田 沖 張?bào)w江
田沖張?bào)w江*
癲是腦神經(jīng)元異常放電引起反復(fù)性發(fā)作的腦功能失調(diào)綜合征。對癲病人腦功能的研究成為近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)。其中動脈自旋標(biāo)記(ASL)灌注成像是一種無創(chuàng)定量測量腦血流灌注量的MR功能成像新技術(shù),可以反映癲病人腦血流動力學(xué)的相關(guān)情況,能為更好地揭示癲的病理生理機(jī)制提供新的理論依據(jù)。就ASL新技術(shù)在癲的研究進(jìn)展及臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)行綜述。
癲;磁共振成像;灌注成像;動脈自旋標(biāo)記
DOI:10.19300/j.2016.Z3865
ASL是利用水分子為內(nèi)源性示蹤劑,對成像平面上游動脈血中的水質(zhì)子進(jìn)行脈沖反轉(zhuǎn)標(biāo)記,標(biāo)記過的水質(zhì)子隨血流流入下游成像層面,將引起血液的自旋狀態(tài)改變,從而得到反轉(zhuǎn)水質(zhì)子標(biāo)記影像,將所獲取的標(biāo)記像與未標(biāo)記的對照影像相減即得到灌注像,通過示蹤劑稀釋原理,腦血流灌注量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)可被定量測量,以反映組織器官活性及功能的重要信息[3]。
根據(jù)標(biāo)記過程和方式的不同,ASL技術(shù)可以大致分為連續(xù)式動脈自旋標(biāo)記(continuous arterial spin labeling,CASL)、脈沖式動脈自旋標(biāo)記(pulsed arterial spin labeling,PASL)及偽連續(xù)式動脈自旋標(biāo)記(pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,PCASL)。近年來有研究者為綜合以上各種傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢以求進(jìn)一步提高影像信噪比及ASL信號穩(wěn)定性,提出了速率選擇性動脈自旋標(biāo)記 (velocity-selective arterial spin labeling,VSASL)技術(shù)[4],該技術(shù)目前正處于基礎(chǔ)研究階段。
2.1基礎(chǔ)研究ASL技術(shù)由Williams等[5]于1992年提出,運(yùn)用粗糙的單切片影像方法進(jìn)行大鼠試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠腦損傷后相應(yīng)區(qū)域有腦灌注異常改變,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用ASL技術(shù)可以對腦損傷區(qū)域的CBF進(jìn)行評估;Roberts等[6]于1994年將ASL應(yīng)用于人體研究也取得成功。由于相對于身體其他器官,大腦具有高灌注率、豐富的空間血液供應(yīng)、受運(yùn)動影響小及神經(jīng)活動與局部腦組織血流量之間緊密相關(guān)性等特點(diǎn),目前ASL的相關(guān)研究主要集中在神經(jīng)科學(xué)[7-8]。
2.1.2臨床對照研究2001年,Wolf等[14]首次用CASL技術(shù)對 12例難治性顳葉癲病人進(jìn)行CBF測量及對照研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)病人雙側(cè)顳葉的CBF呈現(xiàn)不對稱性,癲側(cè)的CBF較對側(cè)降低[癲側(cè)CBF=(50.16±10.39)mL/(min·100 g),對照側(cè)CBF=(57.13±13.19)mL/(min·100 g)]。2008年Lim等[2]對10例MTLE病人同時采集了癲發(fā)作間期的PASL和PET影像數(shù)據(jù),并利用灌注影像對區(qū)域腦血流量進(jìn)行了定量分析,結(jié)果顯示病變側(cè)PASL CBF=(37.69±17.12)mL/(min·100 g),PET CBF= (50.06±17.09)mL/(min·100 g);對照側(cè)PASL CBF= (45.12±20.92)mL/(min·100 g),PET CBF=(54.72± 17.42)mL/(min·100 g),對比兩種技術(shù)的研究結(jié)果,PASL和PET在顳葉區(qū)域平均腦血流量的測量無顯著差異(病變側(cè)P=0.11,對照側(cè)P=0.24),且病變側(cè)腦血流量低于對側(cè)。Pendse等[15]利用ASL技術(shù)對16例難治性癲病人的研究結(jié)果與Lim一致,這為ASL在癲的臨床應(yīng)用研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。此外,國內(nèi)研究者郭等[16]通過對22例健康志愿者和30例內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲且伴有海馬硬化病人發(fā)作間期進(jìn)行對比研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)除患側(cè)顳葉呈現(xiàn)低灌注外,在患側(cè)海馬、額葉、島葉及對側(cè)腦區(qū)也有部分區(qū)域出現(xiàn)灌注下降現(xiàn)象,但范圍遠(yuǎn)小于患側(cè),認(rèn)為這與顳葉癲病人在長期、反復(fù)發(fā)作過程中,通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播導(dǎo)致致灶以外腦區(qū)的損傷有關(guān),甚至波及整個大腦,也可能與長期應(yīng)用抗癲藥物對全腦血流有抑制作用有關(guān)。上述研究提示ASL技術(shù)對于揭示MTLE的發(fā)作機(jī)制具有較大優(yōu)勢。
2.2臨床應(yīng)用ASL技術(shù)因具有無創(chuàng)性、無輻射損傷、更容易隨訪和高空間分辨力等特點(diǎn),基于此,已有研究應(yīng)用于癲的定側(cè)、定位診斷及動態(tài)隨訪評估。
2.2.2動態(tài)隨訪評估2008年P(guān)izzini等[25]首次報(bào)道了利用3.0 T MRI PASL技術(shù)動態(tài)觀察致灶腦血流量的改變情況,病人發(fā)作后立即行PASL檢查示右頂枕葉皮質(zhì)區(qū)CBF增高,1周后再次行PASL檢查示相同區(qū)域呈低灌注,該研究表明ASL可以用于常規(guī)動態(tài)檢測癲病人腦區(qū)的血流改變情況。Pizzini另一項(xiàng)對照研究表明,PASL在監(jiān)測癲病人腦血流變化、灌注的不對稱性和與時間相關(guān)變化方面堪比DSC-MRI(P<0.001)[26]。沈等[27]應(yīng)用ASL技術(shù)對48例MTLE病人行顳葉CBF與病程的相關(guān)性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MTLE病人CBF與臨床病程呈負(fù)相關(guān)性,即發(fā)病時間越長,患側(cè)顳葉的CBF越低。
3D-ASL作為一項(xiàng)全新的無創(chuàng)性組織灌注成像新技術(shù),在對癲發(fā)病的病理生理機(jī)制的理解以及在預(yù)防和治療癲的新策略研究中具有潛在的臨床應(yīng)用價值,此技術(shù)具有空間分辨力高、重復(fù)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),有望替代SPECT、PET等方法來監(jiān)測癲病人腦血流灌注的改變以評估其臨床療效。在未來,利用大樣本、與手術(shù)對照,并且結(jié)合ESI、MR擴(kuò)散張量成像、擴(kuò)散峰度成像及靜息態(tài)功能MRI[28]等影像技術(shù)有助于更深入了解癲病理生理機(jī)制,并為癲癇的定位、定側(cè)診斷及療效檢測提供理論依據(jù)。
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(2015-10-11)
Progress of arterial spin labeling perfusion in epilepsy
TIAN Chong,ZHANG Tijiang.Department of Radiology,Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,Guizhou 563003,China
Epilepsy is a brain dysfunction syndrome,which is caused by abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons.It has become a hot topic in the study of brain function in patients with epilepsy at present.Arterial spin labeling(ASL)perfusion is one of the advanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technologies that can measure the cerebral blood flow quantitatively and noninvasively.It is able to reveal the cerebral hemodynamics in epilepsy patients and to provide a new theoretical basis for the pathophysiological mechanism of epilepsy.Recent advances in this field and its applications in clinic were reviewed in this article.
Epilepsy;Magnetic resonance imaging;Perfusion imaging;Arterial spin labeling Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(3):238-240;249
遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,遵義563003
張?bào)w江,E-mail:tijzhang@163.com
*審校者
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81360218),貴州省科技廳項(xiàng)目[黔科合J字(2011)38號],貴州省省長資金臨床應(yīng)用課題專項(xiàng)研究[黔省專合字(183)號]