圖表信息類書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)

胡揚(yáng)朋

一、題型特點(diǎn)

圖表信息類書面表達(dá)一向是中考英語寫作中的難點(diǎn)，所涉及的題材廣泛，如人物簡介、地點(diǎn)介紹、新聞報(bào)道等；體裁多種多樣，文體多以說明文和議論文為主，其特點(diǎn)為條理清晰，具有可譯性。考查時(shí)要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)圖表、數(shù)據(jù)等進(jìn)行分析與研究，閱讀其中的文字和弄清各種信息之間的關(guān)系，提煉要點(diǎn)，然后組織語言進(jìn)行寫作，必要時(shí)還要加入作者自己的觀點(diǎn)。

二、寫作思路

1.認(rèn)真閱讀寫作要求，根據(jù)圖表提示，確認(rèn)題目的目的、要求以及表達(dá)的中心內(nèi)容，從而確定文章的體裁和格式。

2.分析圖表的提示內(nèi)容，按順序逐一地、完整無缺地把圖表中的內(nèi)容找出來，用英語列出要點(diǎn)及各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵詞語，再選用自己最有把握的句型來連詞成句，將有關(guān)信息都體現(xiàn)在自己所寫的語句之中。

3.核對要點(diǎn)，注意過渡，保證通順。完成初稿之后，應(yīng)對照圖表所給的提示，核對要點(diǎn)是否有遺漏，各個(gè)要點(diǎn)是否表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。還要注意上下句之間的聯(lián)系，適當(dāng)添加過渡句或連接詞，以便連成一篇內(nèi)容連貫、邏輯通順的短文。

4.默讀檢查，注意格式。仔細(xì)默讀所寫短文草稿，檢查各個(gè)句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確，句子之間是否通順連貫，以及所寫的文體格式是否規(guī)范等，確定無誤后再將短文認(rèn)真書寫在試卷上。同時(shí)注意單詞拼寫、字母大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等細(xì)節(jié)之處，做到工整、簡潔、規(guī)范。

三、注意事項(xiàng)

1.圖表作文的結(jié)構(gòu)通常為三部分：（1）分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化所反映出的問題或趨勢，簡要概述圖表所揭示的信息；（2）分析原因；（3）提出解決問題的辦法或建議。因此，同學(xué)們在寫作時(shí)要直截了當(dāng)、盡快人題，適當(dāng)加入自己的議論，力爭做到觀點(diǎn)明確，不要拐彎抹角，拖泥帶水，使人讀后一頭霧水。

2.突出重點(diǎn)，抓住圖表中的數(shù)值極點(diǎn)，如最大或最小、最多或最少、最好和最差等信息。

3.說明、描述圖表時(shí)應(yīng)該注意動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，屬于過去發(fā)生的應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)，屬于經(jīng)常發(fā)生的應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

4.充分利用圖表中提供的文字或說明，但是，不能任意捏造圖表中沒有的信息。

四、實(shí)例分析

（2015年成都卷）請根據(jù)以下交通事故因素（factors）統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表，以“Major causes of traffic ac-cidents”為題，用英語寫一篇簡短的分析報(bào)告，向?qū)W校英語報(bào)投稿。

注意：

1.報(bào)告需逐條陳述下面pie chart和bar chart（柱狀圖）中呈現(xiàn)的主要內(nèi)容。（至少5點(diǎn)）

2.提出你對交通安全總的看法。（至少2點(diǎn)）

3.詞數(shù)：100左右，所給標(biāo)題不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

【寫法點(diǎn)撥】

題目要求寫一篇關(guān)于交通事故的簡短分析報(bào)告，文體為說明議論文。

1.引出話題：Nowadays， there are always kinds of traffic accident reports.

2.分析圖表內(nèi)容：

pie chart： driver factors，85%；vehicle fac-tors，5%；road environment factors，10%（三種因素中，駕駛員因素是關(guān)鍵原因）

bar chart：speeding，50%；drunk driving，15%；tired driving，26%；not using seat-belt，25%（疲勞駕駛因素與不使用安全帶因素所占比例相當(dāng)）

3.自己觀點(diǎn)：pay attention to traffic safety in our life；try to obey the traffic rules

[關(guān)鍵詞語]

analyze the major causes“分析主要原因”；the followings“如下”；according to“根據(jù)”；as well as“與……一樣（程度）”；in my opiniort“在我看來”；keep in mind“記住”；at the same time“同時(shí)”

[常用句式]

It's important for us to analyze…

It's quite clear that…

The harder we try，the happier our life will be

[參考范文]

Major Causes of Traffic Accidents

Nowadays，there are always kinds of traffic accidents reports from newspapers，TV news and so on.As a result，it's important for us to analyze the major causes.The followings are two reports.

According to the pie chart，there are mainly three factors：85% is about driver factors，5% is from vehicle factors and 10% is road environment factors.Among them，it's quite clear that the first one is the key point.

So another bar chart points that there are four reasons to causes it，including speeding which is 50%，drunk driving which holds 15%，tired driving which is 26% as well as not using seat-belt which is 25%.

In my opinion，everyone should keep in mind that traffic safety is one of the most important things in our life.At the same time，we should try our best to obey the traffic rules.The harder we try，the happier our life will bel

[寫作亮點(diǎn)]

本文在結(jié)構(gòu)上采用“三段式”寫作模式謀篇布局。第一段開門見山，引出交通事故這個(gè)話題；第二段分析造成交通事故的各種原因；第三段提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。整篇文章思路清晰，層次分明，語言得體，用詞準(zhǔn)確。

五、備考建議

1.加強(qiáng)閱讀，背誦課文。

“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神”，平時(shí)大量的英文閱讀和好詞好句的積累是提高寫作水平的關(guān)鍵。在作文上能得高分者，必然是一個(gè)成功的閱讀者。通過閱讀，同學(xué)們可以鞏固所學(xué)的重點(diǎn)詞匯與典型句型，不斷夯實(shí)語言基礎(chǔ)。

2.研讀范文，模仿訓(xùn)練。

模仿是學(xué)習(xí)語言的一種基本形式，同學(xué)們在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)可以尋找一些圖表類書面表達(dá)，多做一些這方面的練習(xí)。從內(nèi)容上看，詞匯、句型、段落與篇章都可以仿寫，大家應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)在模仿中掌握寫作技巧。

3.掌握技巧，提高能力。

一篇好的作文，不僅體現(xiàn)學(xué)生遣詞造句、把握條理思路的能力，而且能反映出其邏輯思維和思想認(rèn)識等方面的狀況。同學(xué)們可以從簡單一些的提綱式作文開始練習(xí)，逐步過渡到比較難的圖表式作文，切實(shí)抓好“認(rèn)真審題、構(gòu)思謀篇、遣詞造句、連句成文”這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。

六、專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

（一）

（2015年江西卷）英文有句諺語“East，west，homes best.”某英文報(bào)以此為標(biāo)題，向廣大中學(xué)生征文。請根據(jù)下面圖表信息寫一篇短文，介紹你家的情況。內(nèi)容包括：你家的居室及居住環(huán)境、家庭成員及家庭成員之間的關(guān)系，并談?wù)勅绾巫屇愕募腋篮谩?/p>

提示：

1.短文應(yīng)包括圖表中的全部信息，條理清楚，行文連貫；

2.短文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的人名和地名；

3.詞數(shù)不少于80，開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

East，west，home's best

（二）

（2015年寧波卷）最近，學(xué)校就空中俱樂部的英語學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容設(shè)置做了意向調(diào)查（結(jié)果見下面圖表）。請你幫俱樂部用英語寫一篇報(bào)告，并談?wù)勀阕约旱南敕ɑ蚪ㄗh。

注意：

（1）文中應(yīng)包含圖表所提供的要點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；

（2）想法和建議至少兩條；文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和校名；

（3）詞數(shù)：80-100（短文開頭不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)，考生可以選擇使用）。

Recently we've made a survey of school sky English club.____________________________

（三）

（2015年杭州卷）根據(jù)下表用英語寫一篇80詞左右的短文，內(nèi)容須包括：對下表中關(guān)于（City A和City B）的全部信息進(jìn)行比較，分析利弊，確定其中一個(gè)城市作為你的暑假旅游目的地。

In my opinion.____is the better place tospend my summer holiday.____________________

（四）

（2015年臺(tái)州卷）正值畢業(yè)季，你們班的“英語園地”在征集慶祝畢業(yè)活動(dòng)方式的建議，以下是你們組三位同學(xué)的想法及理由，請你根據(jù)這些信息寫一篇英語短文，并談?wù)勀阕约旱南敕ê屠碛伞?/p>

注意：

（1）短文必須包括圖片中的所有內(nèi)容，可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)。

（2）文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)人名和校名等相關(guān)信息。

（3）詞數(shù)：80-100。

（4）短文首句僅供選擇使用，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

短文首句：These days，students in our class are discussing the ways to celebrate graduation.

（五）

（2015年泉州卷）在學(xué)習(xí)生活中，每個(gè)人都要面對各種困難。如何應(yīng)對這些困難呢？請你根據(jù)以下思維導(dǎo)圖所提供的信息，以“How to Deal with Difficulties in Learning”為題，寫一篇90詞左右的英語短文。

參考詞匯：參考書reference book

溫馨提示：短文中請勿使用真實(shí)姓名，地點(diǎn)或所在學(xué)校名稱。

How to Deal with Difficulties in Learning____________________________________________

（六）

（2015年廣州卷）你校將開設(shè)一些特色課程，學(xué)生可根據(jù)興趣進(jìn)行選擇。請根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容提示為學(xué)校英文網(wǎng)頁寫一篇短文，介紹這些課程、提出你建議增設(shè)的課程并說明理由。

Students in our school are free to choose some special courses according to their interest...

注意：

1.參考詞匯：模型制作model making

2.詞數(shù)80左右（文章開頭已給出，不計(jì)人總詞數(shù)）；

3.不得透露學(xué)校、姓名等任何個(gè)人信息，否則不予評分。________________________________________

（七）

（2015年蘭州卷）同學(xué)們，在剛才的閱讀中我們了解到一些有關(guān)西方飲食文化的有趣知識?，F(xiàn)在某國外旅游雜志向你約稿，請你以When in China，do as the Chinese do為題寫一篇文章，向西方讀者介紹我們中國的飲食文化。以下是此雜志社發(fā)來的稿件要求，請仔細(xì)閱讀，完成寫作。

要求：內(nèi)容合理；要點(diǎn)齊全；句子及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確、連貫；書寫規(guī)范。____________________________________________

參考范文：

（一）

East，west，home's best

A

There is an old saying，"East，west，home's best."I live in a house in the countryside.There is a big living room，three bedrooms，a kitchen and washroom in it.There are some trees and flowers around my house.The air is really clean.And I often hear birds singing.

There are four people in my family.They are my parents，my sister and I.We are helpful and friendly.And we always get on well with each other.

I am happy I have a good family.I will do what I can to help do more housework and farm work.I will study harder so that I can make more money in the future.With our effort，I'm sure my home will be better and better.

B

There is an old saying，"East，west，home's best."I live in an apartment.In it there is a sit-ting room，two bedrooms，a washing room，a kitch-en and a study.Thanks to my mother，my room is always clean and tidy.The flowers in the sitting room look lovely.My apartment is not big，be-cause there are only three people in my family，my father，my mother and I.Sometimes my par-ents argue，but usually they get on very well.They love me and I love them，too.

Everyone needs a good home.I'll do my best to make my home better.On one hand，I'll study harder to make my parents happier.On the other hand，I'll do what I can to improve our living envi-ronment.

（二）

Recently we've made a survey of school sky English chub. Here are the results.We find that fifty-one percent of the students want to practicetheir spoken English by using Internet.Twenty-five percent like watching English movies，which can make their holiday life better.Eighteen per-cent would like to read more English classics be-cause they are interested in them.Six percent hope that they can leam more foreign culture，such as good manners and western festivals.

As far as I know，it's very helpful to improve English by learning English songs.Maybe we can invite foreigners to introduce good ways to learn songs.I'm sure all of us will have fun in the school sky English club.

（三）

A

In my oponion，City A is the better place to spend my summer holiday， Although the temper-ature there is higher，the hotel is less comfortable.and even the food is not as delicious as that in City B，I still choose City A.The most important reason is that I can have a lot of things to do in City A.I can enjoy more beautiful scenery and do more activities.Besides，it takes us only two hours to fly there，which saves us a lot of time.I hope the holiday will be an unforgettable experi-ence.

B

In my opinion，City B is thee bener place to spend my summer holiday.Although it takes me two more hours to fly there on an airplane，and I don't have many things to do，I still choose City B.The most important reason is that City B has better weather，not too hot or too cold.Besides，the hotel there is more comfortable and the food is more delicious than that in City A.All these make my holiday more relaxing.I hope the com-ing summer holiday will be an unforgettable ex-perience.

（四）

These days，students in our class are discuss-ing the ways to celebrate graduation.Here are some ideas from our group.

As for Jim，he thinks we can have a party to relax ourselves.To Mike，he refers to plant trees to make our school more beautiful.Besides，it's a special way to express thanks to our school.In Nancy's view，she likes to make a video to record the school life with teachers and classmates.

In my opinion，travelling with classmates is a meaningful way to celebrate graduation.On one hand，it's a chance to get together and have fun.On the other hand，we can start a new life journey through travelling.

（五）

How to Deal with Difficulties in Learning

Everyone may face difficulties in learning.Once I could hardly follow my teachers in class and I made many mistakes in my homework and tests.I really felt sad.

Now whenever I meet difficulties，I'll try hard to overcome them instead of giving up.Sometimes I look up in reference.books or search the Inter-net，and sometimes I turn to my teachers or class-mates.With hard work，I have done much better in my studies.

Nothing is too difficult if we put our hearts into it.Whatever difficulty we meet，there's al-ways a way for us to deal with it.

（六）

Studets in our school are free to choose some special courses accordin to their interest.These courses will help students relax themselves after school.There are many courses for them to choose，such as English drama，football，or model making.Here is more information.

If you want to improve your oral English，English drama may be the first choice.It is a good chance to practice not only oral English，but also performing skills.If you are interested in football，take the football course.It is good for your physi-cal health.Besides，you can learn more about teamwork.What about model making？You will be amazed by the science world and become inter-ested in it.

For my part，a painting course can be added，because students like drawing so much.I hope these courses would be helpful and each student would enjoy a bright and colorful school life herel

（七）

When in China，do as the Chinese do！

Meals in China are different in some ways from meals in the West.In China，lunch is usual-ly served around 12 o'clock. As for dinner，Chi-nese people eat it much earlier than people in the West.Chopsticks are used to eat most food.Gen-erally，for dinner，there'll be lots of different dish-es，not just three courses.Besides，Chinese peo-ple like to talk about food，so it's a good topic dur-ing ameal.The golden rule is：When you're in China，watch the Chinese and do as they do！