黃培穎,陳 寧,宋海曲,王彩虹,張惠杰,李小英,李學(xué)軍,林明珠
作者單位:361003福建省廈門(mén)市,廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌糖尿病科(黃培穎,陳寧,宋海曲,王彩虹,張惠杰,李學(xué)軍,林明珠);上海市內(nèi)分泌代謝病研究所(李小英)
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RET原癌基因突變致多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤病2b型臨床診治
黃培穎,陳 寧,宋海曲,王彩虹,張惠杰,李小英,李學(xué)軍,林明珠
作者單位:361003福建省廈門(mén)市,廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌糖尿病科(黃培穎,陳寧,宋海曲,王彩虹,張惠杰,李學(xué)軍,林明珠);上海市內(nèi)分泌代謝病研究所(李小英)
【摘要】多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤病(MEN)2b型是RET基因突變引起的常染色體顯性遺傳病,常見(jiàn)臨床表型為甲狀腺髓樣癌(MTC)、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、多發(fā)性黏膜神經(jīng)瘤和類(lèi)馬凡體型,各表型可同時(shí)或先后發(fā)生,易漏診。本文分析了1例MEN2b型患者病史、診斷、治療及隨訪資料。本例患者1995年無(wú)誘因出現(xiàn)頸部增粗,診斷為“右甲狀腺腺瘤”;1999年發(fā)現(xiàn)“左側(cè)甲狀腺占位”;2000年發(fā)現(xiàn)舌、唇黏膜增厚并突起小腫物,腫物漸增大;2009年及2010年分別行左、右腎上腺腫物切除,術(shù)后病理示:嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤。本次入院行下唇內(nèi)側(cè)局部小突起切除和雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理示:舌黏膜神經(jīng)瘤、MTC?;颊呋驕y(cè)序發(fā)現(xiàn)RET基因第16號(hào)外顯子918密碼子突變(M918T),患者父母、兄均未出現(xiàn)MEN2b表型特征,基因檢測(cè)無(wú)異常發(fā)現(xiàn)?;颊進(jìn)TC術(shù)后1年降鈣素水平仍高于參考值,結(jié)合肺部CT檢查結(jié)果,考慮MTC肺部轉(zhuǎn)移可能性較大。
1961年,Sipple報(bào)道了同時(shí)患有甲狀腺髓樣癌(MTC)、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤和甲狀旁腺瘤的病例,后被命名為多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤病2型(MEN2),即Sipple綜合征[1]。此后,Williams和Pollock報(bào)道了同時(shí)患有MTC、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤以及多發(fā)性黏膜神經(jīng)瘤的病例,并于1975年命名為MEN2b型[2]。目前,全世界共報(bào)道了約1 000例MEN2家系,其中MEN2b型發(fā)病率為2.5/10萬(wàn)[3],但其發(fā)病年齡較早,較MEN2a型有更高的侵襲性和病死率。
MEN2b型常見(jiàn)臨床表型有MTC、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、多發(fā)性黏膜神經(jīng)瘤和類(lèi)馬凡體型[4]。此外,部分癥狀隱匿,若不能及時(shí)診治,預(yù)后較差。MEN2b型患者幾乎均有MTC,且較一般MTC發(fā)病年齡早、侵襲性高。本研究報(bào)道了1例經(jīng)RET基因檢測(cè)確診的MEN2b型患者,并總結(jié)其臨床特點(diǎn),為臨床醫(yī)生提高該病診治水平提供參考。
1病例簡(jiǎn)介
患者,女,30歲,因“頸粗17年,口唇增厚12年,腎上腺術(shù)后2年余”于2012-05-10入住本院?;颊?995年無(wú)誘因出現(xiàn)頸部增粗,無(wú)怕熱、心悸、多汗,外院診斷為“右甲狀腺腺瘤”,行“右側(cè)甲狀腺腫物切除”(具體不詳),術(shù)后未行病理檢查,未查甲狀腺功能,未隨訪。1999年彩色多普勒超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)“左側(cè)甲狀腺占位4.0 cm×2.9 cm”,未診治。2001年復(fù)查提示“右側(cè)甲狀腺多發(fā)低回聲結(jié)節(jié)”,結(jié)節(jié)大小不詳,未處理。2000年發(fā)現(xiàn)舌、唇黏膜增厚并突起小腫物,腫物漸增大。2007年于外院行“唇黏膜腫物切除”,未行病理檢查。2009年前無(wú)明顯誘因出現(xiàn)發(fā)作性心悸、頭痛、胸悶、冷汗、面色蒼白,每次發(fā)作持續(xù)10 min,發(fā)作時(shí)血壓最高達(dá)160/110 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),無(wú)不適時(shí)血壓于90~100/50~60 mm Hg波動(dòng)。本院CT檢查提示“雙側(cè)腎上腺占位,左側(cè)9.0 cm×8.0 cm,右側(cè)2.0 cm×2.0 cm,考慮嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤”(見(jiàn)圖1),行左側(cè)腎上腺腫物切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理示:嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤,浸潤(rùn)腎上腺皮質(zhì)。術(shù)后血壓在130/75 mm Hg上下波動(dòng)。2010年7月再次行右側(cè)腎上腺腫物切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理示:嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤。術(shù)后糖皮質(zhì)激素替代治療,監(jiān)測(cè)血壓均正常。多次查甲狀腺功能及甲狀腺相關(guān)抗體均正常。近2年唇黏膜仍出現(xiàn)局部小突起,未重視。1年前于本院查肺部CT提示雙肺多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié),未診治。1個(gè)月前復(fù)查肺部CT提示雙肺多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié),較前無(wú)明顯變化。患者未婚未育。既往月經(jīng)周期規(guī)則。
本次入院查體:血壓118/75 mm Hg,體質(zhì)指數(shù)16.4 kg/m2。無(wú)明顯類(lèi)馬凡體型,四肢細(xì)長(zhǎng),消瘦。自主體位,語(yǔ)言清晰。眼瞼無(wú)水腫,口唇肥厚,舌緣突起多個(gè)刺狀贅生物(見(jiàn)圖2,本文圖2~4等彩圖見(jiàn)本刊官網(wǎng)www.chinagp.net電子期刊相應(yīng)文章附件)。頸軟,雙側(cè)甲狀腺表面凹凸不平,左側(cè)甲狀腺可觸及3.0 cm×3.0 cm包塊,質(zhì)韌,無(wú)觸痛,無(wú)血管雜音。胸廓對(duì)稱(chēng),心肺腹查體無(wú)特殊發(fā)現(xiàn),雙手細(xì)顫陰性,雙下肢無(wú)水腫,脊柱及四肢關(guān)節(jié)無(wú)畸形。病理反射未引出。取下唇內(nèi)側(cè)局部小突起活檢,并進(jìn)行RET基因檢測(cè)。行下唇內(nèi)側(cè)局部小突起切除,術(shù)后病理示:舌黏膜神經(jīng)瘤(見(jiàn)圖3)。因甲狀腺腫物,在全身麻醉下行雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)+中央組淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)+喉返神經(jīng)探查術(shù),術(shù)后病理示:MTC,呈多灶性,累及甲狀腺周?chē)馨徒Y(jié)(見(jiàn)圖4);免疫組化:甲狀腺轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(+),降鈣素(+),突觸素(+),Ki-67增殖指數(shù)(1%),神經(jīng)特異性烯醇化酶(+),CD56(+)。術(shù)后給予左甲狀腺素和氫化可的松替代治療,未進(jìn)一步放化療?;颊吒鲿r(shí)期降鈣素、癌胚抗原水平見(jiàn)表1。術(shù)后1年復(fù)查肺部CT較術(shù)前無(wú)明顯變化。
患者染色體RET原癌基因外顯子經(jīng)PCR測(cè)序并亞克隆驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)RET基因第16號(hào)外顯子存在918密碼子突變(M918T)?;颊吒改?、兄均未出現(xiàn)MEN2b表型特征,基因檢測(cè)無(wú)異常發(fā)現(xiàn),其家系圖見(jiàn)圖5。
圖1 腎上腺CT檢查示雙側(cè)腎上腺占位(箭頭所示)
Figure 1Bilateral adrenal space occupying shown by adrenal CT examination
圖2 患者舌緣突起多個(gè)刺狀贅生物
2討論
2.1遺傳學(xué)MEN2b型是罕見(jiàn)的常染色體顯性遺傳病,由RET原癌基因突變引起。RET基因位于染色體10q11.2,有21個(gè)外顯子,編碼酪氨酸激酶受體超家族的跨膜蛋白,一旦RET原癌基因密碼子發(fā)生突變,則活化為顯性的具有誘導(dǎo)腫瘤發(fā)生的基因,在多種神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞上表達(dá)而表現(xiàn)出相應(yīng)的疾病,如甲狀腺C細(xì)胞、泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞、腎上腺細(xì)胞、副交感神經(jīng)和交感神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞[5-6]。
注:圖A、B見(jiàn)較多增生的神經(jīng)束呈結(jié)節(jié)狀排列(HE染色,×40);圖C、D見(jiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞呈短梭形細(xì)波浪狀(HE染色,×200)
圖3患者下唇內(nèi)側(cè)局部小突起切除術(shù)后病理結(jié)果
Figure 3Pathological analysis following the excision of the small protrusions on the inner side of the underlip
圖4 甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)后病理示MTC(HE染色,×40)
Figure 4MTC shown in pathological analysis following the subtotal thyroidectomy
圖5 本例MEN2b型患者家系圖
Table 1Changes in hormone and tumor marker levels at different time points
時(shí)間尿VMA(mg/24h)血皮質(zhì)醇(nmol/L)ACTH(ng/L)降鈣素(ng/L)CEA(μg/L)左側(cè)腎上腺腫物切除術(shù)前16.9649.368.6-144.0右側(cè)腎上腺腫物切除術(shù)前8.2547.3112.1->100.0雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)前4.039.9753.01774.5>100.0雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)后1個(gè)月-112.345.2599.962.6雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)后1年5.7342.136.5832.248.2
注:VMA=香草扁桃酸,ACTH=促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素,CEA=癌胚抗原;-表示無(wú)此數(shù)據(jù);各指標(biāo)參考值:VMA 1.4~8.0 mg/24 h,血皮質(zhì)醇85.3~618.0 nmol/L,ACTH<46.0 ng/L,降鈣素0.1~10.0 ng/L,CEA<5.0 μg/L
本例患者出現(xiàn)MTC、雙側(cè)腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、舌黏膜神經(jīng)瘤,遺傳學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)RET原癌基因918密碼子突變,根據(jù)上述表型和遺傳特征,MEN2b型診斷明確。國(guó)外對(duì)MEN2b型已確定了50種不同的錯(cuò)義突變[7],其中95%的MEN2b型患者和家系為16號(hào)外顯子918密碼子突變[4],本例患者即是該熱點(diǎn)突變。MEN2b型在所有MEN2類(lèi)型中最具侵襲性[8],疾病進(jìn)展相對(duì)較快。由于RET基因是新生突變引發(fā),多數(shù)患者無(wú)家族史[5],本例患者的家系基因篩查同樣未發(fā)現(xiàn)存在RET基因突變。
2.2診斷MEN2b型十分罕見(jiàn),診斷較為困難。只有50%的MEN2b型患者同時(shí)出現(xiàn)MTC、黏膜神經(jīng)瘤、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤的典型表現(xiàn),在上述表現(xiàn)均出現(xiàn)時(shí)再進(jìn)行診斷為時(shí)已晚。本例患者首先發(fā)現(xiàn)左葉甲狀腺占位,隨后逐漸出現(xiàn)舌、唇黏膜腫物,此時(shí)即應(yīng)考慮MEN的可能;后出現(xiàn)血壓升高,雙側(cè)腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤,先后行雙側(cè)腎上腺腫物切除術(shù),仍未引起臨床醫(yī)生的重視。本院結(jié)合其甲狀腺腫瘤、雙側(cè)腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤及舌唇黏膜小腫瘤病史,即考慮MEN2b型;進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行唇黏膜腫物活檢提示黏膜神經(jīng)瘤,降鈣素、癌胚抗原(CEA)水平升高提示甲狀腺占位,MTC可能性大,進(jìn)一步支持MEN2b型。患者RET原癌基因外顯子進(jìn)行PCR直接測(cè)序,發(fā)現(xiàn)RET基因第16號(hào)外顯子存在918密碼子突變(M918T),最終確診為MEN2b型。甲狀腺腫瘤切除術(shù)后病理確診MTC,術(shù)后降鈣素及CEA水平即有明顯下降。
本例患者雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)后降鈣素及CEA水平雖有下降,但術(shù)后1年其水平仍高于參考值?;颊叽嬖贛TC頸部淋巴結(jié)浸潤(rùn),而淋巴結(jié)浸潤(rùn)程度與術(shù)后降鈣素水平相關(guān)。另外,肺是MTC細(xì)胞最常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)移部位[9],降鈣素水平>150 ng/L,提示MTC可能已有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,如降鈣素水平>1 000 ng/L,則遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大[10]。本例患者雙側(cè)甲狀腺次全切除術(shù)前降鈣素水平為1 774.5 ng/L,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移可能性極大,故CT提示肺部結(jié)節(jié)考慮為MTC肺部轉(zhuǎn)移,但患者未再進(jìn)一步行肺部結(jié)節(jié)穿刺證實(shí)并對(duì)肺部病變進(jìn)一步處理。因此,MTC肺轉(zhuǎn)移可能是降鈣素及CEA未能降至參考值的主要原因。
2.3預(yù)后在導(dǎo)致MEN2b型的RET基因各種突變類(lèi)型中,外顯子15位密碼子883和外顯子16位密碼子918突變患者易在疾病早期發(fā)展為MTC[11],一般預(yù)后較差,10年生存率為61%~76%[12]。MTC是MEN2b型患者預(yù)后的主要影響因素,MTC病變局限于甲狀腺內(nèi)或僅有少數(shù)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,MTC早期是可治愈的[13],超過(guò)1年后手術(shù)則不能治愈,因此,早期診斷是改善患者預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵。筆者建議,出現(xiàn)黏膜神經(jīng)瘤、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、甲狀腺占位其中2種相關(guān)的臨床表現(xiàn)均應(yīng)接受MEN2b型篩查,并將RET原癌基因測(cè)序作為常規(guī)篩查手段之一,以及早診斷,改善預(yù)后。
本例患者甲狀腺腫瘤病史達(dá)17年,并已確診MTC,仍無(wú)腫瘤晚期衰竭表現(xiàn)。分析患者生存時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的原因?yàn)椋?1)MTC病死率低于其他腫瘤;(2)影響MTC預(yù)后的因素有TNM分期、降鈣素水平、淋巴結(jié)受侵、血管受侵、神經(jīng)受侵、甲狀腺被膜外侵及年齡等[14-15],國(guó)內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道原發(fā)灶直徑>4.0 cm、甲狀腺被膜外受侵者預(yù)后較差[16],本例患者無(wú)血管受侵、神經(jīng)受侵、甲狀腺被膜外侵,年齡較??;(3)Ki-67增殖指數(shù)與不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[17],Ki-67增殖指數(shù)越高,提示處于增殖周期的腫瘤細(xì)胞比例越高,腫瘤生長(zhǎng)越快,本例患者Ki-67增殖指數(shù)僅1%,G0期細(xì)胞占多數(shù),可能為其生存時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的重要原因。
2.4總結(jié)MEN2b型可同時(shí)或先后發(fā)生多個(gè)腺體受累,易漏診。基因測(cè)序是MEN2b型診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),早期行RET基因診斷,在出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀時(shí)早期行甲狀腺切除術(shù)可改善預(yù)后;同時(shí),RET密碼子突變類(lèi)型決定了不同的表型和MTC侵襲性,因此,RET基因分析可指導(dǎo)甲狀腺手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)。
作者貢獻(xiàn):黃培穎進(jìn)行資料收集整理、文獻(xiàn)檢索、撰寫(xiě)論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);陳寧、宋海曲、王彩虹、張惠杰、李小英、李學(xué)軍進(jìn)行資料收集;林明珠進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
·臨床診療提示·
【關(guān)鍵詞】多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤病2b型;甲狀腺腫瘤;嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤;RET基因;突變
黃培穎,陳寧,宋海曲,等.RET原癌基因突變致多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺瘤病2b型臨床診治[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(2):229-232.[www.chinagp.net]
Huang PY,Chen N,Song HQ,et al.Diagnosis and therapy of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b induced by RET proto-oncogene mutation[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(2):229-232.
Diagnosis and Therapy of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b Induced by RET Proto-oncogene MutationHUANGPei-ying,CHENNing,SONGHai-qu,etal.DepartmentofEndocrinologyandDiabetes,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofXiamenUniversity,Xiamen361003,China
【Abstract】Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b (MEN2b)is a autosomal dominant inherited disease induced by RET proto-oncogene mutation.Its common clinical phenotypes include medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC),pheochromocytoma,multiple mucosal neuromas and body type like marfan syndrome.These phenotypes occur concurrently or successively,which may cause miss diagnosis.In this study,we analyzed the medical history,diagnosis,treatment and follow-up data of a patient with MEN2b.In 1995,neck enlargement occurred in the patient without inducement,and it was diagnosed as "adenoma in the right thyroid".In 1999,"space occupying lesion in the left thyroid" was found in the patient.In 2000,labium mucosa became thick and small mass was found on it with the mass enlarging gradually.The excision of left adrenal masses and the excision of right adrenal masses were conducted in 2009 and 2010 respectively,and the lesion was diagnosed as pheochromocytoma by postoperative pathological analysis.During the hospital visit of the patient when the research was conducted,local small protrusions on the inner side of the underlip were excised,and bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was also conducted.After these surgeries,the lesions were diagnosed as tongue mucosa neuroma and MTC.By gene sequencing of the patient,we noted the mutation of codon 918 in exon 16 of RET gene.The parents and brothers of the patient showed no phenotypic characteristic of MEN2b and no abnormalities in gene sequencing.One year after MTC surgery,the level of calcitonin was still higher than the reference value,which,combined with the examination results of lung CT scanning,indicated great possibility of lung metastasis from MTC.
【Key words】Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b;Thyroid neoplasms;Pheochromocytoma; RET gene;Mutation
收稿日期:(2015-05-18;修回日期:2015-11-25)
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R 736
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.02.022
通信作者:林明珠,361003福建省廈門(mén)市,廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌糖尿病科;E-mail:linmz65@126.com