王偉濱
最近讀了一部名叫The Pillars of the Earth的小說,并非新書——首版于1989年——卻是當(dāng)代英語小說中常銷常讀的經(jīng)典。中文版意譯作《圣殿春秋》,雖則通俗易懂,但我仍然喜歡那書名的直譯——《地球之柱》。這故事說的是一個(gè)名叫Tom Builder的石匠,立志要建造這世上最美麗的大教堂(cathedral),為此,他與家人四處奔波,受盡磨難,后來在小鎮(zhèn)金斯布里奇(Kingsbridge)遇到修道院長Prior Philip。Tom用自己的誠心和能力說服Philip相信,這小鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)當(dāng)有一座美麗的大教堂,于是終于獲得把夢(mèng)中圣殿變成現(xiàn)實(shí)的機(jī)會(huì),但是大教堂尚未完工,他便葬身于惡人的馬蹄之下。所幸圣殿之夢(mèng)并沒有夭折,受Tom的癡迷感染的繼子Jack,在幼年時(shí)大膽燒毀小鎮(zhèn)上原來那個(gè)老朽、丑陋,勉強(qiáng)稱作“教堂”的東西,為圣殿降臨塵世掃除障礙,成年后又遠(yuǎn)涉法國、西班牙,不僅從那里為建造圣殿募集了急需的資金,更汲取了那里的建造技術(shù)和風(fēng)格,并把它們?nèi)谌氲街亟╟athedral的工作之中——Jack Builder接替Tom Builder,正對(duì)應(yīng)了歷史上西方建筑風(fēng)格由羅馬式(Romanesque)到哥特式(Gothic)過渡的時(shí)期——最終在Kingsbridge樹立起人們從未見過,甚至沒有想象過的美麗建筑。Cathedral在Tom和Jack這樣的“建造者”(Builders)心目中,就是支撐天地這座大廈的“支柱”吧。
在高樓大廈林立的當(dāng)下,“注冊(cè)建造師”的名頭幾乎與“公務(wù)員”一樣熱門。然而,懷有浪漫主義雄心壯志的“建造者們”,想必不屑于設(shè)計(jì)如同鴿子籠一般囚禁著都市人群的公寓樓(apartment buildings)吧。對(duì)于Tom和Jack這樣的Builders來說,建造圣殿才是他們這輩子應(yīng)當(dāng)去做的,而為某個(gè)人家建房搭屋,不過是聊以謀生的手段,一旦有了建造圣殿的機(jī)會(huì),他們會(huì)立即起身前往,哪怕手邊正在建造的房屋豪華得如同宮殿,也留不住他們。艾茵·蘭德(Ayn Rand)的小說《源泉》(The Fountainhead)的主人公建筑師Roark說過這樣擲地有聲的話:“I dont intend to build in order to serve or help anyone. I dont intend to build in order to have clients. I intend to have clients in order to build.”1 這話可謂道出了Builders的心聲。
因?yàn)椋サ钍菚?huì)讓人上癮的,在一個(gè)石匠的生命中,哪怕只遇到過一次,也會(huì)從此舍了命地去追尋。”He had worked on a cathedral once—Exeter(埃克塞特,英國英格蘭西南部城市). At first he had treated it like any other job. He had been angry and resentful(感到氣憤的)when the master builder had warned him that his work was not quite up to standard(不夠水準(zhǔn)): he knew himself to be rather more careful than the average mason(泥瓦匠). But then he realized that the walls of a cathedral had to be not just good, but perfect. This was because the cathedral was for God, and also because the building was so big that the slightest lean in the walls, the merest variation from the absolutely true and level, could weaken the structure fatally(致命地). Toms resentment turned to fascination. The combination of a hugely ambitious building with merciless(無慈悲心的)attention to the smallest detail opened Toms eyes to the wonder of his craft.”(I. ch. 1. 1. )2 埃克塞特市的cathedral就像催化劑,讓Tom從一個(gè)“better-than-average mason”變成他自己,一個(gè)懂得什么叫“perfect”的“建造者”。
對(duì)“建造”的理解之不同,可以說是中西文化差異的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。西方建筑注重“堅(jiān)實(shí)”,而中國建筑則更在意“變通”。在中國上古傳說中,有“有巢氏”教人制造房屋的記載;中國建筑重在居住者的實(shí)際居住體驗(yàn),居住舒適度、居所與環(huán)境的配合是考量中國建筑的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。梁思成先生認(rèn)為,“[The] osseous construction(框架結(jié)構(gòu))lends complete freedom in walling and fenestration(開窗法)and renders a house, by merely adjusting the proportion between walls and openings, practical and comfortable in any climate varying from that of the tropical south to that of sub-arctic Manchuria(‘滿洲,中國東北的舊稱). It is this extremely high degree of flexibility and adaptability that enables this architecture to follow the Chinese people to wherever place they chose to settle down and live without encountering any difficulty in sheltering its occupants from the elements, however diverse they may be.”3
西方建筑以“厚重”著稱,而中國建筑則突出“輕盈”。 梁先生寫道:“Unlike European architecture, which uses stones as its principal material, Chinese architecture is essentially of wood, a much more perishable(易腐壞的)material.”當(dāng)然,中國人的建筑也并非不顧及“長久”,但畢竟人情味濃,宗教味淡,人總是占了上風(fēng)?!癊ven structures in masonry(磚石建筑)are mere imitations of wooden forms in brick or stone.”因此,后人的研究,許多時(shí)候,也便成了所謂的 “與時(shí)間賽跑了”——土木結(jié)構(gòu)總難長久抵御自然的侵蝕。“In field work too, the student must pay the greatest attention to wooden structures. He is actually racing with time, for these structures are all the while undergoing a steady and uncompromising(不妥協(xié)的)process of disintegration(瓦解).”4
不過,對(duì)中國建筑來說,比自然的侵蝕更為暴力的,卻是人。中國建造者,為帝王將相建造宮殿、宅邸,功業(yè)委實(shí)不小,然而,能夠經(jīng)受歷史洗禮,流傳下來為后人瞻仰的卻并不多,其原因不外乎一條:“愛屋及烏”的反面也可以是“恨人及屋”,不論是農(nóng)民起義、軍閥混戰(zhàn),還是朝代更替,屠城焚屋總是常有的事。如梁先生所言,“While in China, if any structure escaped destruction at a change of dynasty, it was a matter of sheer luck. Chinese conquerors usually followed the example of Hsiang Yu(項(xiàng)羽)who set fire to the palaces of the Chin Emperors(秦朝皇帝), and the flames, it is recorded in the histories, lasted for three months.”5 不管如史學(xué)家新近考證的,阿房宮本就是“爛尾”工程,還是如傳說中記載的, “楚人一炬,可憐焦土”,總之,那只是始皇帝私欲構(gòu)筑的空中樓閣,多少勞役之人辛苦,換來一人的居住之樂。這樣的建筑,即使存在過,終究難稱基礎(chǔ)牢固。
相比之下,西方建筑史上,居住層面并不特別受到重視——特別是在中世紀(jì),architecture的金字塔尖上是神圣的教堂,其次是權(quán)貴的城堡,再次是商人匯集的城鎮(zhèn),最下者才是僅滿足居住需求的農(nóng)舍、民居。從某種意義上講,西方建筑的起始,或許是某種對(duì)于“永恒”的追求使然?!妒ソ?jīng)·創(chuàng)世記》中記載,人類首次大規(guī)模集體行動(dòng)便是建造通天塔,可惜,神擔(dān)心人類真的建成此塔后,會(huì)干擾他的權(quán)威,便混亂了人類的語言,于是,這座通天塔便成了巴別塔(babel),意為“語言混亂之塔”:“And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest(以免)we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the Lord came down to see the city and a tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound(使混淆)their language, that they may not understand one anothers speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence(從那時(shí)起)upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.”(King James Bible, Genesis, 11:4—9)
R. Furneaux Jordan在A Concise History of Western Architecture一書中,則認(rèn)為西方建筑可能發(fā)源于人們對(duì)于超自然世界的恐懼與癡迷。比如,作為西方建筑文明的源頭之一,埃及文明便是與其復(fù)雜的宗教信仰密切相關(guān)的?!癐t was out of the fear and mystery of these things that the Egyptians made their complex hierarchy(等級(jí)制度)of gods, and their strange religion. In the service of that religion they made their art and their architecture.”6 對(duì)于埃及人來說,入土為安遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,保持肉體的不朽才是關(guān)鍵,因此,墳?zāi)挂脖仨毮軌蜃龅讲恍?。“Egyptian theology (神學(xué),宗教學(xué)), with its deified pharaohs(被奉為神明的法老)and strange animal-headed gods, was complicated. The most important thing was the belief that survival after death depends upon the preservation of the body.”7 有意思的是,埃及人的墳?zāi)?,至少是法老們的墳?zāi)埂鹱炙?,不是深入地下,而是與他們的神殿指向同一方向——天空,因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈抛约核篮笠矊⒒癁槌匀涣α康囊徊糠?。與之相比,雖然我國墓葬文化也極為豐富,但卻顯得務(wù)實(shí)了許多——王室貴胄的墳?zāi)股畈氐叵?,生?dú)生,死亦獨(dú)死;他們相信天道無常,不指望堂而皇之立于天地之間的墳?zāi)箷?huì)不受侵?jǐn)_,更不要提受到萬世景仰了。
指向天空的墳?zāi)古c神殿,延續(xù)到基督教文化中,就變成了各種宗教建筑,不過,在這里得到保存并受到紀(jì)念的已不再是法老,而是耶穌和各種圣徒。更為重要的是,它們已經(jīng)不再是只屬于少數(shù)人的“禁地”,而是大眾聚集、懺悔、祈禱、交流,甚至只是排遣孤獨(dú)的地方。與俗世建筑相比,宗教建筑更能夠體現(xiàn)出其作為獨(dú)立于“使用價(jià)值”和“私人屬性”之外的精神存在。正因?yàn)樽诮探ㄖ倪@一特性,它們才可以經(jīng)歷千年戰(zhàn)亂,屹立不動(dòng)。在The Pillars of the Earth中,小鎮(zhèn)Kingsbridge多次受到惡人William Hamleigh的洗劫,房屋被毀,市場被焚,人民死傷,但是大教堂的建造不會(huì)停工,一直堅(jiān)持幾十年,直到最終落成。
雖然在中國建筑史上,宗教建筑并非重頭,但與西方相同,與皇族貴戚獨(dú)享的宮殿相比,廟宇佛塔因?yàn)楦鼛в忻裰餍?,也便更能喚起普通民眾?nèi)心的崇高理想。比如,梁思成先生便記載了薊州城百姓曾經(jīng)在明清交匯之際,多次舍死保護(hù)獨(dú)樂寺的事跡?!癟he change of dynasty from Ming to Tsing instigated(促成)three massacres(大屠殺)of Chi-chou city(薊州城). It is said that the people of the city gathered at Tu-lo Ssu(獨(dú)樂寺)and defended the Holy Structure at the expense of numerous lives, or it would have suffered the same fate as so many other once famous but now destroyed buildings.”8 想必若是這城里某家富商巨賈的宅院,抑或是某位王爺?shù)母。词鼓昧说堆褐傩杖ケWo(hù)它們,那建筑也不見得能保全下來。
靠“宗教信仰”支撐的時(shí)代已逐漸遠(yuǎn)去,但是,對(duì)自己所做事業(yè)懷有信仰的建造者們將永生不死,他們總以他們對(duì)于建筑、對(duì)于人世的熱愛為這個(gè)世界搭建起一座座支柱與脊梁。真正的“地球之柱”,并非圣殿、皇宮、佛塔,而是那些用生命撐起天地的理想主義的人,如Tom Builder和Jack Builder;如梁思成先生和他的妻子,同為建筑師的林徽因女士。偉大的建筑并不服務(wù)于任何個(gè)人,而人,則因?yàn)槟軌騽?chuàng)造出,或曾經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出那樣或宏偉或神奇的建筑,而得以實(shí)現(xiàn)人生的意義。
1. Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead, Penguin Books, 2007, p.14.
2. 引文出自kindle版,無頁碼,故只標(biāo)出章節(jié)。
3. 梁思成,《我為什么研究中國建筑》,外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2011年,第6頁。
4. 《我為什么研究中國建筑》,第223頁。
5. 《我為什么研究中國建筑》,第79頁。
6. R. Furneaux Jordan, A Concise History of Western Architecture. Thames and Hudson, 1969, p.8.
7. 同上,p.9.
8. 《我為什么研究中國建筑》,第94頁。