研磨高考命題類型 實現(xiàn)閱讀能力目標

河南 許姿侖 龐先慶（特級教師）

研磨高考命題類型 實現(xiàn)閱讀能力目標

河南 許姿侖 龐先慶（特級教師）

閱讀理解題已成為高考英語試卷全面評估學生英語水平的重要測試題型，在做閱讀理解題時，就不同的命題方式，考生容易出各種各樣的問題。那么如何在有限的時間內高效、準確地做好“閱讀理解”呢？下面讓我們一起把脈高考英語“閱讀理解”五大經典題型。

一、如何做“細節(jié)理解題”？

【典題鏈接】（2015全國新課標卷I，閱讀D篇）

Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 （plus drinks） per session—are quick to intellectualize （高談闊論），slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’ or ‘people think’，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think’ ‘Think me’.”

32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?

A. Learn a new subject.

B. Keep in touch with friends.

C. Show off their knowledge.

D. Express their true feelings.

【解題關鍵】D。第一段中的“Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.”表明，the café La Chope鼓勵人們表達自己的真實情感。

【典題鏈接】（2010湖北卷，閱讀D篇）

Only a third of the book remains after that discussion，which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages，math，science and history....As a matter of fact，they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do，though the study differs slightly in kind....As a result，the discussion misses the entire computer age.

64. The author of the passage insists that learning the arts ________.

A. requires great efforts

B. demands real passion

C. is less natural than learning maths

D. is as natural as learning a language

【解題關鍵】A。根據文章中的“As a matter of fact，they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do，though the study differs slightly in kind.”可知，學習藝術雖然要有先天的稟賦，然而與學習數(shù)學和理科一樣也需要后天的努力。

【解題技巧】一篇文章都是圍繞某一中心或話題展開，并通過大量事實細節(jié)來支撐、闡述和解釋。弄清細節(jié)是正確把握文章主旨的前提。細節(jié)題往往問到文章的某一具體段落、句子，甚至某一具體單詞或短語，但多數(shù)細節(jié)題不采用文段中的原話，通常以釋義或轉換的形式設計題目。

★常見的細節(jié)題提問形式有：

① When/Where did the story happen?

②Which of the following is true in the passage?

③According to the passage，who/when/where/what/ why/how______.

④Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

⑤Which of the following is TRUE/NOT true?

【技巧點撥】回顧詳細事實→辨認細節(jié)

【能力解讀】解答細節(jié)題時，一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找到與設問內容相關的詞語或句子，借助于同義詞、同義結構或計算解題。

二、如何做“主旨大意題”？

【典題鏈接】（2010上海卷，閱讀C篇）

The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added—a communications blackout caused by solar storms.

After a period of calm within the sun，scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012，just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.

75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Solar Storms：An Invisible Killer

B. Solar Storms：Earth Environment in Danger

C. Solar Storms：Threatening the Human Race

D. Solar Storms：Human Activities to Be Troubled

【解題關鍵】D。根據文章第一段和其整體理解可知：“太陽風暴：人類活動將受到困擾”，這個題目符合本文的意境。

【解題技巧】主旨大都涉及文章的主題、中心思想、標題或寫作意圖等，是作者在文章中要表達的核心內容。把握了一篇文章或一個段落的主旨有助于對文章中具體事實和細節(jié)的理解。

★主旨題的提問方式：

①Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?

②What is the writer trying to tell us?

③Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

④The main （general） idea of the passage is_______.

【技巧點撥】把握文章主題→理解主旨

【能力解讀】解答主旨題時，可采用略讀瀏覽法。一篇文章的主題往往出現(xiàn)在文章首尾段的首尾句上。對于沒有主題句或沒有主題段和收尾段的文章，宜采用提綱挈領法及綜合概括法，從具體的細節(jié)闡述中提煉出要點，概括出文章的中心。

三、如何做“推理判斷題”？

【典題鏈接】（2014安徽卷，閱讀E篇）

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy，healthy，contributing adult. In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city ，helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there .

74. It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he_______.

A. considers Drayton’s concept

B. gets permission from Ashoka

C. tries to improve social conditions

D. is a young，happy and healthy adult

【解題關鍵】C?？疾橥评砼袛?。根據第二段第三句“If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it”以及第五句“In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions”可知，應選C項。

【解題技巧】一篇短文的結構或情節(jié)線索必須符合邏輯。作者常常把某些情況的發(fā)展留給讀者推斷，只有正確無誤地理解了短文內容之后，才可能找到“不言自明”的結論或答案。一般說來，考生應該已經具備了這一層次的分析、歸納、推理能力，此類題真正考查的仍是考生的語言水平、英語閱讀及理解的能力。

★推斷題的提問形式有：

①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that_______.

②We can conclude that________.

③What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

④What does the author probably mean by “_______”?

⑤Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

【技巧點撥】根據內在聯(lián)系→推理判斷

【能力解讀】解答推理判斷題時，要按照邏輯發(fā)展的規(guī)律，對文章中闡述的事實或細節(jié)進行分析和概括，得出合乎邏輯的結論；解題時，要以已知的事實為依據，來獲得未知的信息，即善于用文章中明確表示的內容，進行正確的推理，以挖掘作者的隱含意思。

四、如何做“詞義猜測題”？

【典題鏈接】（2015全國新課標卷I，閱讀C篇）

The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration（合作）with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.

31. What does the word“contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Artworks. B. Projects.

C. Donations. D. Documents.

【解題關鍵】A?？疾樵~義猜測。根據最后一段可知，多家博物館通力合作，共同精選展出作品。文中提到像西班牙馬德里的博物館和圣彼德斯堡的博物館這樣的機構也提供薩爾瓦多達利的作品參加展覽。由此推測，contributions指“作品”，故選A項。

【解題技巧】近幾年來，閱讀理解中詞義猜測題的考查呈上升趨勢。閱讀文章時常常會遇到一些生詞或短語，或熟詞新義。這種不使用詞典而通過閱讀去認識詞（語）的能力是學生所必須具備的。

★此類題的提問形式有：

①Which of the following is the nearest/closest in meaning to the word...？

②The word...could best be replaced by________.

③The word...（Line...Para....）means （refers to）________.

④According to the passage，...probably means_______.

⑤By...，the writer means________.

【技巧點撥】巧借行文線索→猜測詞語

【能力解讀】解答這類題時，一般可利用上下文所提供的線索進行詞義猜測。能幫助讀者猜測詞義的上下文線索通常有定義或解釋、構詞法、同義詞或近義詞、反義詞、舉例、因果關系、同位關系、對比、因果、轉折、讓步等邏輯關系或標點符號等。

五、如何做“意圖態(tài)度題”？

【典題鏈接】（2010四川卷，閱讀C篇）

Alex London Research Laboratory（ALRL） is part of Alex Co.，Ltd.，a major Australian medicine-making company....

A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager（ROM） to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010.

......

Candidates（申請人） will have experience of both management and research support/technical services...

If you are interested in this position，please send your CV（簡歷）to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk. For more information，please visit www. alex.co.uk.

52. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To describe the job of a ROM.

B. To provide information about ALRL.

C. To announce an open position at ALRL.

D. To make known the opening of the new laboratories.

【解題關鍵】C。本篇文章為廣告招聘。目的自然是讓大家了解ALRL公司有一公開招聘的職位。故選C項。

【典題鏈接】（2010天津卷，閱讀D篇）

And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people，especially young people，get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary（直接推論）to that：if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest，then where is the place of the truth?

54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?

A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.

B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.

C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.

D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.

【解題關鍵】D。根據最后一段“And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art...then where is the place of the truth”可知，作者在反思一種錯誤思想，編造好的借口就如創(chuàng)造藝術，盡管不誠實，但大家感到很正常，但是真情在哪兒呢？說明作者反對編造好的借口。故選D項。

【解題技巧】一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的。這些目的往往并不一定直接用話語表達出來，而是隱含于字里行間。作者期望讀者能夠透過文章字面意思，領會其言外之意，弦外之音。高層次的閱讀理解題會涉及作者態(tài)度或寫作意圖以及隱喻此類問題。

★此類題的提問形式有：

①The author’s view is_______.

②The author thinks/suggests that_______.

③Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards________?

④The purpose of the passage is_______.

【技巧點撥】透過字面意思→領會意圖

【能力解讀】解答這類題時，主要是判斷作者本人的態(tài)度和觀點，一定要與文章所論述或敘述的內容區(qū)別開，可通過文章的措辭，上下文關系，人物性格以及文章的文體結構等來判斷。因為同樣的內容和事實，不同的作者會有不同的態(tài)度和看法，不能用讀者本人的觀點來解釋。

【小結】英語文本常見的文體有記敘文、說明文、議論文、應用文（包括廣告、新聞等）。近幾年，在“閱讀理解并選擇最佳答案”和“完形填空”等原有常規(guī)文本形式的基礎上，各地高考試題英語文本呈現(xiàn)方式有所創(chuàng)新，出現(xiàn)了“七選五”“語法填空”“閱讀填空”“任務型閱讀”“閱讀表達”“信息匹配”“讀寫任務”“選擇語篇小標題”“情景對話”等較新的文本類型，盡管題型多樣化，但都突出了基于語言知識和閱讀技能結合在一起的綜合語言運用能力的目標達成與考查。

在以上諸多文本題型中，常規(guī)“閱讀理解”是英語高考試卷中的一個重要題型，其分值高、題量大。該文本題型要求考生能夠讀懂有關日常生活話題的簡短的文本材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書本、報刊和雜志中關于一般性話題的簡短文本。文本閱讀題材呈多樣化，包括科普、社會文化、政治、史地、經濟、新聞報道等，體裁包括記敘文、說明文、議論文、應用文等，以考查考生的語言運用能力為主文本目標、語言知識為輔文本目標的綜合語言運用能力。

（作者單位：河南省鎮(zhèn)平縣雪楓中學）