幾種固定時態(tài)的運用

張前華

英語時態(tài)共有四種體（form）：完成體、一般體、進行體和完成進行體。時間（time）也有四種：現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來。但日常使用較頻繁的只有十來種，而用來作為考點的時態(tài)則更少。主要是一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時，現(xiàn)在進行時，過去進行時，將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時等。近幾年的高考試卷中，現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、過去時、現(xiàn)在時（多以考查被動語態(tài)的形式出現(xiàn)）和進行時則是考查的重點。所以說，雖然英語時態(tài)有很多種，掌握起來比較困難，但有些情況下時態(tài)又是固定的，相對而言顯得“千篇一律”。只要記住這些固定時態(tài)，就會收到事半功倍之效果。

[現(xiàn)在時]

一般現(xiàn)在時的特點：表示慣性動作、表示目前狀態(tài)、表示真理或（已故）重要人物的觀點、表示將來、表示傳媒或藝術(shù)作品的現(xiàn)時性等。

When do the trains leave？ （表示將來）

Time and tide wait for no man. （表示真理）

The old folk live in the distant area. （表示目前狀態(tài)）

Ill show you the picture the moment you come. （表示將來）

Everybody eats， drinks， and sleeps every day. （表示慣性動作）

The poor old lady always tells us the same story every time she meets us. （表示慣性動作）

Cao Xueqin is the author of the great novel， “The Red Mansion”. （表示藝術(shù)作品的現(xiàn)時性 ）

1. 間接引語的內(nèi)容為真理、諺語、格言等時，引語部分用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

The teacher told his pupils that the earth is round.

Mr. Yin said that all roads lead to Rome/practice makes perfect.

2. 在here， there， then，介詞短語等在句首引起的全倒裝句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時。

There goes the bell.

Here comes the bus.

In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.

[過去時]

一般過去時的特點：表示過去時段的慣性動作、代替過去將來時（在部分狀語從句中）、表示過去某個時段的狀態(tài)或動作等。

When Mary was in England， she often went to the Museum. （表示過去時段的慣性動作）

He told me that they would not go out for swimming if it rained tomorrow. （代替過去將來時）

Father used to tell us a story after supper when my brother and I were young. （強調(diào)對比）

1. 在Its time that...以及Its+時間段+since...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用一般過去時。

It is five years since he lived here.

Its high time that we had a rest.

The first time I saw Jane， I liked her.

2. 在含情態(tài)動詞had better， would rather， would like/ love to以及虛擬語氣句中情態(tài)動詞had， would， could， might等必須用過去時。

If I were you I might study even harder.

You had better go to ask the teacher for help.

If she knew German， she could read the German letter.

We would like to have gone to see the film but we had no time.

[進行時]

現(xiàn)在進行時的特點：表示正在發(fā)生的動作、表示將來、表情緒色彩、表示現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的慣性動作等。

Its now raining outside. （表示正在發(fā)生的動作）

You are always forgetting my name！ （表示情緒色彩）

Liu Huan is giving a pop concert in Beijing next month. （表示將來）

He is walking up and down the room. （表示現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的慣性動作）

過去進行時的特點：表示過去某時刻的正在發(fā)生的動作、表示過去某階段正在發(fā)生的動作、代替過去將來時、表示對比或原因。

He was writing a novel last month. （表示過去某階段正在發(fā)生的動作）

Tom said that he was going for the picnic on the riverside. （代替過去將來時）

She was doing her homework when her mother came home after work in the evening. （表示過去某時刻的正在發(fā)生的動作）

當(dāng)when連接的不是時間狀語從句而是一個分句，表示“這時（忽然）”之意時，when前面的分句的時態(tài)通常為過去進行時或was/ were about to do， 偶爾用過去完成時。

I was watching TV when the telephone rang.

He was about to go to bed when a robber broke in.

We had covered （=walked） twenty li when the heavy rain poured.

[將來時]

一般將來時的特點： 表示純粹將來（一定會做）、表示計劃將來（打算去做）、表示意愿將來（愿意去做）等。

I will love you till the end of time. （表示意愿將來）

Senior Bush will retire from his work next year. （表示純粹將來）

The graduates are to go back to college next week. （表示計劃將來）

1. 在“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型中的陳述句常用將來時。

Hurry up， or you will be late.

2 always， constantly， forever/all the time等詞與進行時態(tài)連用，用以表達（褒、貶）感情色彩。

A honest man is forever telling the truth.

He was always making things when he was a boy.

He is constantly making the same mistakes in the composition.

[完成時]

現(xiàn)在完成時的特點：表示業(yè)已發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)、在某些狀語從句中表示將來或?qū)硗瓿蓵r、用于某些特殊的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。

1. 標(biāo)志性時間狀語問題（現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語可分為兩種

一為精確性時間狀語：for， in the past/last year， since等；

二為模糊性時間狀語：before， now， today， recently， lately， already等。

2. 注意動詞的時間分類問題（瞬間動詞和延續(xù)動詞與時間狀語的搭配問題）

This is the best beer that I have drunk. （特殊結(jié)構(gòu)）

Dont get off the train until it has stopped. （表示將來）

It is the second time that I have come to England. （特殊句型）

Mr. Smith has taught English for nearly thirty years. （表示某一動作的延續(xù)至說話時止）

過去完成時：對過去完成時的理解可有兩種，過去完成時是現(xiàn)在完成時的過去時，過去完成時是過去時的過去時。

注意，過去完成時的標(biāo)志性時間狀語問題：由by引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，部分適合現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語，某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)（no sooner ... than， hardly ... when， scarcely ... when等）。

He had received a heavy slap before he realized what had happened. （過去時的過去時）

The headmaster told us that he had already known the accident. （現(xiàn)在完成時的過去時）

1. 在“Its+序數(shù)詞+名詞+定語從句”“Its （Thiss/Thats）+最高級+名詞+定語從句”兩句型的定語從句中，從句的時態(tài)必須用完成時。

This is the best English novel that I have ever read.

That was the most beautiful city we had ever visited.

Its the third time you have been late for school this week.

2. 在含lately， recently， so far， up till now， “in the past/last/recent+時間段+since+過去時間”以及before單獨作狀語時，in the recent/past/last few years等狀語的句子中謂語常用現(xiàn)在完成時。

So far I have been there twice.

I have never spent a more worrying day before.

They are talking about what they have done recently.

Great changes have taken place in the last ten years in China. （There have been great changes in the past ten years in China.）

3. 在“hardly+分句+when+分句”“no sooner+分句+than+分句”“by （the end of）+過去時間”這三個句型中，第一個分句必須用過去完成時態(tài)。

Hardly had I reached the station when the train started.

No sooner had they come back than I told them about the accident.

4. “by/by the end of+將來時間”，用將來完成時。

He will have learned about 3，000 words by the end of next year.

We will have learned about 12 units altogether by the end of this term.

[練習(xí)]

1. I ping-pong ball quite well， but I havent had time to play since the new year.

A. will play B. have played

C. playe D. play

2. They have a good knowledge of English but little they know about German.

A. have B. did

C. had D. do

3. I you not to move my dictionary-now I cant find it.

A. asked B. ask

C. was asking D. had asked

4. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I half of it.

A. was missing B. had missed

C. will miss D. missed

5. —Youve left the light on.

— Oh， so I have. and turn it off.

A. Ill go B. Ive gone

C. I go D. Im going

6. —Did you tell Julia about the result？

—Oh， no， I forgot. I her now.

A. will be calling B. will call

C. call D. am to call

7. —Are you still busy？

—Yes， I my work， and it wont take long.

A. just finish B. am just finishing

C. have just finished D. am just going to finish

8. Because the shop ， all the T-shirts are sold at half price.

A. has closed down B. closed down

C. is closing down D. had closed down

9. —What were you doing when Tony phoned you？

—I had just finished my work and to take a shower.

A. had started B. started

C. have started D. was starting

[參考答案]

1～5 DDADA 6～9 BBCD