(fā)癥,胸骨及肋骨常常受到累及,由于局部組織的不可逆損傷,常規(guī)換藥無法使其愈合,需要皮瓣覆蓋,既往多選用背闊肌皮瓣、各種腹部皮瓣予以修復(fù)。
老年女性高位放射性潰瘍的患者,經(jīng)乳腺癌手術(shù)和大劑量放射治療后,潰瘍處長(zhǎng)期換藥,體質(zhì)較差,不能耐受復(fù)雜的手術(shù)。大劑量放射性治療導(dǎo)致局部血運(yùn)條件較差,而且乳腺癌根治術(shù)中大量局部組織切除,胸背動(dòng)脈由于腋窩淋巴結(jié)的清掃,常導(dǎo)致破壞,無法形成背闊肌皮瓣,所以在同側(cè)很難形成理想的皮瓣。傳統(tǒng)的腹部皮瓣(TRAM或DIEP)無法轉(zhuǎn)移至胸部較高的潰瘍創(chuàng)面。因此,對(duì)該類患者,尋找簡(jiǎn)單易行且創(chuàng)傷小、效果理想的修復(fù)方法是臨床亟待解決的難題。
圖1 乳腺癌術(shù)后胸部高位放射性潰瘍的修復(fù) a. 左側(cè)胸部高位放射性潰瘍 b. 壞死組織切除,形成胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈第2肋間穿支島狀皮瓣 c. 鈦板及鈦釘行肋骨及胸骨重建 d. 術(shù)后12個(gè)月
Fig 1 Reconstruction of radioactive ulcer on the high chest wall after mastectomy. a. radioactive ulcer on the left high chest wall. b. removal of necrotic tissue and harvest of perforated flap pedicled by the second intercostals perforator. c. titanium plate and nail were used to reconstruct sternum and rib. d. postview at 12 months.
Morain等[1]于2006年首次報(bào)道了胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣,其后的報(bào)道顯示其可以形成島狀皮瓣或游離皮瓣[2-8]。胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈的解剖邊界和它的穿支已經(jīng)得到詳細(xì)的描述[9-11], 這些穿支血管也可以替代胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈主干血管作為受區(qū)血管進(jìn)行顯微吻合[12-14]。本組患者中,我們利用老年女性對(duì)側(cè)乳房出現(xiàn)下垂這一特點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)以胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈肋間前穿支為蒂,形成較大的皮瓣,旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù)放射性潰瘍切除后創(chuàng)面,供區(qū)直接拉攏縫合,該術(shù)式簡(jiǎn)便易行,皮瓣血供恒定,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,術(shù)后早期即可下地活動(dòng),避免了長(zhǎng)期臥床可能導(dǎo)致的并發(fā)癥。隨訪結(jié)果顯示,修復(fù)效果及外觀均比較滿意。
我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的皮瓣是完全以胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈肋間穿支為蒂,與胸三角皮瓣相比,后者的主要供瓣區(qū)涉及整個(gè)前胸部皮膚及肩部皮膚,血管供應(yīng)涉及胸肩峰動(dòng)脈及胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈的前胸部穿支血管,以用來修復(fù)面頸部大面積缺損,最初設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)并不是以穿支皮瓣的形式存在。筆者上述的皮瓣主要以胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈的一根穿支為蒂,雖然設(shè)計(jì)范圍變小,但轉(zhuǎn)移較為靈活,主要用以修復(fù)胸部缺損。所以,從設(shè)計(jì)以及臨床應(yīng)用方面,雖然有一些相似之處,但是仍然存在較大差異。
該術(shù)式的注意事項(xiàng):⑴明確患者的術(shù)前情況以及腫瘤是否復(fù)發(fā),如果局部條件較差,尤其對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈可疑受到損傷,不能勉強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)該皮瓣,需尋找其他方法進(jìn)行修復(fù);⑵術(shù)前需充分判斷局部的條件以及胸部、肋骨是否受到侵犯,以清創(chuàng)及負(fù)壓吸引治療改善局部條件;⑶盡管胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支血管較為恒定,但是,由于放射性治療的存在,可能會(huì)對(duì)對(duì)側(cè)胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈穿支血管造成損傷,所以術(shù)前的Doppler檢查,以及術(shù)中的Doppler再次確認(rèn)是必要的;⑷在設(shè)計(jì)該皮瓣時(shí),無需將腺體同時(shí)包括在皮瓣中,于深筋膜水平掀起皮瓣即可;⑸該皮瓣在年輕女性慎用,必須采用該皮瓣時(shí),需事先進(jìn)行充分的告知,防止術(shù)后出現(xiàn)畸形,患者無法接受。
總之,胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈肋間前穿支皮瓣簡(jiǎn)單易行,血管恒定,創(chuàng)傷小,是修復(fù)老年女性乳腺癌術(shù)后高位放射性潰瘍的理想選擇。
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Application of intercostal perforator flaps of contralateral internal thoracic artery in repair of radioactive ulcers after mastectomy
CHENBao-guo,SONGHui-feng,XUMing-huo,GAOQuan-wen,CHENShuai,WANGJue,WANGFang,ZHOUZhong-zhi,CHAIJia-ke.
(DepartmentofBurnandPlasticSurgery,theFirstHospitalAffiliatedtoPLAGeneralHospital,BurnsInstituteofPLA,Beijing100048)
SONGHui-feng,Email:song_huifeng@126.com
Objective To explore the intercostal perforator flaps of the internal thoracic artery for repair of radioactive ulcers after mastectomy in older females. Methods From Jan. 2006, 12 older female patients suffering from ulcers on the upper chest wall because of radioactive treatment after mastectomy were admitted. Patients′ ages ranged from 55 years old to 79 years old. The ulcers′s area ranged from 8 cm×10 cm to 13 cm×15 cm involving several sections of rib cartilage and sternal necrosis in some cases. After debridement and negative pressure wound treatment, intercostal perforator flaps were designed to cover the wounds using contralateral internal thoracic artery. The areas of the flaps ranged from 10 cm×11 cm to 14 cm×16 cm, with sequestrum removal and rigid internal fixation of titanium plate in the cases involving several sections of rib cartilage and sternum necrosis. Results All the flaps survived. After 6 months to 4 years follow-up, there was no recurrence. Conclusion Intercostal perforator flap of internal thoracic artery, which is a reliable tool for repairing ulcer on the upper chest wall after mastectomy in the older female with the advantages, stable blood vessel supply and minimal invasion.
Mastectomy; Radioactive ulcer; Intercostal perforator flap of internal thoracic artery; Older female
陳保國(guó)(1985-),男,安徽人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士.
宋慧鋒,100048,解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院全軍燒傷研究所 燒傷整形科,電子信箱:song_huifeng@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2016.08.002
R622;R655.8
A
1673-7040(2016)08-0452-03
2016-05-10)