高瑛,劉亞軍,蔡欣然,劉培慶,李民
(中山大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院/新藥成藥性評(píng)估與評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)家與地方聯(lián)合工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 廣東 510006)
羰基氰氯苯腙調(diào)節(jié)非經(jīng)典自噬的機(jī)制研究
高瑛,劉亞軍,蔡欣然,劉培慶Δ,李民Δ
(中山大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院/新藥成藥性評(píng)估與評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)家與地方聯(lián)合工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 廣東 510006)
目的 探討可以調(diào)控羰基氰氯苯腙(carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone,CCCP)誘導(dǎo)的不依賴自噬關(guān)鍵基因的非經(jīng)典自噬的影響因素。方法 分別將野生型細(xì)胞和自噬關(guān)鍵基因敲除/敲低的細(xì)胞(Atg5-KO MEF,F(xiàn)IP-200 KO MEF,ULK1-KO MEF,Beclin 1-KO U251)用CCCP 處理,觀察GFP-LC3的分布聚集情況和LC3蛋白水平的表達(dá)。熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)CCCP處理后LC3B mRNA水平變化。Western blot檢測(cè)FIP200-KO MEF中CCCP 處理時(shí),水通道蛋白抑制劑對(duì)LC3 蛋白水平的影響。結(jié)果 在Atg5-KO MEF細(xì)胞中,和對(duì)照組相比,CCCP 處理組免疫熒光實(shí)驗(yàn)不能產(chǎn)生GFP-LC3 自噬斑點(diǎn),Western blot結(jié)果顯示LC3-I 型不能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)長(zhǎng)C3-II。而在ULK1-KO MEF,F(xiàn)IP200-KO MEF,及Beclin1-KD U251細(xì)胞中,CCCP 處理組免疫熒光實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)墚a(chǎn)生GFP-LC3自噬斑點(diǎn),同時(shí)LC3-I 型也能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)長(zhǎng)C3-II型。但CCCP 處理不影響LC3B的mRNA水平。CCCP 誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬能被水通道蛋白抑制劑所抑制。結(jié)論 CCCP 誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬需要自噬關(guān)鍵基因Atg5 參與,但不需要Beclin 1,ULK1,F(xiàn)IP200的參與,不影響LC3B 的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。滲透壓不平衡可以調(diào)節(jié)CCCP誘導(dǎo)的自噬。
自噬;滲透壓不平衡;羰基氰氯苯腙;LC3; MEF
自噬(巨自噬)是對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)衰老細(xì)胞器、長(zhǎng)壽命蛋白以及外源病原微生物進(jìn)行吞噬然后與溶酶體融合并降解內(nèi)含物的過(guò)程,其在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中具有高度保守性[1]。已有大量研究報(bào)道自噬與腫瘤、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、感染免疫等多種疾病密切相關(guān)[1-3]。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬體的形成可以不經(jīng)過(guò)某些經(jīng)典自噬的步驟,抑或是不依賴于某幾個(gè)經(jīng)典自噬相關(guān)蛋白,被稱為非經(jīng)典自噬[4]。這些經(jīng)典自噬的替代通路增加了自噬分子機(jī)制研究的復(fù)雜性,同時(shí)也為與經(jīng)典自噬缺陷相關(guān)的疾病治療提供了新的可能。
羰基氰氯苯腙(carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone,CCCP)是一個(gè)脂溶性的弱酸以及強(qiáng)線粒體解偶聯(lián)劑,可提高線粒體內(nèi)膜的質(zhì)子滲透性[5]。CCCP 目前作為線粒體自噬研究的常用工具化合物,可以改變線粒體膜電位和使線粒體去極化,并被認(rèn)為可誘導(dǎo)自噬以清除被去極化的線粒體[6]。本課題組之前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCCP可以誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬[7]。本文旨在對(duì)CCCP誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入探究,為與經(jīng)典自噬缺失的相關(guān)疾病提供新的治療思路。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 細(xì)胞:WT MEF細(xì)胞、FIP200-KO MEF細(xì)胞、Atg5-KO MEF細(xì)胞、ULK1-KO MEF細(xì)胞、Beclin1-KD U251細(xì)胞均由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存,穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染GFP-LC3質(zhì)粒的各種細(xì)胞由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存[8]。
1.1.2 主要試劑:CCCP(215911)購(gòu)自德國(guó)Merck 公司。AgNO3(204390)和Phloretin(P7912)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma-Aldrich 公司。GAPDH(sc-365062)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santacruz公司。LC3(L7543)、tubulin(T6074)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma-Aldrich公司。Cocktail protease和HRP-偶聯(lián)二抗購(gòu)自美國(guó)Thermo Scientific。Trizol購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen。RT-PCR試劑盒購(gòu)自中國(guó)大連寶生物公司。
1.1.3 儀器:熒光顯微鏡EVOS FL Auto(Life Technologies,美國(guó));雙人單面超凈工作臺(tái)(蘇州凈化設(shè)備有限公司,中國(guó));CO2培養(yǎng)箱(Thermo,美國(guó));酶標(biāo)儀(BioTek,美國(guó));ImageQuant LAS 4000mini(GE,美國(guó));蛋白電泳、電轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)(Bio-Rad,美國(guó))。IQ5熒光定量PCR儀(Bio-Rad,美國(guó))。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):將穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染GFP-LC3 的WT、Atg5-KO、ULK1-KO、和FIP200-KO的MEF細(xì)胞以及Beclin1-KD的U251細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)于含有10%胎牛血清(Invitrogen,10099-141)的DMEM(Thermo Scientific,SH3024301) 培養(yǎng)液中,于37 ℃,5% CO2的孵箱中培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 Western blot 法檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá):提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,BCA試劑盒檢測(cè)細(xì)胞蛋白含量,上樣量為30 μg,將蛋白變性,采用12% SDS 分離膠和5%濃縮膠進(jìn)行電泳,電泳結(jié)束后轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF 膜(Bio-Rad),室溫封閉1 h后孵一抗(1:1000)4 ℃過(guò)夜。漂洗后加入二抗(1:5000),室溫孵育1 h,化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑增強(qiáng)反應(yīng),ImageQuant LAS 4000mini 顯影成像。
1.2.3 細(xì)胞圖像分析:將培養(yǎng)在96孔板穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染GFP-LC3的細(xì)胞用4%多聚甲醛室溫固定30 min,PBS洗2遍,再加入PBS緩沖液,EVOS FL Auto(Life Technologies)熒光顯微鏡拍照。每孔至少選擇3個(gè)視野50個(gè)細(xì)胞計(jì)算熒光斑點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)。每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3遍。
1.2.4 熒光定量PCR:Trizol 提取細(xì)胞總RNA,紫外分光光度儀測(cè)定RNA 濃度和純度。參照RT-PCR 試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)。按照SYBR Green說(shuō)明書反應(yīng)體系加入熒光染料、引物和RT產(chǎn)物后在Bio-Rad IQ5 PCR儀中進(jìn)行real-time PCR反應(yīng)。 LC3B上游引物:5’-CCC ACC AAG ATC CCA GTG AT-3’,LC3B下游引物:5’-CCA GGA ACT TGG TCT TGT CCA-3’, β-actin上游引物:5’-AGA GGG AAA TCG TGC GTG AC-3’,β-actin下游引物:5’-CAA TAG TGA TGA CCT GGC CGT-3’。所有引物由英濰捷基公司合成。
2.1 CCCP 誘導(dǎo)的LC3 脂質(zhì)化需要自噬關(guān)鍵基因Atg5 參與 在WT MEF 細(xì)胞中,用CCCP 處理細(xì)胞后,和對(duì)照組相比,CCCP 組能產(chǎn)生很多GFP-LC3的熒光小點(diǎn),與Western blot 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。說(shuō)明LC3 脂質(zhì)化,CCCP誘導(dǎo)了自噬的發(fā)生。在Atg5-KO MEF細(xì)胞中,CCCP不能誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生GFP-LC3 的熒光小點(diǎn)(見(jiàn)圖1),說(shuō)明CCCP誘導(dǎo)LC3脂質(zhì)化時(shí)需要Atg5的參與。
圖1 CCCP誘導(dǎo)的自噬需要Atg5參與A:WT MEF和Atg5-KO MEF在完全培養(yǎng)基(CM)和CCCP(30 μM,6 h) 處理后GFP-LC3熒光小點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞圖像分析,bar=10 μm;B: Western blot 檢測(cè)相應(yīng)的LC3-I和LC3-II的表達(dá)Fig.1 CCCP induced autophagy dependent of Atg5A:WT MEF, Atg5-KO MEF cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were treated with complete medium(CM)or 30 μM of CCCP for 6 h. Fluorescent images were analyzed, bar=10 μm;B:Expression level of LC3-I and LC3-II of cell lysates were detected by Western blot
2.2 CCCP誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬不需要自噬關(guān)鍵基因ULK1、FIP200以及Beclin1的參與 在Beclin1-KD U251 細(xì)胞中,CCCP處理能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生GFP-LC3的熒光小點(diǎn)。在ULK1-KO MEF和FIP200-KO MEF細(xì)胞中,CCCP處理也能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生GFP-LC3的熒光小點(diǎn)。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,在上述3種細(xì)胞中CCCP處理均能使LC3-I型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)長(zhǎng)C3-II,且比未處理組增加明顯,見(jiàn)圖2。說(shuō)明CCCP誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬不需要自噬關(guān)鍵基因ULK1、FIP200 和Beclin1的參與。
圖2 CCCP誘導(dǎo)的自噬不依賴于Beclin 1、ULK1、FIP200A: Beclin 1-KD U251、ULK1-KO MEF以及FIP200-KO MEF在完全培養(yǎng)基(CM)和CCCP(30 μM,6 h)處理后GFP-LC3熒光小點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞圖像結(jié)果,bar=10 μm;B: Western blot 檢測(cè)相應(yīng)的LC3-I和LC3-II的表達(dá)Fig.2 CCCP induced Beclin-1/ULK1/FIP200 independent autophagyA:Beclin 1-KD U251, ULK1-KO MEF, and FIP200-KO MEF cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were treated with complete medium(CM)or 30 μM of CCCP for 6 h bar=10 μm;B:Expression level of LC3-I and LC3-II of different cell lysates were detected by Western blot
2.3 CCCP 誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬并不是通過(guò)影響LC3B的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控 在FIP200-KO MEF細(xì)胞中CCCP能誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬,那么CCCP是否通過(guò)調(diào)控LC3的轉(zhuǎn)錄誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬。熒光定量PCR結(jié)果顯示,CCCP處理組(30 μM,6 h)和對(duì)照組相比,LC3B mRNA水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(見(jiàn)圖3)。說(shuō)明在FIP200-KO MEF細(xì)胞中,CCCP并不影響LC3 的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。
圖3 CCCP處理對(duì)LC3B mRNA水平的影響Fig.3 mRNA analysis of LC3B with or without CCCP treatment
2.4 CCCP 誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬受滲透壓影響 Western blot結(jié)果顯示:在FIP200-KO MEF細(xì)胞中,CCCP 誘導(dǎo)的LC3脂質(zhì)化可被水通道蛋白抑制劑Phloretin和AgNO3所抑制(見(jiàn)圖4)。水通道蛋白抑制劑可改變膜的滲透壓,這說(shuō)明CCCP誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬可能受滲透壓的調(diào)節(jié)。
圖4 水通道蛋白抑制劑對(duì)CCCP誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬的影響A:FIP200-KO MEF中CCCP(30 μM,6 h)和水通道蛋白抑制劑Phloretin聯(lián)合使用對(duì)LC3 蛋白表達(dá)的影響;B:FIP200-KO MEF 在CCCP(30 μM,6 h)和水通道蛋白抑制劑AgNO3(2 μM,6 h)聯(lián)合使用對(duì)LC3 蛋白表達(dá)的影響**P<0.01Fig.4 Effect of water channel inhibitors on CCCP-induced non-canonical autophagyA: LC3 expression of FIP200-KO MEF cells treated with 30 μM of CCCP and 200 μM of Phloretin for 6 h;B: LC3 expression of FIP200-KO MEF cells treated with 30 μM of CCCP and 2 μM of AgNO3 for 6 h**P<0.01
CCCP作為一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)效的線粒體氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián)劑,可促使線粒體內(nèi)膜對(duì)H+產(chǎn)生通透性,導(dǎo)致線粒體內(nèi)膜兩側(cè)的膜電位喪失,常被用于線粒體損傷以及線粒體自噬的研究[6,9]。LC3是自噬體最常用的標(biāo)記物[10],本文用LC3形成的斑點(diǎn)和LC3脂化形式LC3-II的增加作為自噬的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)。不依賴于某些自噬相關(guān)基因的自噬,稱之為非經(jīng)典自噬,如Atg5/Atg7 不依賴性自噬[11],ULK1/ULK2不依賴性自噬[12],Beclin1不依賴性自噬[13]。根據(jù)前人的報(bào)道,LAP(LC3相關(guān)吞噬)的發(fā)生不依賴于ULK1/2-ATG13-RB1CC1/FIP200經(jīng)典自噬的起始復(fù)合物,但仍需依賴于自噬相關(guān)蛋白ATG5和ATG7[14],LAP也屬于一種非經(jīng)典自噬。近年關(guān)于自噬基因功能失調(diào)與一系列不同疾病的聯(lián)系的相關(guān)報(bào)道逐年增多,如Crohn’s disease 與ATG16L1基因的變異相關(guān)[15]?,F(xiàn)已有研究報(bào)道LAP與抗菌、清除死細(xì)胞、抗癌、免疫等密切相關(guān)[16-19],所以發(fā)現(xiàn)誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬的藥物以及研究非經(jīng)典自噬的發(fā)生機(jī)制能為非經(jīng)典自噬的生理功能奠定重要的基礎(chǔ)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬關(guān)鍵基因Atg5的缺失可以阻斷CCCP 所誘導(dǎo)的自噬,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)CCCP誘導(dǎo)的自噬不能被自噬關(guān)鍵基因Beclin1、FIP200以及ULK1 所阻斷,說(shuō)明CCCP可以誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)CCCP并不影響LC3本身的mRNA水平,也就是說(shuō)CCCP 誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬并不影響LC3的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。有研究報(bào)道,氯喹誘導(dǎo)LAP 時(shí)受滲透壓調(diào)節(jié),滲透壓失衡可誘導(dǎo)LAP的LC3脂質(zhì)化[16]。所以,用影響滲透壓的水通道蛋白抑制劑聯(lián)合CCCP處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)水通道蛋白抑制劑也能抑制CCCP引起的LC3脂質(zhì)化,說(shuō)明CCCP誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬也受滲透壓調(diào)節(jié)。然而,CCCP誘導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典自噬是否受其他因素影響以及CCCP改變滲透壓的具體機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究。本研究確證了CCCP可以誘導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典自噬,并發(fā)現(xiàn)滲透壓失衡可能是調(diào)節(jié)該自噬的重要因素,拓寬了對(duì)CCCP功能的了解,為研究自噬發(fā)生過(guò)程與疾病的潛在聯(lián)系提供了新的調(diào)控思路。
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(編校:吳茜)
Mechanism of CCCP-induced non-canonical autophagy
GAO Ying, LIU Ya-jun, CAI Xin-ran, LIU Pei-qingΔ, LI MinΔ
(National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China)
ObjectiveTo identify the factors those regulate CCCP-induced non-canonical autophagy. MethodsDifferent cells expressing GFP-LC3 were treated with or without CCCP (30 μM) for 6 h. Fluorescent images were taken and cell lysates were analyzed by western blot assay. Real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of LC3B. FIP200-KO MEF cells were cultured and treated by 30 μM CCCP with or without water channel inhibitors, for 6 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot assay. ResultsCCCP could not induced autophagy in Atg5-KO MEF cells. CCCP could induce non-canonical autophagy in ULK1-KO MEF, FIP200-KO MEF, and Beclin1-KD U251. CCCP treatment in FIP200-KO MEF cells had no effect on the expression level of LC3B mRNA. We also found two distinct aquaporin water channel inhibitors could inhibit the generation of LC3 which was induced by CCCP. ConclusionCCCP induced non-canonical autophagy was Atg5-dependent, but Beclin1-, ULK1- and FIP200-independent. Osmotic imbalance could regulate CCCP-induce non-canonical autophagy.
Autophagy; osmotic imbalance; CCCP; LC3; MEF
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(S2013010015876);博士點(diǎn)基金(20130171120049)
高瑛,女,碩士在讀,研究方向:細(xì)胞自噬,E-mail:gaoyiying09@126.com;李民,通信作者,男,博士、副教授,研究方向:細(xì)胞自噬,E-mail:limin65@mail.sysu.edu.cn;劉培慶,共同通信作者,男,博士、教授,研究方向:心血管藥理,E-mail:liupq@mail.sysu.edu.cn。
R329.2+7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-1678.2016.04.08