【關鍵詞】讀寫教學;讀寫結合;以讀促寫
【中圖分類號】G633.4 【文獻標志碼】A 【文章編號】1005-6009(2016)33-0078-04
【作者簡介】朱婧,江蘇省蘇州中學園區(qū)校(江蘇蘇州,215021)教師,二級教師。
【教學理念】
聽、說、讀、寫這四種基本語言技能在語言學習和交際中相輔相成、相互促進。其中閱讀作為一種語言輸入形式,是理解技能;寫作作為一種語言輸出形式,是表達技能。兩者都是高中英語教學中至關重要的環(huán)節(jié),同時在高考試題中占有極大的比重。然而,很多教師因高中課堂時間的限制忽略了兩者之間的關系,只是機械地訓練學生的寫作,使得語言的輸入和輸出活動出現在了兩個不同的語境中,學生很難直接模仿并有效運用在閱讀過程中,也無法有效地將輸入語言轉化為輸出語言,而讀寫結合,以讀促寫則能把語言輸入和輸出兩者整合在同一語境中,直接提供模仿并運用語言的機會,是改善高中生英語寫作能力的有效方式。(凌勇,2016)
讀寫結合的教學指導思想是:將閱讀與寫作教學巧妙有機地結合在一起,確保閱讀與寫作相得益彰,閱讀是出發(fā)點,寫作是落腳點;通過閱讀促進學生思考,夯實寫作知識,培養(yǎng)寫作能力與技巧,同時寫作又強化、內化閱讀所獲取的知識和信息。(岑璐,2015)基本路徑為“先讀后寫,由輸入到輸出,從理解到表達”。(劉美琳、王海玲,2014)
一、選擇有示范性的高質量文本
在“讀寫結合,以讀促寫”的教學模式中,教師提供給學生的閱讀文本應該和后續(xù)的寫作在文章結構和主題思想上有較為緊密的聯系,為寫作起到示范的作用,這就要求教師選用語言規(guī)范優(yōu)美、難度適中、層次分明、邏輯清晰并有一定思想的閱讀文本。當學生在教師的指導下積累了一定量的語言表達和篇章結構時,寫作就會變得順理成章,水到渠成。
二、閱讀教學活動的設計應為寫作鋪墊
讀是基礎,寫是升華,讀是為寫服務的,因此教師在文本閱讀的教學過程中可以圍繞篇章結構、遣詞造句和文體立意三個方面組織課堂活動,在幫助學生理解閱讀文本的同時,為后續(xù)的寫作做鋪墊。
三、合理有效地引導學生做好預習和復習
在讀寫結合的教學模式中,讀與寫的時間分配應基本滿足1∶1的比例,為了能夠最大程度地提升讀與寫的質量,教師可以通過適當有效的預習作業(yè),有意識地將部分閱讀活動前移至課前,為課堂上的閱讀理解做準備,同時在課后通過完成作業(yè)的形式讓學生自行修改作文或者通過互評、討論、分享等方式加強對課堂上語言輸入的記憶和語言輸出的運用。
四、寫作任務的設計應貼近學生生活
為了改善學生作文的言之無物、空洞乏味、辭藻匱乏、立意不深的狀況,教師在設計寫作任務時應從閱讀文本出發(fā),注重與閱讀文本的相關性,如體裁、結構、話題等,選擇貼近學生生活的話題切入,通過對閱讀文本的仿寫、續(xù)寫和改寫等,提高學生的寫作能力。
【教學設計】
一、教材分析
教學內容My Father, My Hero是一篇演講稿,選自《牛津高中英語》模塊十一第三單元的Project板塊,這篇演講稿在內容上不僅僅是簡單的介紹一位父親,而是集真實性和思想性為一體,對學生有一定教育引導意義,是能幫助學生形成正確人生觀、世界觀和價值觀的文章。這篇演講稿語言地道、自然,語境真實,語言輸入量適當,難度適中,文字通俗易懂,結構清晰明了,有利于培養(yǎng)學生良好的語感,并能為學生的寫作起到示范作用。
這篇文章雖然選自模塊十一,但是無論從詞匯量、句式還是內容上都符合課程標準七到八級的要求,能夠幫助學生使用適當的語言形式表達觀點、態(tài)度和情感,讓學生學習和掌握常見語篇形式的結構和邏輯關系,幫助學生寫出語義連貫且結構完整的短文,敘述事情和表達觀點及態(tài)度,符合普通高中英語課程標準對高二學生的要求。
二、教學目標
1.理解文章主要內容,找出文中體現人物品質和特點的實例,并積累表現人物良好品質的形容詞。
2.分析文章謀篇布局,建構同類型文章的結構,同時歸納好的詞匯句式,為寫作服務。
3.結合文章的立意,發(fā)現身邊普通人所具備的良好素質,認識到每一個人都能成為英雄的事實,當堂完成相關寫作。
三、教學重難點
如何有效地把握好讀與寫教學的銜接和統(tǒng)一以及如何合理地分配閱讀和寫作的時間。
四、教學過程
(一)Before class
請學生做好預習工作,要求學生在閱讀過程中如遇到生詞自行查字典并在文中標注;在預習后完成一個小型的任務型閱讀(見表1);將學生分成6組,每組6人,請學生用他們心目中英雄的名字給自己的組命名。
Task-based reading (Fill in the blanks with one word each.)
(設計意圖:通過預習,讓學生熟悉文章內容和結構;通過分組及命名,讓學生有了一次對心目中英雄的初步思考,這些工作均是為接下來的課堂教學做準備。)
(二) In class
【Step 1】 Lead-in
T:Do you love your parents?
T:Have you ever dreamt of being a son or daughter of a famous and wealthy person, such as Bill Gates, Jack Ma, and Mark Zuckerberg, etc?
S:...
T:As is known to all, no one can choose your parents. But if you were given a chance to choose a father, who would be your choice?Why?Here are two choices. Before you make a decision, I will give you more detailed information. Father A is the one possessing a smart SUV, a large villa, and graduated from Harvard University, while Father B has a relatively small car, an apartment, and left school when he was only 14.(在描述這兩位父親的同時,通過PPT向學生展示兩組相關的圖片。)
S A & B & C:...
T:...you know what, there is still someone whod like to be the son of Father B, and he even considers his father a hero. This person is the speaker of this speech. Do you know why?Please read the first paragraph as quickly as possible to find out the reason.
(設計意圖:通過一個個開放性的問題,鼓勵學生發(fā)表自己的看法,從而激起學生對這一話題的興趣,同時在師生互動中自然且有效地導入本課的閱讀話題——My father, my hero。)
【Step 2】 Reading comprehension
T:Why does the speaker consider his father a hero, according to the first paragraph?
S:...
T:...So you will find that the first paragraph is the introduction part of this speech, which introduces the topic to us, that is, My father, my hero. Is there any other reasons or examples that prove that the speakers father is the hero? Now please move on to the second part of the speech. This time you will be asked to do a group work. Each group will be provided with an envelope with your group name on it, inside which are a chart and some adjectives.(見表2) What you will be asked to do is that scan the whole speech to find out which adjectives are fit for the father, and which are not. And then stick the proper adjective to each blank. You will have 3 minutes to do this group work.
Stick the proper adj. to each blank according to the examples.
famous; wealthy; talkative; self-confident; well-educated; honest; optimistic; ordinary; devoted; humorous; generous; warm-hearted; thoughtful; responsible; caring; patient; successful; helpful; determined; hardworking; respectable
(After the group work)
T:Which adjectives are not fit for the speakers father?
S:Famous, wealthy, talkative, self-confident, and well-educated.
T:Since the speakers father is neither famous nor wealthy, can you find an adjective in this list to describe his father?
S:Ordinary.
T:Among the rest of the adjectives, why do you think the speakers father is humorous?
T:Where can you find that the speakers father is hard-working?
T: Do you know the meaning of the word “devoted”? Why do you think he is devoted?
T: Can you find an example to prove that the father is generous? Is there any other adjectives that have the similar meaning?
T:When it comes to warm-hearted and helpful, is there any other hints to show that his father is such a kind of person?
T:What about optimistic?
T:Now we know the reason why the speaker considers his father a hero is that his father has a variety of good qualities. What about the last paragraph? Please read the last paragraph and fill in the blank with one word.
(設計意圖:這一教學環(huán)節(jié)的設計是讓學生通過小組討論以及回答問題的形式加深學生對閱讀文本的理解并積累相關詞匯,同時通過微型的任務型閱讀來幫助學生更好地把握文章各個部分的大意,促進學生掌握文章結構,強化學生對語篇結構的意識,進而為接下來的寫作做鋪墊。)
【Step 3】 Guided writing
1. Free talk
T:From the speech, we can see that in the speakers eyes, his father is the hero. What about you? Who is your hero?
S:...
T:It seems that every one of you has a hero. But as is mentioned above, a hero doesnt have to be as great as Albert Einstein, or Steve Jobs, or Yang Liwei. He or she can be anyone around us: your father, mother, your teacher, your classmate, and even your dog, anyone as long as he / she can inspire you, anyone as long as you want badly to learn a lot from him or her, anyone as long as you show your love to him or her. Therefore, anybody can be a hero! Please write an article: _________, my hero.
(設計意圖:通過這一組問答,能夠自然地從閱讀過渡到寫作環(huán)節(jié),同時在教師的引導下,學生會重新思考英雄的定義,并有意識地去發(fā)現身邊普通人的好的品質。)
2. Guided writing
T:Before writing, I will provide you with some tips. 1) Try to use as many descriptive words as possible from the text. 2) Better adopt the hamburger structure. To make it clear, please tell me what you are supposed to write in each paragraph.
根據學生的回答,教師板書:
Para. 1 Who is your hero?
Para. 2 Why do you think so?
Para. 3 How does he / she influence you?
(設計意圖:明確寫作要求,再一次強調文章的框架結構。)
T:Lets see how to write it paragraph by paragraph. First of all, lets find out whether we can borrow some useful expressions from the speech. Since we are not allowed to write such a long article, how can we make the reasons and examples clear and brief? Take our speech as an example.
Find the useful sentence structures from the speech.
(1)我認為……是我生命中最重要的人
(2)我敬重……是由于……
(3)我從……那里學會了……和……,也學會了……,從……那里我學到了一個人真的可以發(fā)揮作用。
(設計意圖:引導學生欣賞文中優(yōu)美的句式表達,積累學生的寫作語言,同時以閱讀文本為例,以總分的結構用三個排比句將原文的中間部分縮寫成一段,將事例和描述性詞匯有機結合在一起,為學生接下來的寫作做示范。)
3. Writing
Teacher:Now its your turn to write your hero.
__________, my hero
When it comes to hero, many will refer to some celebrities. But in my eyes, a hero can be ordinary. I consider _____ to be the most important person / companion in my life.
What I value about ________ is ________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
I have learnt from ____________ the need to be _____________ and _____________, and to ___________. From ________, I have learnt that one person can really make a difference.
在學生寫完文章后,讓他們在小組內交流并選出公認的那個英雄人物,然后在全班進行展示,教師做出相應的點評和指導。
(設計意圖:通過這一形式能較好地降低寫作的難度,通過學生自主寫作、小組交流、學生展示、教師指導等環(huán)節(jié)完成寫作任務,并引導學生運用閱讀中所學詞匯、句式表達及框架結構等來提升寫作能力,真正做到讀寫結合,以讀促寫的教學目的。)
【Step 4】 Conclusion
T:Do you want to know who is my hero?
My hero
My hero is you
Your face is bright and shining
When you walk the way to your dream
Now you are fearless and determined
…
(設計意圖:教師最后以自創(chuàng)的一首詩歌來告訴學生,他們正是教師心目中的英雄,從而將整節(jié)課推向高潮。)
【Step 5】 Homework
Polish your article.
(設計意圖:課內外相結合,再次運用所學知識和技能優(yōu)化寫作,使閱讀和寫作兩者統(tǒng)一。)
【參考文獻】
[1]凌勇.讀后續(xù)寫的教學策略[J].中小學外語教學,2016(05):31-35.
[2]岑璐.例談高中英語讀寫課教學中詞匯處理的策略[J].中小學外語教學,2015(10).
[3]劉美琳,王海玲.高中英語讀寫課中寫作活動的設計與思考[J].山東師范大學外國語學院學報:基礎英語教育版,2014(06).