陶敏玲
筆者懷著無比神圣的責任感,參加了今年的高考閱卷。整體的感受是閱卷組工作嚴謹認真,勤奮高效,客觀公正。第一、二天是正式評卷前的試評培訓。在此期間,評卷老師們認真研讀和學習了閱卷紀律、保密條例和作文評分細則。為了確保對每一個考生公正,評卷組對評分標準進行了反復又耐心的培訓,不厭其煩,精益求精。
全國乙卷作文的評分總則:
1. 本題總分25分,按五個檔次給分。
2. 評分時,先根據文章的內容要點和語言初步確定是否達到及格線(15分),然后確定其所屬的具體檔次,以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調整檔次,最后給分。
3. 詞數少于80或多于120的,從最后得分中減去2分。這一點湖北的高考閱卷組處理得比較靈活。如有的考生寫的是:Dear Ms Jenkins, I am Li Hua, one of your students. I am writing to ask you for help. I am going to a foreign company to do a part time job. I have written an application and my resume, but I am not sure whether they are right. Would you please help me correct the errors in them and what the right form is? Thank you so much! Yours Li Hua,閱卷組認為這篇文章達到了出題人的交際要求,語言流暢,運用正確,就給了及格分,且沒有額外扣2分。但是如果寫的短文不能傳情達意,或者語言毫無章法,并且還存在字數嚴重不足的問題,則按及格分以下第一、二、三檔的相應標準進行評分,視具體情況額外扣分。
4. 評分時應注意的主要內容為:內容要點,應用詞匯和語法結構的準確和豐富,上下文的連貫和表達的得體。
5. 拼寫與標點符號是語言準確性的一個方面。錯誤書寫每3個單詞從總分中減去一分,原則上不超過3分,重復的不累計。英美拼寫和詞匯用法均可接受。標點符號的錯誤,將視其對交際的影響程度酌情減分。
6. 如書寫較差,以致影響交際,將分數降低一個檔次。
下面分別是五個不同檔次的考生作文。
A This my resume. I am 18 year. I am write this for you. I like football. I am clevers boy. I am student. I like computer gam. I like this work. I am conviced that live to your enpectations. No matter what happine I will back myself. I have a dream. If you are ablt to give me the work. I will tank you. Please you help me exchange format.
B I want to get a part time job in an company this summer holiday. Because I need the pay money to buy something for myself.
I have finished the applyment and resume, but I dont know if the words or format are true. So I want if you are free, please help me to check the format, I think it is easy for you.
I am looking forward to your repair. And then, I will send the resume to you by this e-mail. Thanks for your kindness.
C My name is Li Hua. In this holiday, I want to find a part-time job. In the company, I write the resume and I want you help me look at the word and format, that I will have changed.
As time goes by, I find my experience is not good, so I want to find a part-time job help me improve my work experience. I dont know my format wheather tight. So, hope you help me. Then I will very thanks you for you.
Beat wish I will looking forward to you soon.
D How is everything going? I am writing to you to ask for your help, which is vital to you. As the summer vacation is drawing near, I would like to do something significant. Thus I determined to apply for a part time job to broaden my horizons.
My application and resume have been finished on my own carefully in English. However, I didnt know whether they are in correct grammer and proper expression. Meanwhile, could you please do me a favor to polish and check them, which are attached to the letter already.
I would appreciate it a lot for your kindness. look forward to your early reply.
E I am Li Hua. In the summer, I stay at home very boring. As I want to find a part-time job and I find a very good company. This is English as a business. Now, I write application and resume.
But I dont know my words and format if not better. Because you is a English. I think you thinking and the business is very like, so I hope you can help me that return my words and format. I think you help me return format, the English business should like it. So I can get the part-time job.
Thank you help me. I forward you coming.
以上的五篇作文是閱卷老師們評分標準的培訓材料,也是正式評分前的試評文章。閱卷組的指導分分別是:3分,18分,13分,23分,8分。簡要概括,第五檔到第一檔的標準依次是:漂漂亮亮,清清楚楚,馬馬虎虎,糊里糊涂,和不知所云。
閱卷結束之后,筆者通過對分析影響作文分數原因進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)同學們在表達中存在著如下的問題:
首先,審題不準確。今年湖北省考的是全國Ⅰ卷。其作文內容包括:你是李華,暑假準備到一外資企業(yè)打工,寫了一封求職信。因對求職信及簡歷中的語言和格式不確信,你寫信給你以前的外教Ms. Jenkins,請她幫你修改用詞和格式。
很明顯,這是一封求助信,而非求職信,不能理解錯了。有的同學寫了一篇完美的求職信,絲毫沒提及求助。多么遺憾!所以寫作前一定要認真審題,多讀一遍,所謂磨刀不誤砍柴功。否則就是失之毫厘謬以千里,足以造成千古恨!
其次,用詞不當和單詞拼寫錯誤問題比較嚴重。其中很有共性的表達難點有“寫”“外資企業(yè)”“兼職工作”“申請書/信”“是否”“修改”“機會”“謝謝”。等等。它們構成了考生作文里詞匯方面的“攔路虎”:
writing (應為writing),writen(應為written)
vocation(表示“假期”應用vacation)
abroad film(“外國的公司”應為overseas/foreign company/firm)
a part work(“兼職工作”應為a part-time job)
applicant book/appliance litter/book(“申請信、申請書”應為application 或application form)
wheather(表示“是否”應用whether/if)
repair/change/exchange(表示“修改”應為correct,亦可用improve或make ... better/perfect/suitable)
oppotunaty(表示“機會”應用opportunity/chance)
broden my horizon (表示“開闊視野”應用broaden my horizons)
colleague(表示“大學”應用college或university)
think(表示“謝謝”應用thank you for your help/thanks for your help)
greatful (表“充滿感激的”應用grateful)
有的同學甚至用漢語拼音拼上面的單詞。更有甚者,一些同學竟然全篇都用漢語拼音拼寫,如waizi,gongsi, xiugai, shenqing等。
另外,詞語運用不恰當也很常見,這源于不了解某些詞匯的正確用法。譬如想要表達“我打算這個暑假找一份工作來鍛煉自己”,結果寫成了I am intended to look a work to exercise myself in this summer holiday.(正確的句子應該是I intended to look for a job to gain some working experience this summer holiday.) 明明要寫“(如果你幫我)我將對你感激不盡”,結果卻寫成了I would be appreciated to you for your help(應改成I would be appreciative/thankful/grateful to you if ... 或I would appreciate it a lot if you could lend me a helping hand) 等等。
再者,還有詞不達意造成的錯誤。如有人想要表達“掙錢支付大學學費以及減輕父母的負擔”寫成了I want to make some money to offer my college fare and to less my parents loan. (應為I want to earn some money to cover my college fee and to lighten my parents financial burden.)
除此之外,還有的作文全篇都是漢語思維。有的同學甚至以將每一個漢字一一翻譯成對應的英語單詞的方式來完成作文。
如:I want please you help me repair my application book and resume.
正確的表達可以是:I want to ask you to help me improve my application and resume format.或I wonder if you can help correct the mistakes in my application if any, and I doubt if my resume format is appropriate.
較為糟糕的是,一些同學不能正確運用英語句法結構或語法知識。如“有三個月的假期等著我”有人寫成了There are three months holiday wait for me.(應為 There is a three-month vacation waiting for me.) 又如Summer holiday is coming nearer and nearer. 有人寫成了Summer holiday is coming more and more near.
更糟糕的是,許多同學在寫作語氣方面要么禮貌不夠,要么顯得太勢利。譬如用命令的口吻,如You must help me,或者條件交換意味太濃,如If you help me get the job, I will treat you to a delicious Chinese meal/buy you a good gift. 就像日常與人面對面的交流一樣,語言是否得體直接會影響到你的問題是否能順利地解決。你能說它不重要嗎?
當然,還有很多同學寫的太簡單了——全文只寫了3~5個簡短的句子。即使交際目的達到了,但是否顯得太過干癟?如這樣一篇:I am Li Hua. I want a job in this summer holiday. I have difficulty with my application and resume. Could you help me correct them? Thank you very much! 如果時間夠用,建議同學們不要寫成這樣的濃縮版,否則也太口語化了。要想得分,我們就要拿出認真的態(tài)度來。
通過對評分標準的學習和實際評分的操練,筆者覺得平時同學們要多用英語來表達自己,在學習中要多積累多運用。
第一步是詞匯短語和句型的積累,還有作文功能性話題的積累。從高一開始平時課堂上要積累、了解并熟悉各種題材的英語文章,包括各種功能性的話題,如學習、交友、體育、餐飲、就業(yè)、志愿活動、能源、環(huán)保、科技、文學、旅游、購物、殘障、音樂、電影、娛樂、交通、財經、政治、語言、多元文化、未來生活等等。多開口表達、討論、復述,甚至還可以寫英文日記。同學們還可以進行相關的拓展訓練,如故事接龍,介紹中國成語故事,或結合生活需要說出或寫出自己的想法。還可以開展英語故事會活動,相互講述自己的難忘的經歷,看過的精彩電影,開懷一笑的小幽默,二十年后的自己,未來的世界,等等。無論是口頭表達,還是書面表達,都是很好的運用語言的方式。說完或寫完后,可以進行師評、自評或互評,進而錘煉語言的準確性。只有通過積累,多用、多寫和多錘煉,對英語才能運用自如。
第二步,提升語言的準確性。除了剛剛說到的說完或寫完后,可以進行師評、自評或互評等方法之外,同學們還可以借助“新概念”,充分利用其中的文章及其后面的漢語翻譯,自己背、譯、查。這是自學能力較強的同學可以借鑒的快速方法。
第三步,多欣賞地道美文。首先要理解和欣賞,然后仿寫,進而多運用,同學們的英語寫作才能在沒有錯誤的基礎上進行創(chuàng)作性發(fā)揮,寫出有個人特色的文章。
本次閱卷中的亮點也有很多。譬如有的同學卷面超級整潔,而且字寫得非常清爽,讓人忍不住贊嘆有加。自成一體的良好書寫,是非智力因素的加分神器,因為沒有人能否認“愛美之心人皆有之”這個道理。還有很多同學英文功底扎實,用詞準確,表達流利,語言精煉,用語得體。都說不幸的家庭各有各的不幸,幸福的家庭是相似的。作文亦是如此。好的作文大致都如上面所描繪的一樣。
萬丈高樓平地起。平時學習中我們就要將高考作文的評分標準熟記于心,向最高標準看齊,朝著它一步步腳踏實地地前進。同學們要練就扎實的基本功,并在寫作中注意靈活使用貼切的詞匯、短語和句式。多積累多運用,最后的勝利必定屬于每一個有心又勤奮的人。