賓果 汪天富 秦璟 周煜翔 但果 黃炳升
綜述
賓果汪天富秦璟周煜翔但果黃炳升*
青少年癲發(fā)病率高,發(fā)作形式多樣,對病人大腦皮質(zhì)、認知能力的發(fā)育有較大影響。研究青少年癲大腦皮質(zhì)厚度的變化對該病的早期診斷和治療至關(guān)重要。大腦皮質(zhì)厚度是癲診斷和治療的重要生物特征指標,可為癲腦組織形態(tài)和病理特征研究提供依據(jù)。就結(jié)構(gòu)MRI對青少年癲病人的大腦皮質(zhì)厚度變化的檢測及大腦皮質(zhì)厚度與病程、臨床癥狀和抗癲藥的關(guān)系等方面的研究進展予以綜述。
癲;青少年;磁共振成像;腦皮質(zhì)厚度
DOI:10.19300/j.2016.Z3651
【Abstract】Juvenile epilepsy is a syndrome with high prevalence and various seizure forms,and has great impact on the development of brain cortex as well as cognitive competence.In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment at early stage,it is essential to study the change of cortical thickness in these patients.Cortical thickness can carry useful information of brain morphologic and pathological characteristics,and is a potentially important biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.This review covers the findings about the relationship between cortical thickness abnormalities and seizure duration,clinical symptoms and antiepileptic drugs of patients with juvenile epilepsy.
【Key words】Epilepsy;Juvenile;Magnetic resonance imaging;Cortical thickness
Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(2):123-126
腦皮質(zhì)定義為大腦灰質(zhì),即依附在大腦左右半球表面的一層灰質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。人類的大腦皮質(zhì)是由高度卷曲、皺褶的神經(jīng)元、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)和神經(jīng)纖維組成,平均厚度為2.5~3.0 mm。大腦皮質(zhì)被認為是人腦高級神經(jīng)中樞,是大腦長時間進化的結(jié)果,在人體的調(diào)節(jié)機制中發(fā)揮著重要作用。隨著大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)育、成熟、老化和相關(guān)病理的改變,腦皮質(zhì)厚度在相應(yīng)區(qū)域也會發(fā)生變化,這就表明腦皮質(zhì)厚度不僅與大腦結(jié)構(gòu)自然生理變化相關(guān)聯(lián),而且能夠從一定程度上反映中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病所引起的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)學(xué)變化[4-5]。目前,基于結(jié)構(gòu)磁共振成像(structural MRI,sMRI)對大腦皮質(zhì)的研究主要集中在腦皮質(zhì)厚度的測量上,采用基于sMRI的表面形態(tài)學(xué)測量方法,測量腦皮質(zhì)厚度的變化,以揭示相關(guān)疾病的演變過程、致病原因,并對其預(yù)后進行評估。
作者單位:深圳大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)超聲關(guān)鍵技術(shù)國家地方聯(lián)合工程實驗室廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)信息檢測與超聲成像重點實驗室,深圳518060
通訊作者:黃炳升,E-mail:huangb@szu.edu.cn
*審校者
2.2病程與腦皮質(zhì)厚度變化的關(guān)系人類大腦皮質(zhì)發(fā)育模式極為復(fù)雜,新生兒較薄,兒童時期快速增長,并在13歲左右達到峰值,青少年時期逐漸下降,成年時期趨于穩(wěn)定[16-18]。一些研究通過對青少年癲病人的病程和腦皮質(zhì)厚度進行相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著青少年癲病人年齡的增長,其腦皮質(zhì)發(fā)育模式出現(xiàn)異常。Widjaja等[13]對青少年額葉癲進行對照研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)癲組的發(fā)病年齡、發(fā)病頻率以及病程與腦皮質(zhì)厚度之間不相關(guān),這與其他研究的結(jié)果相反。Pardoe等[19]對不同病程的顳葉癲病人進行對照研究,并根據(jù)病人病程將癲組分為初發(fā)、病程約9年、病程約15年共3個亞組,發(fā)現(xiàn)癲病人的病程越長,腦皮質(zhì)萎縮的程度越大,尤其在額葉、部分腦島和頂葉區(qū)域,這種變化更明顯。該研究表明病人病程越長,腦皮質(zhì)厚度越薄。Bernhardt等[20]對成人顳葉癲進行研究,其結(jié)果與Pardoe對青少年癲的研究結(jié)果相似。Bernhardt通過對18例顳葉癲病人進行2.5年的跟蹤隨訪,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)病程超過14年的癲病人在額葉和頂葉區(qū)域腦皮質(zhì)萎縮的程度比病程短的病人嚴重,并且對比正常組的腦皮質(zhì)發(fā)育模式有明顯差異。Lin等[10]通過對30例內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲病人腦皮質(zhì)厚度進行研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)病程越長的癲病人其腦皮質(zhì)萎縮的程度越大。同樣,McDonald等[21]也發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲病人的病程和腦皮質(zhì)厚度之間高度相關(guān),即病程越長,右頂葉區(qū)域的腦皮質(zhì)越薄,癲持續(xù)時間越長,對大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷越嚴重。綜上所述,多數(shù)研究表明癲病人腦皮質(zhì)厚度與病程高度相關(guān),即患病時間越長,腦皮質(zhì)趨于進行性變薄,尤其是在頂葉、額葉、腦島區(qū)域。這可能由于長期的癲大腦異常放電嚴重影響了圍繞中央溝周圍區(qū)域的大腦皮質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育,即腦皮質(zhì)變薄。這就從一定程度上提示癲病人腦皮質(zhì)厚度的異常變化可能是隨著疾病的病程動態(tài)發(fā)展的,并將逐漸影響病灶及其周圍等多個腦區(qū),因此臨床上應(yīng)該重視對癲病人的早期診斷和治療,以避免由于慢性發(fā)作而引起的更廣泛區(qū)域的腦結(jié)構(gòu)損傷[22]。
sMRI具有無電離輻射、無創(chuàng)、軟組織分辨力高等特點,能夠在人類活體上定量分析大腦形態(tài)學(xué)變化,應(yīng)用sMRI測量腦皮質(zhì)厚度在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病診斷方面具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。一方面,sMRI可為神經(jīng)精神疾病手術(shù)切除病灶提供精確的術(shù)前定位,從而為早期臨床診斷提供一定依據(jù);另一方面,通過病人腦皮質(zhì)厚度的異常變化所反映的癲大腦的腦結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)學(xué),可從疾病的發(fā)病原因、病理機制等多方面輔助臨床治療。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用sMRI以及多種MR技術(shù)[32-33]對癲的診斷將更加精確,其治療水平也將大幅提高。
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(收稿2015-07-10)
An overview on the research of cortical thickness of juvenile epilepsy based on structural magnetic resonance imaging
BIN Guo,WANG Tianfu,QIN Jing,ZHOU Yuxiang,DAN Guo,HUANG Bingsheng.Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine,National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,China